Dennis Griffith v. State

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-11-00262-CR
DENNIS GRIFFITH,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 18th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court No. F44109
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Dennis Ray Griffith guilty on three counts of aggravated sexual
assault and assessed a 99-year sentence and a $10,000 fine for each count. On the State’s
motion, the trial court ordered the sentences to be served consecutively. In one issue,
Griffith asserts that the trial court erred in allowing Griffith to represent himself at trial.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article
1, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution provide that a defendant in a
criminal trial has the right to assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend.
VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10. However, this right to counsel may be waived,
and the defendant may choose to represent himself at trial. Faretta v.
California, 422 U.S. 806, 821, 95 S. Ct. 2525, 2534, 45 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1975).
Although the right to self-representation is absolute, a waiver of the right
to counsel will not be “lightly inferred,” and the courts will indulge every
reasonable presumption against the validity of such a waiver. George v.
State, 9 S.W.3d 234, 236 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.) (citing
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L. Ed. 1461 (1938),
and Jordan v. State, 571 S.W.2d 883, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)).
How does a court decide whether a valid waiver of counsel exists?
Faretta requires that (1) the appellant make a “knowing and intelligent”
waiver; and (2) the appellant must be made aware of the “dangers and
disadvantages of self-representation.” Id. (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 1.051 (Vernon Supp. 1999)); Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835, 95 S.Ct. at
2541. To decide whether a defendant’s waiver is knowing and intelligent,
the court must make an inquiry, evidenced by the record, which shows
that the defendant has sufficient intelligence to demonstrate a capacity to
waive his right to counsel and the ability to appreciate the practical
disadvantage he will confront in representing himself. George, 9 S.W.3d at
237 (citing Archie v. State, 799 S.W.2d 340, 344 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1990), aff’d, 816 S.W.2d 424 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). The court must
determine not only that the defendant wishes to waive his right to
counsel, but that he understands the consequences of such waiver. Id.
Although it is not mandatory that the warnings be given in writing,
we have previously held that the record must show that the defendant
understands the consequences of his waiver. Goffney v. State, 812 S.W.2d
351, 352 (Tex. App.—Waco 1991), aff’d, 843 S.W.2d 583 (Tex. Crim. App.
1992). It is not enough that the record show conclusions by the trial court
that the defendant is aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-
representation.
Manley v. State, 23 S.W.3d 172, 173-74 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d).
Griffith filed a handwritten motion to represent himself and requested that his
appointed attorney be relieved of representation of Griffith. The appointed attorney,
who had been representing Griffith for fifteen months, filed a motion to withdraw
based on Griffith’s desire to represent himself. Griffith approved the motion to
withdraw by signing it, and a hearing was held on the motion.
Griffith v. State Page 2
At the hearing, a sworn and written waiver of right to counsel executed by
Griffith was filed of record. The waiver comports with article 1.051(g) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.051(g) (West 2005). During
the hearing, Griffith confirmed that he had freely and voluntarily signed the waiver.
The trial court thoroughly questioned Griffith about his desire to represent himself and
admonished him on the risks and dangers of self-representation, including that Griffith
would have to question the jury panel in voir dire and question witnesses, to call
witnesses on his behalf, to follow the rules of criminal procedure and rules of evidence,
and that Griffith may, in asking questions, open the door to otherwise inadmissible
evidence. Griffith was informed of the range of punishment for the charged offenses
and that he was not eligible for probation. Also, on cross-examination by the State,
Griffith said that he had no current or past history of mental illness.
In allowing Griffith to represent himself, the trial court appointed standby
counsel and explained to Griffith that standby counsel would be available to advise
Griffith on courtroom protocol and to answer Griffith’s questions, but that Griffith
would be trying the case himself.
The next day, after Griffith had met with his standby counsel, he appeared in
court. The trial court again admonished Griffith on the dangers of self-representation,
including that Griffith may not know how to object to evidence or to introduce
evidence, that inadmissible evidence may be admitted, and that Griffith may open the
door to otherwise inadmissible evidence. Standby counsel told the trial court that he
had met with Griffith and had adequately advised him of the significance of the risks of
Griffith v. State Page 3
self-representation and that Griffith was aware of it.
In asserting on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing Griffith to represent
himself, Griffith’s complaint is that, because the case involved DNA evidence to be used
against Griffith, the trial court should have inquired into Griffith’s knowledge of such
scientific evidence and admonished him that it was extremely dangerous to represent
himself in a case with complex scientific evidence.1 We disagree; Griffith cites no
authority for his propositions, nor are we aware of any. The trial court thoroughly
admonished Griffith. The record in this case sufficiently shows that, before any act of
self-representation, Griffith was made fully aware of the dangers and disadvantages of
self-representation, that he understood the consequences of his waiver, and that his
waiver was knowing and intelligent. Griffith’s sole issue is overruled, and we affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
REX D. DAVIS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 25, 2013
Do not publish
[CRPM]
1
The State’s case did not rely solely on DNA evidence. The victim identified Griffith as the man who
abducted her on a Cleburne street and, after driving about 45 minutes to a rural residence, sexually
assaulted her. Circumstantial evidence placed Griffith at the scene of the abduction, and Griffith’s ex-
girlfriend’s description of Griffith’s vehicle closely matched the victim’s description. The victim’s
description of the residence where the sexual assaults took place closely matched Griffith’s rural
residence, which was about a 45-minute drive from Cleburne. And Griffith’s ex-girlfriend, who lived
with him at the time, testified that she was out of town when the abduction and sexual assaults occurred.
Griffith v. State Page 4