Hudson Insurance Company v. Bruce Gamble Farms, Jim Gamble Farms, Brian Jones Farms, & Crop Guard Group, Inc.

NUMBER 13-15-00098-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
HUDSON INSURANCE
COMPANY, Appellant,
v.
BRUCE GAMBLE FARMS,
JIM GAMBLE FARMS, BRIAN
JONES FARMS, & CROP GUARD
GROUP, INC., Appellees.
On appeal from the 357th District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Garza, Benavides, and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Hudson Insurance Company (Hudson) challenges the trial court’s order
denying its motions to compel arbitration of the lawsuit filed by Bruce Gamble Farms, Jim
Gamble Farms, Brian Jones Farms (collectively, the “Farmer Appellees”), and of Crop
Guard Group, Inc.’s cross-petition against Hudson for indemnity. We reverse and
remand.
I. BACKGROUND1
The multiple-peril crop insurance policies at issue in this case were issued by
Hudson, a private insurance company, but reinsured by the Federal Crop Insurance
Corporation (FCIC). We begin with a brief explanation of the hybrid legal status of such
policies.
Congress created the FCIC as a wholly-owned corporation within the Department
of Agriculture and made it responsible for administering a federal system of crop
insurance. 7 U.S.C.A. § 1503 (West, Westlaw through P.L. 114-61). The FCIC both
provides crop insurance directly to farmers and contracts with approved private insurers
to permit them to issue the same crop insurance policies. Id. § 1507(c) (West, Westlaw
through P.L. 114-61). The approved private insurers are then reinsured by the FCIC.
Alliance Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 384 F.3d 547, 549–50 (8th Cir. 2004). The Risk Management
Association, a division of the Department of Agriculture which manages the FCIC, writes
the terms of both types of policies—titled the “Basic Provisions”—and publishes them in
the Code of Federal Regulations. See 7 C.F.R. § 457.8 (West, Westlaw through 80 F.R.
64298). The Basic Provisions “may not be waived or varied in any way by [the insurer],
1 We address a companion case with similar facts but different issues and parties in Hudson
Insurance Co. v. BVB Partners, No. 13-15-00163-CV, 2015 WL ____ (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Nov. 5,
2015, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).
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[the insurer’s] insurance agent or any other contractor or employee of [the insurer] or any
employee of USDA unless the policy specifically authorizes a waiver or modification by
written agreement.”2 Id. § 457.8 ¶ 1.
Under the Basic Provisions, a planting of an insured crop in a particular county
qualifies for one of a series of unit systems: “basic units,” “whole farm units,” “enterprise
units,” or “optional units.” Id. A planting qualifies as an enterprise unit if it: (1) contains
all of the farmer’s insured crop in that county, (2) is planted in two or more sections3; and
(3) at least two of those sections contain the lesser of either: (i) 20 acres of the insured
crop or (ii) 20% of the entire acreage of the farmer’s insured crop planted in that county.
Id. § 457.8 ¶ 34(a)(4)(i), (ii). Whether a unit of planting complies with the third requirement
can determine whether that unit is eligible for coverage of a loss known as a prevented
planting.4 The Basic Provisions provide that Hudson will deduct from the farmer’s
premium any prevented planting payments due to the farmer. Id. § 457.8 ¶ 2(e). A unit
of planting which does not comply with the requirements of section 34(a)(4)(i) and (ii) is
not eligible for a prevented planting payment. Id. § 457.8 ¶ 17(f)(1).
Starting in 2011, appellees Bruce Gamble Farms and Brian Jones Farms obtained
multiple-peril crop insurance policies from Hudson through appellee CropGuard Group,
2 Because the Farmer Appellees’ policies tracked the Basic Provisions in all relevant parts, we will
cite to the Basic Provisions for ease of reference.
3 A section, for these purposes, is “a unit of measure under a rectangular survey system describing
a tract of land usually one mile square and containing approximately 640 acres.” 7 C.F.R. § 457.8 ¶ 1
(West, Westlaw through 80 F.R. 64298).
4A prevented planting occurs when an insured farmer fails to plant the insured crop by a specific
date “due to an insured cause of loss that is general to the surrounding area and that prevents other
producers from planting acreage with similar characteristics.” Id.
