TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-12-00081-CV
James Sylvester, Ken Yarborough, and Josephine Miller, Appellants
v.
Texas Association of Business; Bill Hammond; BACPAC; CIGNA Healthcare of Texas, Inc.;
and Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-02-004226, HONORABLE GISELA D. TRIANA, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
Appellants James Sylvester, Ken Yarborough, and Josephine Miller, candidates for
the Texas House of Representatives in the 2002 general election, brought suit against appellees
Texas Association of Business (TAB), Bill Hammond, the Texas Business and Commerce Political
Action Committee (BACPAC), CIGNA Healthcare of Texas, Inc., and Connecticut General Life
Insurance Company, alleging Election Code violations. Appellants sought damages based on “voter
education” mailers that TAB disseminated and alleged in-kind political contributions from TAB to
BACPAC during the 2002 general election cycle. See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.131, 254.231. The
trial court granted final summary judgment in favor of appellees. On appeal, appellants raise six
issues challenging the judgment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.1
1
We grant appellants’ motion for leave to file supplemental brief and appellees CIGNA
Healthcare of Texas, Inc. and Connecticut General Life Insurance Company’s motion for leave to
file supplemental authority.
BACKGROUND
TAB is a non-profit corporation whose stated mission is “to build the best business
climate on the planet through legislative action on the state and federal levels.” TAB “lobbies on
every issue that impacts business to ensure that employers’ opinions are being heard.” Bill Hammond
is TAB’s president and chief executive officer.
A few months before the 2002 general election, TAB solicited money from
corporations to fund a “voter education project.” Hammond sent a memorandum dated
August 22, 2002, to “Texas Business Leaders.” He stated that the goal was to raise one-million
dollars and that “[o]ur strategy [was] simple: to educate voters about pro-business candidates through
an aggressive direct mail program.” He also informed the corporations that “[c]ontributions for this
purpose [were] not reportable” and provided an opinion letter from a Texas ethics attorney
“regarding the legality of corporate expenditures for voter education programs.” In his letter, the
attorney stated that corporate expenditures for “issue ads” were not reportable to the Texas Ethics
Commission (TEC) or “any other governmental body.” In response, corporations, including CIGNA
and CT General, contributed money to TAB in excess of $1.8 million for the “voter education
project.” TAB spent these funds to disseminate mailers that specifically addressed candidates for the
Texas House of Representatives and the Texas Senate.
TAB also sponsors BACPAC, a voluntary, non-profit unincorporated political
committee. TAB did not appoint a campaign treasurer or file reports with the TEC during the 2002
election cycle, but BACPAC did. BACPAC accepted and made campaign contributions in the 2002
general election, disclosing the contributions in reports filed with the TEC.
2
Litigation Commenced
Appellants brought this suit in 2002 seeking damages under the Election Code based
on the “voter education” mailers and alleged services provided by TAB employees to BACPAC.
See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.131, 254.231.2 Appellants were unsuccessful candidates for the Texas
House of Representatives in the 2002 general election.3 Some of the mailers provided information
concerning the positions of appellants, their opponents, or both on specific issues.
Appellants contended that TAB violated provisions of the Election Code that apply
to corporations and provisions that apply to political committees. Appellants alleged that “TAB
constituted a political committee under the election code” by collecting funds and then spending
them in support or in opposition to various legislative candidates. See id. § 251.001(12) (defining
“political committee”).4 Appellants urged that, as a political committee, TAB accepted illegal
political contributions and made illegal political expenditures because it did not have a campaign
2
Section 253.131(a) of the Election Code reads: “A person who knowingly makes or
accepts a campaign contribution or makes a campaign expenditure in violation of this chapter is
liable for damages as provided in this section.” Tex. Elec. Code § 253.131(a). Section 254.231(a)
of the Election Code similarly states:
A candidate or campaign treasurer or assistant campaign treasurer of a political
committee who fails to report in whole or in part a campaign contribution or
campaign expenditure as required by this chapter is liable for damages as provided
by this section.
Id. § 254.231(a).
3
James Sylvester lost to Jack Stick, Ken Yarborough lost to Dwayne Bohac, and Josephine
Miller lost to Gene Seaman.
4
The Election Code defines a political committee as “a group of persons that has as a
principal purpose accepting political contributions or making political expenditures.” Id.
§ 251.001(12).
