In the MATTER OF C.J.B., a Juvenile

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
§
No. 08-14-00002-CV
In the Matter of §
Appeal from the
C.J.B., §
County Court
A Juvenile. §
of Crane County, Texas
§
(TC# 364)
§
OPINION
Appellant C.J.B., a minor, pleaded true to two separate counts of delinquency at separate
times: a misdemeanor offense (making a terrorist threat against a public servant, TEX.PENAL
CODE ANN. § 22.07(c)(2)(West 2011)) and a felony offense (assault on a public servant,
TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), (b)(1)(West Supp. 2014)). The trial court placed C.J.B.
on supervision and ordered treatment. After Appellant failed to complete treatment, the State
moved to revoke supervision for both charges and requested he be committed to the Texas
Juvenile Justice Department. In a consolidated hearing, the trial court granted the request and
ordered him incarcerated at TJJD.1 C.J.B. appealed. In this cause number, we address the trial
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The trial court issued two judgments ordering Appellant incarcerated at TJJD. Each judgment corresponded with
the original underlying charges to which Appellant pleaded true.
court’s ability to sentence Appellant to TJJD with respect to the felony charge.2
Although the State presented multiple improper grounds for revocation, because we
conclude it presented one proper ground supported by legally and factually sufficient evidence,
we affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
Factual History
Following his plea of true to the two charges, the trial court placed Appellant on
probation for a year and ordered him to complete a treatment program within six months at the
Hector Garza Residential Treatment Center, a non-secured juvenile services center focused on
mental health issues in San Antonio, Texas. While there, Appellant ultimately failed to progress
through the program as required, and several witnesses testified as to various instances of rule
violations and angry outbursts.
Mr. Scott,3 a youth development leader at the Center, testified that Appellant made
several sexual comments in the shower and engaged in one instance of consensual sexual
conduct with his roommate, all of which constituted violations of the Center’s policies. On
June 16, 2013, Appellant exhibited “violent, physical, aggressive behavior” and raised a fist
toward Scott. Appellant had to be physically restrained. Scott further testified that Appellant
frequently would get “very enraged” over unmet personal expectations and comments from other
residents.
Walton Cotton, a youth development specialist, testified that Appellant had a consistent
pattern of physically and verbally aggressive behavior, as well as self-harming behavior such as
2
In Cause No. 08-14-00001-CV (trial court no. 363), we concluded that the trial court lacked the ability to commit
Appellant to TJJD for probation violation for a misdemeanor offense.
3
Scott did not give his first name during trial testimony, and neither the trial court nor the parties ever prompted him
to give it.
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banging his head against desks. Appellant also made several threats to people while at the
Center, including a threat to rape King’s wife. Troy Young, another youth development
specialist, testified that on August 7, 2013, Appellant had an angry outburst after a conflict with
his roommates. Appellant went to a corner of the room and began banging his head against the
wall. Young attempted to de-escalate the situation and stop Appellant from harming himself.
Appellant raised a fist to Young before he was restrained.
Appellant’s therapist Gay Hughes testified that she worked with him for four out of six
months, and that Appellant initially participated in therapy, but stopped participating in the
program in June 2013, after his mother told him she would not let him live with her after he left
the Center. He also raised a first to Hughes during a session.4 Hughes further testified that
Appellant reported having “blackouts” at the Center, which she defined medically as “the
excretion of adrenal fluid from the adrenal gland that goes through the neurological pathways so
quickly that the impact of that will cause a child or a person to lose memory of what occurred at
the moment . . . .” Hughes explained that aggressive behavior can appear during these adrenal
blackouts, and that while there are certain medications that can treat this condition, she did not
recall whether Appellant received these medications.
Procedural History
The State petitioned the trial court to modify Appellant’s disposition on September 13,
2013, alleging that Appellant’s outbursts, rule-breaking, and failure to comply with treatment all
justified probation revocation and commitment to TJJD. The State also maintained that
Appellant should be committed to TJJD because his parents failed to comply with various
conditions in the disposition order. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the State’s
motion and sentenced Appellant to TJJD. He appealed.
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None of the witnesses testified that Appellant actually ever struck anyone at the Center.