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Inc. (“CropGuard”), Hudson’s insurance agent.5 Appellee Jim Gamble Farms obtained
multiple-peril crop insurance coverage from Hudson through CropGuard beginning in
2012. Each policy reproduced the Basic Provisions in all relevant respects and renewed
automatically each year until terminated. See id. § 457.8 ¶ 2(a).
In 2013, the Farmer Appellees allegedly asked CropGuard if, under the 2013 terms
of the policies, prevented planting coverage was still unavailable for plantings which did
not comply with section 34(a)(4)(i) and (ii) of the Basic Provisions.6 CropGuard referred
the question to a Hudson representative, who allegedly informed the Farmer Appellees
that the requirement was not in effect for the 2013 crop year. The Farmer Appellees did
not plant their insured crops in the way required by section 34(a)(4)(i) and (ii). Each of
the Farmer Appellees later made a prevented planting claim on their insured crop, but
Hudson denied each claim because appellees’ plantings did not qualify for prevented
planting coverage. See id. § 457.8 ¶ 17(f)(1) (providing that prevented planting coverage
is not available for crops where the insured crop is not planted in two or more sections
and does not otherwise comply with section 34(a)(4)(i) and (ii)). Hudson calculated each
Farmer Appellee’s premium using a different unit system and without deducting any
prevented planting payment. The Farmer Appellees assert that each of their individual
premiums were higher than if they had qualified for a prevented planting payment.7
The Farmer Appellees filed suit against Hudson and CropGuard Group, Inc.,
5 In 2005, Hudson’s agent was Crop Guard Insurance Agency, LLC. In 2010, the owners of that
entity created CropGuard Group, Inc. We discuss the differences between the two entities below in Part
IV of this opinion, but the distinction is not relevant for purposes of the Farmer Appellees’ issues.
6 We take the factual allegations in this paragraph from the Farmer Appellees’ live petition.
7The Farmer Appellees alleged in their First Amended Petition that the premiums were higher by
approximately $40,000 for Bruce Gamble Farms, $84,000 for Brian Jones Farms, and $80,000 for Jim
Gamble Farms.
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alleging causes of action for breach of contract, breach of the duty to act in good faith,
multiple violations of various sections of article 21.21 of the Texas Insurance Code and
related administrative regulations, violations of sections 17.46 and 17.50 of the Texas
Deceptive Trade Practices Act, and that they were entitled to treble damages. See TEX.
INS. CODE ANN. § 541.051 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.) (codifying the current
version of article 21.21); TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.46, 17.50 (West, Westlaw
through 2015 R.S.). CropGuard filed a third-party petition against Hudson alleging that
CropGuard was entitled to common-law contribution and indemnity in the event that
CropGuard was found liable to the Farmer Appellees.
Hudson filed two motions to compel arbitration, one addressed to the Farmer
Appellees and the other to CropGuard. In the motion to compel directed to the Farmer
Appellees, Hudson alleged that each of the crop insurance policies at issue contained an
arbitration clause governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and that the clause
encompassed the Farmer Appellees’ claims. The Farmer Appellees responded that the
arbitration clause was unconscionable because none of them possessed a copy of the
full crop insurance contract at the time they entered into the contracts. In a supplemental
response, the Farmer Appellees argued that the arbitration clause was unenforceable
because it was insufficiently conspicuous.
The motion to compel addressed to CropGuard argued that Hudson and
CropGuard were parties to a 2009 Independent Crop Insurance Agency Agreement (the
“2009 Agreement”) which contained a valid arbitration clause that covered CropGuard’s
claim for indemnity. CropGuard responded that Hudson had not proved an arbitration
agreement between them because the signatories to the 2009 Agreement were Hudson
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and Crop Guard Insurance Agency, LLC (“CGIA”), a legally separate entity from
CropGuard Group. CropGuard admitted that it later entered into separate agreements
with Hudson regarding the payment of commissions, but asserted that none of the later
agreements contained an arbitration clause or incorporated the 2009 Agreement.
After considering the motions, responses, pleadings, and evidence on file, the trial
court denied both of Hudson’s motions in a single written order. Hudson filed this
interlocutory appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West, Westlaw
through 2015 R.S.).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW
We review the trial court’s ruling denying a motion to compel arbitration for abuse
of discretion. Beldon Roofing Co. v. Sunchase IV Homeowners' Ass'n, Inc., No. 13-14-
00343-CV, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, 2015 WL 3523157, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
June 4, 2015, no pet.). Under this standard, “we defer to the trial court's factual
determinations if they are supported by evidence, but we review the trial court's legal
determinations de novo.” In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2009)
(orig. proceeding).