3
treasurer as required by chapter 253 of the Election Code and had failed to report in accordance
with chapter 254 of the Election Code. See id. §§ 253.004(a) (“A person may not knowingly make
or authorize a political expenditure in violation of this chapter.”), 253.031(b) (requiring political
committee to have campaign treasurer appointment in effect before accepting political contributions
or making political expenditures totaling more than $500), 253.037(a) (prohibiting general-purpose
committee from making political expenditures or contributions during 60-day period following the
filing of campaign treasurer appointment), 254.039 (requiring reporting for certain general-purpose
committees), 254.153 (requiring semiannual reporting for general-purpose committees), 254.154
(requiring additional reporting for general-purpose committees involved in election). Based on their
contention that TAB was a political committee, appellants also alleged that CIGNA and CT General
violated the Election Code by making illegal corporate political contributions. See id. § 253.094(a).5
In the alternative, appellants alleged that TAB as a corporation failed to report in
accordance with former section 253.062 of the Election Code. See Act of June 18, 1997, 75th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 864, § 244, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2742, 2778, repealed by Act of June 17, 2011, 82d Leg.,
R.S., ch. 1009, § 6(2), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 2554, 2556.
Appellants’ claims concerning the alleged services of TAB employees to BACPAC
were based on TAB’s status as a corporation. Appellants contended that TAB, CIGNA, and CT
5
In 2002, section 253.094(a) limited corporate political contributions and expenditures to
those expressly allowed in the subchapter. See Act of June 19, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 899, § 1,
1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2995, 3009 (amended 2011). In 2011, section 253.094(a) was amended to read:
A corporation or labor organization may not make a political contribution that is not
authorized by this subchapter.
Tex. Elec. Code § 253.094(a).
4
General made illegal corporate political contributions and that BACPAC illegally accepted corporate
political contributions. See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.003(b) (“A person may not knowingly accept
a political contribution the person knows to have been made in violation of this chapter.”), .094(a)
(“A corporation or labor organization may not make a political contribution that is not authorized
by this subchapter.”).
As to Hammond, appellants alleged that he “either made or had final approval over
all material decisions” regarding TAB’s alleged political expenditures and contributions. Appellants
also alleged that appellees engaged in a conspiracy to violate the Election Code.6 Appellants sought
damages against all of the appellees under section 253.131 and against TAB under section 254.231.
See id. §§ 253.131, 254.231.
Summary Judgment Motions
Appellees filed traditional motions for summary judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).
Citing Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), CIGNA and CT General
moved for summary judgment based on their assertions that they gave money to TAB solely to fund
the mailers and that the mailers were independent of and not coordinated with any campaign or
officeholder and, therefore, protected by the Constitution as independent expenditures. They urged
that, after Citizens United, it was undisputed they, as well as TAB, could make these types of direct
6
Appellants have not challenged the summary judgment ruling in favor of appellees as to
the conspiracy claim. Thus, appellants have waived any error with regard to that claim. See Jacobs
v. Satterwhite, 65 S.W.3d 653, 655–56 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam) (concluding that court of appeals
erred by reversing summary judgment on particular claim because appellant did not complain about
summary judgment on that claim).
5
expenditures on their own and, therefore, that they could combine to do the same thing. They also
asserted that they were not subject to chapter 254 of the Election Code, which addresses reporting
requirements, and that there was no civil conspiracy liability for committing lawful acts.
Evidence attached to their motion included copies of Hammond’s memorandum
dated August 22, 2002, the ethics lawyer’s opinion letter that was attached to the memorandum,
copies of the mailers, an indictment of TAB concerning the mailers, an order quashing the indictment
in June 2006, discovery responses by appellants, and a letter ruling in another civil case addressing
similar claims by losing candidates against TAB and other corporations. In that case, the trial court
granted summary judgment for the corporate defendants who also had donated money to TAB for
its “voter education” mailers in the 2002 general election cycle.
TAB, Hammond, and BACPAC moved for summary judgment on the ground that
all of appellants’ claims for monetary damages were factually predicated on TAB’s use of corporate
funds in each of their particular legislative races. They then argued that the Election Code provisions
did not apply to TAB’s “public education program” and, therefore, that appellants’ claims failed as
a matter of law. They cited Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), to argue that chapter 253 of the
Election Code did not apply because none of TAB’s mailers were express advocacy. The mailers
did not contain words such as “vote for” or “defeat.” See id. at 44 n.52 (setting forth examples of
“express words of advocacy” such as “‘vote for, elect, support’”); see also Osterberg v. Peca,
12 S.W.3d 31, 51 (Tex. 2000) (holding that “‘direct campaign expenditure’ by an individual in a
candidate election includes only those expenditures that ‘expressly advocate’ the election or defeat
of an identified candidate”). TAB, Hammond, and BACPAC alternatively argued that, if chapter
6
253 of the Election Code did apply to the mailers, its application was unconstitutional, vague,
overbroad, and violated their First Amendment rights.