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DISCUSSION
Appellant contends the trial court erred in revoking his probation for three reasons. In
Issue One, Appellant maintains the trial court could not revoke Appellant’s probation based on
his father’s violations of the disposition order. Second, in Issue Two, Appellant alleges the State
failed to adduce any evidence that he intentionally failed to pay his probation fees, rendering
revocation on that point improper. Finally, Appellant concedes that the evidence underpinning
the finding that he violated the disposition order by discontinuing treatment was legally and
factually sufficient, but argues in Issue Three that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering
his incarceration because the commitment was not in Appellant’s best interest, reasonable efforts
were not made to prevent or eliminate the need to remove Appellant from his home, and his
home environment could provide adequate care and supervision.
The State in turn concedes that C.J.B.’s father’s failure to abide by the disposition order
did not constitute a proper ground to revoke C.J.B.’s probation. The proper vehicle to challenge
parental non-compliance with a disposition order is a Chapter 61 motion to enforce. See
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 61.001 et seq. (West 2014). The State also concedes that there is
insufficient evidence to show that C.J.B.’s failure to pay his probation fees was intentional and
thus, that ground also could not have justified revocation. See Stanfield v. State, 718 S.W.2d
734, 737-38 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986)(State must prove failure to pay fee was intentional). As
such, we sustain Issue One and Two.
However, the State maintains that C.J.B.’s commitment should stand because there was
legally and factually sufficient evidence that he failed to cooperate with treatment, placing him
out of compliance with the lawful disposition order and giving the trial court proper grounds to
revoke probation. The State also maintains there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to
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support the trial court’s additional findings on best interest and home environment. We agree.
Standard of Review
We review juvenile modification procedures under a two-step process, first determining
whether there was legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the violation finding
before turning to the issue of whether the trial court abused its discretion in the disposition it
ordered. In re A.T.M., 281 S.W.3d 67, 70 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2008, no pet.). “When a
juvenile’s prior disposition is based on a finding that the juvenile engaged in a felony offense, as
here, the trial court may modify the disposition and commit the juvenile to TJJD if the court
finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the juvenile violated a reasonable and lawful order
of the court.” In re M.A.S., 438 S.W.3d 803, 806 (Tex.App--El Paso 2014, no pet.); see also
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 54.05(f)(West 2014).
In assessing the legal sufficiency of a finding, “we consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it.” In re
A.T.M., 281 S.W.3d at 71. “An appellate court will sustain a legal sufficiency or ‘no-evidence’
challenge if the record shows: (1) the complete absence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by
rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3)
the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence
establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.” Id. “The ultimate test for legal
sufficiency is whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to
reach the verdict under review.” Id. at 71.
“Review of the factual sufficiency requires an examination of all of the evidence in
determining whether the finding in question is so against the great weight and preponderance of
the evidence as to be manifestly unjust.” Id. “The evidence must be so weak or the contrary
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evidence so overwhelming that the findings should be set aside and a new trial ordered.” In re
A.T.M., 281 S.W.3d at 71.
If we determine the evidence was legally and factually sufficient, we then review the trial
court’s exercise of discretion in ordering a particular disposition. Id. at 72. Trial courts have
broad discretion “to select the appropriate form of detention for juvenile offenders, and should
exercise that discretion based on the facts of each case.” In re J.R.C., 236 S.W.3d 870, 873
(Tex.App.--Texarkana 2007, no pet.). “The statutes do not require commitment to the [TJJD] for
every probation violation; but they suggest that such placement is for serious offenders.” Id.
Our sister courts have recognized that TJJD “is the most severe form of incarceration in the
juvenile justice system, and it is neither reasonable nor appropriate in the area of juvenile law to
use the final, most restrictive form of detention in all situations.” Id. Nevertheless, “a trial court
is not required to exhaust all possible alternatives before committing a juvenile to the TJJD” and
may “decline third and fourth chances to a juvenile who has abused a second chance.” In re
M.A.S., 438 S.W.3d at 807. No abuse of discretion occurs so long “as some evidence of
substantive and probative character exists to support the trial court’s decision.” Id.