When evaluating a motion to compel arbitration, courts determine first whether a
valid arbitration agreement exists between the parties and then whether the agreement
covers the claims raised in the case. In re D. Wilson Const. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781
(Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). If the court concludes that an agreement to arbitrate
exists, a strong federal presumption in favor of arbitration arises “such that myriad
doubts—as to waiver, scope, and other issues not relating to enforceability—must be
resolved in favor of arbitration.” In re Poly-Am., L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 348 (Tex. 2008)
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(orig. proceeding). If the trial court finds both that an agreement to arbitrate exists and
that the claims asserted are within the agreement’s scope, the court must compel
arbitration unless the party resisting arbitration proves an affirmative defense. In re
Odyssey Healthcare, Inc., 310 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam) (orig.
proceeding).
III. FARMER APPELLEES’ CLAIMS
The Farmer Appellees’ crop insurance policies each contained an arbitration
clause, which reads in relevant part:
If you and we fail to agree on any determination made by us except those
specified in section 20(d) or (e), the disagreement may be resolved through
mediation in accordance with section 20(g). If resolution cannot be reached
through mediation, or you and we do not agree to mediation, the
disagreement must be resolved through arbitration in accordance with the
rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA).
See 7 C.F.R. § 457.8 ¶ 20(a). By its first three issues, Hudson argues that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying its motion to compel arbitration of the Farmer Appellees’
claims. We will address only the two sub-issues of Hudson’s first issue that relate to the
arguments that the Farmer Appellees made to the trial court. We do not address the
other arguments because we may not uphold a trial court’s order denying arbitration on
a ground that was not first presented to that court. See Richmont Holdings, Inc. v.
Superior Recharge Sys., L.L.C., 392 S.W.3d 633, 635 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam) (holding
that the court of appeals erred when it upheld the trial court’s denial of a motion to compel
on an argument that was not presented to the trial court); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
A. Is the Agreement to Arbitrate Unconscionable?
By its first sub-issue, Hudson asserts that the trial court abused its discretion to the
extent that it concluded that the arbitration clause was unconscionable. We agree.
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Texas courts recognize two forms of unconscionability: substantive and
procedural. In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 677 (Tex. 2006) (orig.
proceeding). “Substantive unconscionability refers to the fairness of the arbitration
provision itself, whereas procedural unconscionability refers to the circumstances
surrounding adoption of the arbitration provision.” Id. Whether an agreement is
unconscionable is a question of law that we review de novo. In re Poly-Am., L.P., 262
S.W.3d at 349. The party seeking to avoid arbitration has the burden of establishing that
the agreement to arbitrate was unconscionable at the time it was formed. Id.
The Farmer Appellees alleged that the arbitration agreement was substantially
unconscionable because they did not have a copy of the Basic Provisions at the time that
they entered into the crop insurance contracts with Hudson. We interpret the Farmer
Appellees as asserting procedural unconscionability because their argument goes to the
circumstances surrounding the adoption of the arbitration agreement. See In re Palm
Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d at 677. Taking all allegations as true, we conclude that
the Farmer Appellees have not established that the arbitration agreement was
procedurally unconscionable. As a general rule, courts presume that a party who signed
a contract was aware of and consented to each contractual term. Nat'l Prop. Holdings,
L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 425 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam). A party who signs a
contract containing an arbitration clause is presumed to be aware of the existence of the
clause. See EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mancias, 934 S.W.2d 87, 90 (Tex. 1996) (orig.