Citing Citizens United, they also argued that, although the Texas Legislature could
require disclosure of corporate expenditures, that it had yet to do so and that, even if the mailers were
express advocacy, the legislature does not have the authority to prevent TAB from using corporate
funds to disseminate the mailers. They further argued that section 254.231 of the Election Code did
not apply to them, that TAB was not a political committee, and that, even if it was, there was no need
to segregate contributions for “administrative expenses.” As to the alleged in-kind contributions by
TAB to BACPAC, they contended that TAB’s employees’ services were unrelated to the mailers and
that appellants’ allegations did not include a violation of section 253.002 as a basis for their claims.
Appellees’ motions were supported by affidavits by Hammond. In one of his affidavits,
he testified in relevant part:
3. During the 2002 state election cycle TAB received in excess of $1.8 million
from corporations. The entirety of this money was used to fund TAB’s voter
education mailers, as described below.
4. TAB independently provided voters, via eighty-eight (88) direct mailers,
with information on candidates for the Texas House of Representatives and
the Texas Senate. These mailers provided by TAB highlighted a particular
candidate’s view on specific issues, such as lawsuit reform, healthcare
and taxes. These voter education pieces were informational only, and did not
encourage readers to vote for or against any candidate. Additionally, these
mail pieces did not use any words or phrases, such as “vote for,” “elect,”
“support,” “cast your ballot for,” “vote against,” “defeat” or “reject.” TAB
prepared these issue advertisements on their own volition, without consultation
or coordination or cooperation from any candidate or agent thereof.
7
Responses to Summary Judgment Motions
Appellants filed responses to the motions with supporting evidence. They contended
that TAB was a corporation and a political committee under the Election Code. Appellants also
argued that the mailers were express advocacy and, therefore, “campaign expenditures” subject to
the Election Code. See Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001(7) (defining “campaign expenditure” as “an
expenditure made by any person in connection with a campaign for an elective office or measure”).
They further argued that TAB violated section 253.094(a) of the Election Code by making corporate
political contributions to BACPAC and that BACPAC violated section 253.003(b) by accepting
corporate political contributions from TAB, which BACPAC then used in connection with
appellants’ elections. See id. §§ 253.003(b), .094(a).
As to CT General and CIGNA, appellants contended, based on their position that
TAB was a political committee, that CT General and Cigna Healthcare violated the Election Code
by making contributions to TAB without restricting TAB’s use of their money to administrative
purposes. See id. §§ 253.094(a), 253.100 (limiting corporate political contributions to
general-purpose committee “to finance the establishment or administration” of the committee);
Ex Parte Ellis, 309 S.W.3d 71, 88 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (addressing corporate expenditures to
general-purpose committees under section 253.100). They also urged that the contributions by CT
General and CIGNA to TAB violated the Election Code because TAB made in-kind corporate
contributions to BACPAC, and BACPAC made political contributions to candidates in the 2002
general election cycle. Appellants, however, agreed that they did not have claims against CIGNA
and CT General based on chapter 254.
8
Appellants’ evidence included copies of the mailers, transcripts and exhibits from
depositions of Hammond, excerpts of a portion of the hearing in 2003 on TAB’s motion to quash,
BACPAC’s campaign finance reports for the 2002 general election, and TAB’s 2005 indictment and
plea agreement concerning the alleged TAB employees’ services provided to BACPAC. The plea
agreement reflects that TAB entered a guilty plea on the misdemeanor offense of unlawful direct
campaign expenditures under section 253.002 of the Election Code, and the State and TAB agreed
to enter into a deferred prosecution agreement as to a separate count. The campaign finance reports
showed that BACPAC made political contributions to appellants’ opponents. The excerpts from the
hearing in 2003 were of the testimony from one of TAB’s employees. She testified that she, as well
as Hammond and Jack Campbell,7 worked on political projects for BACPAC during the 2002
general election cycle.
After a hearing in 2011, the trial court granted appellees’ motions and signed a final
summary judgment in their favor. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Appellants bring six issues challenging the trial court’s summary judgment ruling.
In their first and third issues, they contend that TAB was a political committee under the Election
Code and, therefore, that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on their claims that
TAB unlawfully accepted campaign contributions, unlawfully made campaign expenditures, and
failed to file required reports with the TEC. In their second issue, appellants contend that, even if
7
Campbell was also a TAB employee.