Analysis
At the outset, we again note that Appellant does not dispute that he violated the terms of
his probation. Rather, Appellant argues that there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to
support the mandatory, affirmative findings the trial court made as required by TEX.FAM.CODE
ANN. § 54.05(m)(1)(A-C). When the trial court commits a juvenile to TJJD, it must include
findings in its order that:
(A) it is in the child’s best interests to be placed outside the child’s home;
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(B) reasonable efforts were made to prevent or eliminate the need for the child’s
removal from the child’s home and to make it possible for the child to return
home; and
(C) the child, in the child’s home, cannot be provided the quality of care and level
of support and supervision that the child needs to meet the conditions of
probation[.]
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 54.05(m)(1)(A-C).
The inclusion of these specific findings creates a record for the appellate courts and
allows us to review the sufficiency of the evidence underpinning those findings. In re J.M., 287
S.W.3d 481, 489 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2009, no pet.). Mere recitation of the statutory language
is insufficient to justify the juvenile court’s order; “[h]owever, statutory language supplemented
by additional findings is sufficient to meet the requirements of the Texas Family Code.” Id. at
489. “We may reverse for an abuse of discretion if the record does not support the findings.” In
re E.D., 127 S.W.3d 860, 864 (Tex.App.--Austin 2004, no pet.).
Here, we find that there was legally and factually sufficient evidence to support each
finding. First, there is evidence to show commitment outside the home is in Appellant’s best
interest. While at the Center, Appellant exhibited several angry outbursts, threatened staff, acted
out in a sexually inappropriate manner, and possibly suffered from adrenal blackouts. Appellant
also engaged in self-harming behavior several times. Martinez testified that Appellant would
likely be sent to a TJJD facility specializing in sexual behavior and mental health issues. Based
on this testimony, the trial court could have believed that commitment to a TJJD facility would
be in Appellant’s best interest.
As to the reasonable efforts to avoid removal and facilitate return home finding in
subsection B, the record shows Appellant previously resided at the Hector Garza Center for six
months, where staff attempted to rehabilitate Appellant. Compliance with treatment would have
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allowed Appellant to serve the remainder of his probation time at home. However, during his
time at the Center, Appellant failed to comply with the Center rules, acted out aggressively
toward staff, and ultimately refused to comply with treatment as ordered by the court. There is
legally and factually sufficient evidence to show the trial court attempted to facilitate Appellant’s
return home prior to ordering TJJD commitment.
Finally, the trial evidence places the ability of Appellant’s parents to adequately
supervise Appellant into doubt, thereby supporting the “quality of care and level of support and
supervision” finding required by subsection C. The record shows that Appellant’s mother was
either unable or unwilling to care for Appellant upon his release from the Center, and that
although Appellant’s father offered to care for Appellant if released into home custody,
Appellant and his father had a contentious relationship, and Appellant had previously leveled
abuse allegations against his father. Hughes testified that Appellant’s behavior actually became
worse once he found out he would be going to live with his father. Appellant has also displayed
conflicting attitudes about rehabilitation. He testified at the hearing that he wanted to go home
and would make efforts to comply with probation conditions, but his counselor testified he
voluntarily refused to comply with the Center rules. Given Appellant’s history of failing to
comply with authority and the nature of the family relationships here, there is legally and
factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Appellant could not obtain
proper supervision at home.
Appellant argues that even if the evidence is sufficient to support the findings, the trial
court nevertheless abused its discretion by failing to order a less restrictive alternative to
incarceration. “However, a court is not required to consider alternative dispositions in a
modification hearing.” In re A.T.M., 281 S.W.3d at 72 (interpreting TEX.FAM.CODE ANN.
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§ 54.05(f)). Here, there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
findings, and Appellant’s repeated failure to comply with treatment made the trial court’s
exercise of discretion reasonable. See In re O.M., No. 03-05-00165-CV, 2006 WL 3040797, at
*3 (Tex.App.--Austin Oct. 25, 2006, no pet.)(mem. op.)(trial court did not abuse discretion in
ordering TYC commitment based on continued delinquency and repeated probation condition
violations). Because we find that the evidence supporting the findings was legally and factually
sufficient, and because we find no indication from the record that based on these findings the
trial court abused its discretion in ordering Appellant’s commitment to TJJD, the trial court’s
disposition order will stand.
Issue Three is overruled. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
April 29, 2015
YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
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