proceeding); Lucchese Boot Co. v. Rodriguez, No. 08-14-00230-CV, ___ S.W.3d ___,
___, 2015 WL 4571555, at *9 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 29, 2015, no pet. h.); Serv. Corp.
Int’l. v. Lopez, 162 S.W.3d 801, 810 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.) (combined
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orig. proceeding and interlocutory appeal). The exact documents seen by the Farmer
Appellees at the time they entered into the crop insurance contracts with Hudson is not
clear from the record. However, even if Hudson had not provided a copy of the full
contract to the Farmer Appellees before they obtained coverage with Hudson, none of
the Farmer Appellees asserted that they were unaware of the Basic Provisions or that the
Basic Provisions were unavailable for them to review. Two of the Farmer Appellees
averred in affidavits to the trial court that they obtained a copy of the Basic Provisions
upon request when the dispute with Hudson first arose.8 Furthermore, appellee Bruce
Gamble Farms specifically admitted in that affidavit that it received policy declaration
sheets from Hudson notifying Bruce Gamble Farms that its coverage was active for a
particular year. The policy declaration sheets in the record specifically reflect that it forms
only a “part of” the policy provisions. This notation arguably put appellee Bruce Gamble
Farms on notice of the Basic Provisions. See Sw. Health Plan, Inc. v. Sparkman, 921
S.W.2d 355, 358 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, no writ) (concluding that an arbitration
agreement in a government-run health care insurance policy was not unconscionable
when a “Summary of Benefits” referred the insured to the full agreement and the insured
could “easily have obtained a copy” of the full plan after enrollment).
On the record before us, we conclude that the Farmer Appellees have not carried
their burden to establish that the arbitration clause in their crop insurance contracts was
unconscionable. See EZ Pawn Corp., 934 S.W.2d at 90; Lucchese Boot Co., ___ S.W.3d
at ___, 2015 WL 4571555, at *9; Serv. Corp. Int’l, 162 S.W.3d at 810. We sustain
Hudson’s first sub-issue.
8The two appellees who received copies of the Basic Provisions upon request were Bruce Gamble
Farms and Jim Gamble Farms.
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B. Was the Arbitration Clause Insufficiently Prominent?
By its second sub-issue, Hudson asserts that the trial court abused its discretion if
it accepted the argument that the arbitration clause was insufficiently conspicuous within
each contract. We agree.
The Farmer Appellees’ argument refers to a now-repealed provision of the Texas
General Arbitration Act which made a contractual arbitration clause unenforceable unless
a notice of the clause was either typed in underlined capital letters on the first page of the
contract or prominently rubber-stamped there. See Act of May 28, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S.,
ch. 702, § 2, repealed by Act of May 27, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 817, § 1, sec. 1.
The Texas Legislature repealed this provision more than two decades ago, and the
Farmer Appellees do not explain how it is applicable to this case. The trial court abused
its discretion to the extent it relied on this statute when denying Hudson’s motion to
compel arbitration. We sustain Hudson’s second sub-issue. Our disposition of Hudson’s
two sub-issues makes reaching the remainder of Hudson’s first issue and all of its second
and third issues unnecessary. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
IV. CROPGUARD
Hudson argues in its fourth issue that the trial court abused its discretion by
denying its motion to compel because a valid and enforceable agreement exists between
them and covers CropGuard’s third-party claims. By its fifth issue, Hudson argues that
CropGuard must arbitrate even if it is not a signatory because it received substantial
benefits from the 2009 Agreement. We will address Hudson’s fifth issue first because it
is dispositive.9
9 We assume for purposes of this analysis only that Hudson did not prove that CropGuard Group,
Inc. was a signatory to the 2009 Agreement.
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A. Applicable Law
As a general rule, a party must sign a contract containing an arbitration agreement
to be bound by it. In re Rubiola, 334 S.W.3d 220, 224 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).
However, the Texas Supreme Court has recognized that non-signatories may be required
to arbitrate according to a contractual arbitration clause when principles of contract law
or agency would bind a non-signatory to a contract in general. In re Kellogg Brown &
Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding). Whether a non-signatory
may be required to arbitrate through one of those theories is a question of law that we
review de novo. Cappadonna Elec. Mgmt. v. Cameron County, 180 S.W.3d 364, 370
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.).
One of the theories recognized by the Texas Supreme Court under which a non-
signatory must arbitrate according to a contract is “direct benefits estoppel.” In re Kellogg
Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d at 738. Under this theory, a plaintiff who seeks a direct
benefit from a contract “is estopped from simultaneously attempting to avoid the contract's
burdens, such as the obligation to arbitrate disputes.” Id. at 739. Texas courts have
recognized that a non-signatory can seek a direct benefit from a contract in two ways.