9
TAB was not a political committee, that it made unlawful direct campaign expenditures by failing
to report such expenditures to the TEC. In their fourth and fifth issues, appellants contend that the
trial court erred by granting summary judgment as to their claims that were based on TAB’s alleged
in-kind corporate political contributions to BACPAC. In their sixth issue, appellants contend that
the trial court erred by granting summary judgment regarding their claims that CT General and
CIGNA made unlawful corporate political contributions to TAB.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s summary judgment rulings de novo. Valence Operating
Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a traditional motion for summary
judgment, a defendant must conclusively negate at least one essential element of each of the
plaintiff’s causes of action or must conclusively establish each element of an affirmative defense.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Long Distance Int’l, Inc. v. Telefonos de Mexico, S.A. de C.V., 49 S.W.3d 347,
350–51 (Tex. 2001); Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997).
When the trial court does not specify the grounds for its summary judgment, as is the
case here, the appellate court must affirm the summary judgment “if any of the theories presented
to the trial court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious.” Provident Life & Accident Ins.
Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003). When reviewing a summary judgment, we “review
the evidence presented by the motion and response in the light most favorable to the party against
whom the summary judgment was rendered, crediting evidence favorable to that party if reasonable
jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.” Mack Trucks,
Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006); see Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d at 661.
10
Appellants’ issues also concern statutory construction. We review matters of statutory
construction de novo. See Texas Mun. Power Agency v. Public Util. Comm’n, 253 S.W.3d 184,
192 (Tex. 2007). Of primary concern in construing a statute is the express statutory language. See
Galbraith Eng’g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. 2009); Osterberg,
12 S.W.3d at 38. “We thus construe the text according to its plain and common meaning unless a
contrary intention is apparent from the context or unless such a construction leads to absurd results.”
Presidio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Scott, 309 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. 2010) (citing City of Rockwall
v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625–26 (Tex. 2008)). We consider the entire act, not isolated portions.
20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 396 (Tex. 2008). We also interpret statutes, if possible, in a
way that makes them constitutional. See City of Pasadena v. Smith, 292 S.W.3d 14, 19 (Tex. 2009).
TAB’s “Voter Education” Mailers
Appellants’ first and third issues challenge the trial court’s summary judgment regarding
appellants’ claims that were based on TAB’s “voter education” mailers. Appellants contend that the
trial court erred by granting summary judgment on these claims because TAB, by its actions, was
a political committee and, as such, unlawfully accepted political contributions and unlawfully made
campaign expenditures to fund the mailers without appointing a campaign treasurer or filing required
reports. See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.004(a), 253.031(b), 253.037(a), 254.039, 254.153, 254.154.
The Election Code defines a “political committee” to mean “a group of persons that
has as a principal purpose accepting political contributions or making political expenditures.” Id.
§ 251.001(12). Appellants urge that the evidence raises a fact issue regarding whether TAB was a
political committee because the summary judgment evidence was more than sufficient to show that
11
a “principal purpose” of TAB was to accept political contributions—evidenced by the payments
from the corporations—and to make political expenditures, including spending funds on the mailers.
See id. § 251.001(5), (6), (7), (12) (defining “political contribution,” “expenditure,” “campaign
expenditure,” and “political committee”).8 They point to the undisputed evidence that TAB accepted
money from corporations, including CT General and CIGNA, and spent in excess of $1.8 million
to fund the mailers. It was also undisputed that TAB did not appoint a campaign treasurer or file
reports with the TEC during the 2002 general election. If TAB was a political committee, it violated
the Election Code’s requirements to appoint a campaign treasurer and file reports with the TEC.
See id. §§ 253.004(a), 253.031(b), 253.037(a), 254.039, 254.153, 254.154.
The parties join issue as to whether the mailers were “express advocacy” and
“campaign expenditures” subject to the Election Code to support their competing positions as to
whether TAB was a political committee. See id. § 251.001(7) (defining “campaign expenditure”);
Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 324–25 (describing “functional equivalent” of express advocacy);
Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 51 (holding that “‘direct campaign expenditure’ by an individual in a
candidate election includes only those expenditures that ‘expressly advocate’ the election or defeat
of an identified candidate”). Guided by the plain language of the Election Code and the directive
from the United States Supreme Court in Citizens United, however, we need not determine whether
the mailers were “express advocacy” or “campaign expenditures.”
8
The Election Code defines a political expenditure to include a campaign expenditure
and, as previously stated, a campaign expenditure means “an expenditure made by any person in
connection with a campaign for elective office or on a measure.” Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001(7), (10).
12
TAB, in its capacity as a corporation, was subject to subchapter D of chapter 253,
which addresses restrictions and limitations that expressly apply to corporations and labor
organizations. See Tex. Elec. Code. §§ 253.091–.104. In 2002, section 253.094 prohibited
corporations from making political expenditures unless expressly authorized in subchapter D.
See Act of June 19, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 899, § 1, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2995, 3009 (amended
2011). Political expenditures include campaign expenditures. Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001(10).
Assuming without deciding then that the mailers were “campaign expenditures,” TAB—as a
corporation—would have violated section 253.094 as it existed in 2002 because no other provision
within subchapter D authorized corporations to make this type of political expenditure. See id.
The United States Supreme Court in Citizens United, however, made clear that
corporations have the same First Amendment free speech rights as individuals to make independent
political expenditures. See 558 U.S. at 341–42, 356, 365. In that case, Citizens United, a non-profit
corporation that was funded by donations from individuals and for-profit corporations, challenged
a federal statute that prohibited it from making independent political expenditures. Id. at 318–19.
The Supreme Court granted Citizens United relief, holding that the ban on corporate-funded
independent expenditures violated the First Amendment. Id. at 341–42, 356, 365. Similar to the
expenditures at issue in Citizens United, the mailers at issue here were independent from any
campaign or candidate. In his affidavit, Hammond testified that TAB prepared the mailers “on
their own volition, without consultation or coordination from any candidate or agent thereof.”
Appellants did not present contrary evidence. Thus, applying the analysis of Citizens United, even
if the mailers were political expenditures and the “functional equivalent of express advocacy,” the
13
First Amendment does not permit prohibiting a corporation, such as TAB, from disseminating the
mailers.9 See id. at 372 (concluding unconstitutional to restrict corporate independent expenditures);
see also Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001(8) (defining “direct campaign expenditure”).
Further, appellants have not cited, and we have not found, post-Citizens United
authority that would support appellants’ position that an incorporated trade association such as TAB,
by seeking money from corporations to fund, and then funding, constitutionally protected,
independent expenditures, subjected itself to the 2002 regulatory scheme directed to political
committees. See Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 341–42, 356, 365; Texans for Free Enter. v. Texas
Ethics Comm’n, 732 F.3d 535, 538 (5th Cir. 2013) (noting “no difference in principle—at least where
the only asserted state interest is in preventing apparent or actual corruption—between banning an
organization such as TFE from engaging in advocacy and banning it from seeking funds to engage
in that advocacy (or in giving funds to other organizations to allow them to engage in advocacy on
its behalf)”).
We are also mindful that we interpret statutes, if possible, in a way that makes them
constitutional. See City of Pasadena, 292 S.W.3d at 19. Appellants do not contend that TAB was
a sham corporation or that it was formed solely for the purpose of “accepting political contributions
or making political expenditures” but argue that its actions surrounding the mailers in 2002 create
a fact issue relating to “a principal purpose” in the definition of political committee. See Tex. Elec.
9
Appellants do not contend otherwise. They state in their brief: “Appellants do not contest
that corporations have the legal right to spend their own money to try and sway voters towards their
own preferred slate of candidates.”
14
Code § 251.001(12).10 Were we to interpret “principal purpose” in the definition of “political
committee” as suggested by appellants so that corporations making independent political
expenditures morph into political committees under the Election Code as it existed in 2002 when
they made the expenditures, the definition would be an affront to the First Amendment.11 See
Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 341–42, 356, 365.
Further, appellants’ suggested definition of “political committee” is inconsistent with
the framework of the Election Code’s overall scheme. See Parker, 249 S.W.3d at 396 (considering
entire act and not isolated portions when interpreting statutes). The Election Code’s overall scheme
treats corporations and political committees as distinct types of entities and subjects them to
incompatible provisions. See, e.g., Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.031–.043 (provisions directed to political
committees, officeholders, and candidates); §§ 253.091–.104 (provisions directed to corporations
and labor organizations). Considering the context of the Election Code’s overall scheme and the
Supreme Court’s directive, we decline to interpret the definition so broadly. See Citizens United,
558 U.S. at 341–42, 356, 365; City of Pasadena, 292 S.W.3d at 19; see also Tex. Elec. Code
§ 251.001(12); Parker, 249 S.W.3d at 396; King St. Patriots v. Texas Democratic Party,
10
As previously stated, the definition of a political committee requires that the group have
as “a principal purpose accepting political contributions or making political expenditures.” Tex. Elec.