The first is by filing a lawsuit which seeks benefits flowing directly from the terms of a
contract. Id. The second is if a non-signatory to a contract consistently and knowingly
insists that others treat it as a party. In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d 127, 135
(Tex. 2005). A non-signatory who consistently asked to be treated as a party during the
life of the contract will be estopped from turning “its back on the portion of the contract,
such as the arbitration clause, that it finds distasteful.” Id. (internal citation omitted); see
ENGlobal U.S., Inc. v. Gatlin, 449 S.W.3d 269, 275 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, no pet.).
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B. Analysis
The 2009 Agreement provides in relevant part that CGIA will serve as Hudson’s
agent for producing and servicing multiple-peril and named-peril crop insurance policies.
CGIA will receive a commission for each policy that results in Hudson fully collecting a
premium. The agent’s commissions will be calculated “as specified in attached
commission schedule(s).” Dan Gasser, a Senior Vice President at Hudson, testified by
affidavit that in February of 2012, CropGuard Group signed and returned five documents
to Hudson: (1) the “Independent Agent 2012 Crop Hail Commission Agreement”; (2) the
“Electronic Processing Addendum”; (3) the “Profit Share Schedule”; (4) the “Multiple-Peril
Crop Insurance Commission Schedule” (the “2012 Schedule”); and (5) the “Addendum to
the Multiple-Peril Crop Insurance Commission Schedule.” Each of these documents
related to the role and responsibilities of Hudson’s agent under the 2009 Agreement, but
CropGuard executed each of these documents in its own name and not CGIA’s. Gasser
testified that he understood by this and by the fact that CropGuard was headquartered at
the same address as CGIA that CropGuard was CGIA’s new name. Gasser further
testified that Hudson paid CroupGuard Group $1,638,619 in commissions under the 2009
Agreement between the effective date of the 2012 Commission Schedule and the date
the 2009 Agreement was terminated in 2014.
CropGuard argues that it did not insist on being treated as a party to the 2009
Agreement but rather that the 2012 Schedule is an independent contract appointing it
Hudson’s agent and obligating Hudson to pay it commissions. However, we agree with
Hudson that the 2012 Schedule cannot stand alone as such a contract. The best
indication of the intent of the parties to a written contract is the language they chose to
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use, informed by the facts and circumstances surrounding the execution of the instrument
within the limits of the parol evidence rule. See Americo Life, Inc. v. Myer, 440 S.W.3d
18, 22 (Tex. 2014). None of the language Hudson and CropGuard used in the 2012
Schedule creates an agency relationship or an obligation for Hudson to pay commissions
to CropGuard. Rather, the 2012 Schedule implicitly assumes that the agency
relationship—and Hudson’s obligation to pay commissions—is already in place and sets
the percentage rates for CropGuard’s commissions on certain types of policies. The 2009
Agreement also specifically contemplates that commission percentages will be calculated
according to attached “schedule(s),” and the 2012 Schedule is titled “Multiple Crop
Insurance Commission Schedule for the 2012 Independent Crop Agency Agreement.”10
Furthermore, the 2012 Schedule uses several capitalized terms of art and acronyms such
as “Agent,” “Company,” “MPCI,” “FCIC,” and “SRA,” but defines none of them. The 2009
Agreement expressly defines each term of art used in the 2012 Schedule. Based on all
the foregoing, we conclude that the parties did not intend for the 2012 Schedule to be a
stand-alone agreement but rather one that sets the rates for the commissions due to
CropGuard under the 2009 Agreement. See id.
In sum, we conclude that Hudson established that CropGuard insisted that it be
treated as a party to the 2009 Agreement. CropGuard essentially stepped into CGIA’s
role as Hudson’s agent under the 2009 Agreement and continued in that role until the
2009 Agreement was terminated. Hudson also established that CropGuard received a
substantial benefit in the form of over a million dollars in commissions under the 2009
Agreement. By consistently insisting that Hudson treat it as a party to the 2009
10 Both Hudson and CropGuard agree that a superseding 2012 Agency Agreement was never
executed by Hudson, CropGuard, or CGIA.
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Agreement, CropGuard cannot now escape the 2009 Agreement’s arbitration clause.
See In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d at 135; ENGlobal U.S., Inc., 449 S.W.3d at
275. We sustain Hudson’s fifth issue.
V. CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order and remand for entry of an order compelling the
parties to arbitration.
NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Delivered and filed the
5th day of November, 2015.
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