Code § 251.001(12). Applying their common meaning, “purpose” means “[t]he object toward which
one strives or for which something exists; goal; aim.” American Heritage Dictionary of the English
Language 1062 (1973). “Principal” means “[f]irst, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth,
or degree; chief.” Id. at 1041.
11
The dissent misstates the bases of our holding. The dissent argues that a group of persons
could have more than one principal purpose but, even if that were the case, that is not a controlling
issue here. The controlling issue is the impact and reach of the holding of Citizens United on the
Election Code provisions at issue, including the scope of the political committee definition in the
context of a corporation’s constitutional right to make independent political expenditures.
15
__ S.W.3d __, No. 03-12-00255-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13058, at *35–36 (Tex. App.—Austin
Dec. 8, 2014, no pet. h.) (in context of First Amendment challenge to definition of “political
committee,” applying common meaning of “principal” and “purpose” and “[v]iewing definitions as
a whole and in context with each other”).
Appellants cite a TEC ethics advisory opinion to support their position that TAB is
subject to the provisions for both corporations and political committees under the Election Code.
See Op. Tex. Ethics Comm’n No. 242 (1995); see also Tex. Elec. Code § 253.092 (addressing
treatment of incorporated political committee). In the opinion, the TEC concluded that a political
committee could incorporate solely for liability purposes without subjecting itself to the limitations
that the Election Code places on corporations. See Op. Tex. Ethics Comm’n No. 242. Section
253.092 of the Election Code similarly states that a political committee that “incorporates for
liability purposes only” is not considered to be a corporation for purposes of subchapter D.12
See Tex. Elec. Code § 253.092. The opinion and section 253.092 make sense in the scheme of
chapter 253. Otherwise, an incorporated political committee would be foreclosed from provisions
in subchapter B, such as the allowance of campaign contributions, that conflict with restrictions in
subchapter D, such as the prohibition from making political contributions. See id. §§ 251.001(12),
253.031(c) (allowing campaign contributions), 253.094(a) (prohibiting contributions); see also
Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 256 (Tex. 2008) (“The Court
must not interpret the statute in a manner that renders any part of the statute meaningless or
12
The dissent also states that our holding is based on the conclusion that a corporation can
never be a political committee, but, as we acknowledge, section 253.092 of the Election Code allows
a political committee to incorporate. Again, that is not a controlling issue here.
16
superfluous.”). But, in the context of independent expenditures, it does not follow that the
inapplicability of section 253.092 to a corporation supports subjecting the corporation to Election
Code provisions applicable to political committees.13
Appellants did not present evidence that contradicted TAB’s evidence that its
principal purpose was to be an incorporated trade association for the business community. In one
of his affidavits, Hammond testified that TAB “promotes the free enterprise system by working to
improve the Texas business climate and to help make our state’s economy the strongest in the world”
and that it “lobbies on every issue that impacts business to ensure that employers’ opinions are being
heard.” The summary judgment evidence also included copies of TAB’s budgets for 2001 and 2002
and business reports to its members. The budgets and reports conform with Hammond’s testimony
regarding TAB’s principal purpose as a trade association. One of the reports states that TAB’s
mission is “to build the best business climate on the planet through legislative action on the state and
federal levels.”
Here, the evidence was conclusive that TAB did not incorporate solely for liability
purposes, that its principal purpose was to be a trade association for the business community, and
that its actions surrounding the mailers were independent from campaigns and candidates. Given
13
After all, even if a corporation complied with the regulations applicable to political
committees, it still would have violated the Election Code as it existed in 2002 if it made
independent political expenditures. See, e.g., Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.031(c) (allowing political
committees to make campaign contributions and expenditures after appointment of campaign
treasurer), former 253.094(a) (prohibiting corporation from making political contributions
and expenditures unless authorized by subchapter); see also id. § 251.001(3) (defining
“campaign contribution”), (5) (defining “political contribution”); Presidio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Scott,
309 S.W.3d 927, 931 (Tex. 2010) (“Courts must not give the words used by the Legislature an
‘exaggerated, forced, or constrained meaning.’” (quoting City of Austin v. Southwestern Bell Tel.
Co., 92 S.W.3d 434, 442 (Tex. 2002))).
17
this uncontested evidence, we conclude that TAB established as a matter of law that its actions
surrounding the mailers did not subject it to the Election Code provisions directed to
political committees. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). On this basis, we overrule appellants’ first and
third issues.
Former Section 253.062
In their second issue, appellants contend in the alternative that TAB violated former
section 253.062 of the Election Code by making direct campaign expenditures without reporting
such expenditures. See Act of June 18, 1997, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws at 2778. In 2002, section
253.062 prohibited an “individual” from making direct campaign expenditures exceeding $100
unless the individual complied with chapter 254 as if the individual were a campaign treasurer of a
political committee. See id.14
Appellants cite a TEC 2010 advisory opinion to support their position that TAB in
2002 was subject to former section 253.062. See Op. Tex. Ethics Comm’n No. 489 (2010). In that
opinion, TEC concluded that corporations that make direct campaign expenditures were required to
comply with section 253.062. Appellants contend that we should defer to TEC’s interpretation of
the statute. “A reasonable construction of a statute by the administrative agency charged with its
enforcement is entitled to great weight.” Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 51 (citing State v. Public Util.
Comm’n, 883 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Tex. 1994); Dodd v. Meno, 870 S.W.2d 4, 7 (Tex. 1994)). We may
not defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute, however, that is inconsistent with the language
14
In 2011, the legislature enacted section 254.261. See Act of May 24, 2011,
82d Leg., R.S., ch. 1009, § 5, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 1009. Section 254.261 requires a “person” to
file reports for direct campaign expenditures exceeding $100. See Tex. Elec. Code § 254.261. Thus,
a corporation’s direct campaign expenditures are now subject to disclosure. See id.
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of the statute. See TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. 2011)
(noting that courts normally defer to agency’s interpretation of statute that is vague or ambiguous
unless “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the statute”).
The text of former section 253.062 is not vague or ambiguous. The statute expressly
states that it applies to an “individual not acting in concert with another person.” Had the legislature
intended a different or broader classification, it could have said so. See Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First
State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 636 (Tex. 2010). In its 2010 opinion, the TEC recognized
as much. See Op. Tex. Ethics Comm’n No. 489. It noted that Citizens United created a gap in the
disclosure requirements for corporations, labor organizations, and other persons:
Title 15 does not explicitly state that a corporation, labor organization, or certain other
persons[ ] must file reports to disclose direct campaign expenditures made to support
or oppose a candidate. . . . Thus, title 15 did not specifically require disclosure of
such expenditures because it simultaneously prohibited them. Citizens United
removed our ability to restrict direct campaign expenditures by corporations, labor
organizations, and other persons. This result has created a gap or ambiguity in title
15 that prompts us to address whether the absence of statutory language specifically
addressing these direct campaign expenditures made to support or oppose candidates
reflects the legislature’s intent that title 15, in the circumstances following Citizens
United, require such expenditures to be disclosed.
Id. As the TEC recognized in its 2010 opinion, pre-Citizens United, the Election Code limited the
types of political expenditures corporations could make. It follows that the legislature could not have
intended for a corporation to disclose prohibited expenditures given that a corporation was not
allowed to make them in the first place. There was no need to have a disclosure requirement for
corporations because there was nothing to disclose.
19
Given the plain language of former section 253.062, we decline to expand the
meaning of “individual” to subject a corporation to liability for failing to report direct campaign
expenditures in 2002. See TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co., 340 S.W.3d at 439 (“We presume that
the Legislature chooses a statute’s language with care, including each word chosen for a purpose,
while purposefully omitting words not chosen.”); Scott, 309 S.W.3d at 930–31. On this basis, we
overrule appellants’ second issue.
TAB Employees’ Services to BACPAC
Appellants’ fourth and fifth issues challenge the trial court’s summary judgment
rulings in favor of TAB and BACPAC as to appellants’ claims regarding the alleged employees’
services provided by TAB to BACPAC. In their fourth issue, appellants contend that TAB as a
corporation violated section 253.094(a) because its employees’ services were in-kind political
contributions and TAB did not present evidence that it restricted the contributions to administrative
matters. See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.094(a) (prohibiting corporations from making political
contributions), 253.100; Ex parte Ellis, 309 S.W.3d at 88 (discussing section 253.100); see also Tex.
Elec. Code § 251.001(2), (3), (5) (defining “contributions,” “political contributions” and “campaign
contributions”). In their fifth issue, based on the same alleged employees’ services, appellants
contend that BACPAC violated section 253.003(b) by accepting the in-kind political contributions
from TAB. See Tex. Elec. Code § 253.003(b) (“A person may not knowingly accept a political
contribution the person knows to have been made in violation of this chapter.”).
In their summary judgment motions, TAB and BACPAC challenged these claims on
the ground that the mailers were “not factually connected with the criminal charges to which TAB
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plead guilty” and appellants did not allege a section 253.002 violation. The evidence was undisputed
that TAB pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor offense of unlawful direct campaign expenditures under
section 253.002 of the Election Code concerning TAB employees’ services to BACPAC, and not
to making unlawful in-kind corporate political contributions. See id. § 253.002 (prohibiting person
from knowingly making or authorizing direct campaign expenditures with exceptions); see also id.
§ 251.001(2), (3), (5). Further, appellants in their pleadings did not assert a violation of section
253.002 to support their request for statutory damages as to the alleged in-kind employees’
services, but a violation of section 253.094(a) by TAC and section 253.003(b) by BACPAC. See id.
§§ 253.003(b) (prohibiting knowingly accepting political contributions made in violation of chapter),
.094 (prohibiting corporations from making political contributions not authorized by subchapter D).15
On this basis, we overrule appellants’ fourth and fifth issues.
Contributions from CIGNA and CT General to TAB
In their sixth issue, appellants contend that CT General and CIGNA were not entitled
to summary judgment on appellants’ claims that they made unlawful corporate political contributions
to TAB. Appellants make similar arguments to those made in their first and third issues, arguments
based on their position that TAB was a political committee. They contend that CIGNA and CT
General violated the Election Code by making contributions to a political committee—TAB—and
15
In the section of their Tenth Amended Original Petition titled “Causes of Action,” appellants
asserted that TAB violated sections 253.004(a), 253.031(b), and 253.037(a) by making political
expenditures without a campaign treasurer appointment. See Tex. Elec. Code §§ 253.004(a),
.031(b), .037(a). As to the alleged “corporate political contributions to BACPAC,” appellants
specifically asserted that TAB violated section 253.094(a) and BACPAC violated section
253.003(b). See id. §§ 253.003(b), .094(a).
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then failing to restrict their contributions to administrative purposes. See id. §§ 253.094(a), 253.100;
Ex parte Ellis, 309 S.W.3d at 88.
Given our conclusion that the summary judgment evidence established as a matter
of law that TAB’s conduct surrounding the mailers did not subject it to the restrictions applicable
to political committees, it follows that CT General and CIGNA did not violate the Election Code by
donating money to TAB to fund the mailers and that such payments—because they were not made
to a candidate or political committee—did not fall within the definition of contribution under the
Election Code. See Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001(3), (5) (“political contribution” includes a “campaign
contribution” which means a “contribution to a candidate or a political committee . . .”). Appellants
do not dispute that CT General and CIGNA could have funded and sent the mailers themselves as
independent political expenditures. Appellants also have failed to cite, and we have not found, post-
Citizens United authority that would support prohibiting corporations from funding the types of
mailers at issue here. See Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 341–42, 356, 365; Texans for Free Enter.,
732 F.3d at 538. Further, because we have concluded as a matter of law that the mailers did not
subject TAB to the provisions of the Election Code applicable to political committees, we need not
reach appellants’ argument that CT General and CIGNA violated the Election Code by making
contributions to a political committee without restricting the contributions to administrative purposes.
See Tex. Elec. Code § 253.100.
To the extent that appellants’ claims against CT General and CIGNA are based on
the alleged employees’ services from TAB to BACPAC, those claims fail as well. The summary
judgment evidence was conclusive that CT General and CIGNA paid money to TAB to fund the
22
mailers and that TAB used the corporate money exclusively for the mailers. In one of his affidavits,
Hammond testified, “During the 2002 state election cycle TAB received in excess of $1.8 million
from corporations. The entirety of this money was used to fund TAB’s voter education mailers, as
described below.” Appellants point to another affidavit by Hammond in which he testified that the
mailers were funded through TAB’s general account, “which contains money received from
dues, assessments, and other revenue-producing activities.” But the fact that the mailers were paid
through the general account is not inconsistent with and does not refute Hammond’s testimony that
the corporate money was used solely to fund the mailers.
We conclude that CT General and CIGNA established as a matter of law that they did
not make unlawful corporate contributions to TAB and that the trial court, therefore, did not err by
granting summary judgment in their favor. We overrule appellants’ sixth issue.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm.
__________________________________________
Melissa Goodwin, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Rose and Goodwin
Dissenting opinion by Chief Justice Jones
Affirmed
Filed: December 19, 2014
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