Jeremy Austin Carroll v. State

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-18-00052-CR
JEREMY AUSTIN CARROLL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 411th District Court
Trinity County, Texas
Trial Court No. 09954
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jeremy Austin Carroll was charged, in Trinity County, 1 with one count of improper
relationship between educator and student and one count of indecency with a child. Pursuant to a
plea agreement on each count, Carroll was placed on deferred adjudication community supervision
for a period of five years. Carroll appeals the trial court’s subsequent revocation of community
supervision, adjudication of guilt, and resulting sentence of twenty years’ confinement in prison
on each count. 2 Carroll contends the trial court erred (1) when it revoked his community
supervision “based on a term which was not capable of an objective definition” and (2) when it
allowed into evidence an unqualified expert’s opinion. Because Carroll did not present either of
these issues to the trial court, he has waived them for our review. We affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
I. Background
On March 26, 2013, Carroll was placed on deferred adjudication community supervision
for the offenses of improper relationship between educator and student and indecency with a child.
As one of the conditions of his community supervision, Carroll was prohibited from “hav[ing]
access to the Internet through any manner or method.” The trial court’s order stated, “[Carroll]
may not view, receive, download, transmit, or possess, pornographic material on any computer,”
and he was not allowed to “possess pornographic software images or material on any hard drive,
1
Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals in Tyler, Carroll’s case was transferred to this Court by the
Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013).
Because this is a transfer case, we apply the precedent of the Tyler Court of Appeals to the extent it differs from our
own. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
The trial court ordered Carroll’s sentences to run concurrently.
2
flopping [sic] disk, Disk, Diskette or magnetic tape.” The order also stated, “[Carroll is] not to
work, frequent, or patronize places where pornographic materials are sold. [Carroll] may not own
or possess pornographic materials or frequent sexually oriented establishments beginning
March 26, 2013.” 3
On November 16, 2017, the State filed a motion to adjudicate guilt, maintaining that Carroll
violated the conditions that he “not work, frequent, or patronize places where pornographic
materials [were] sold” and that he violated the condition that he not be in possession of
pornographic materials. The State alleged that Carroll admitted to possessing pornographic
photographs on September 26, 2017. On December 6, 2017, the State filed its first amended
motion to adjudicate guilt. In its amended motion, the State again asserted the allegation contained
in its November 2017 motion to adjudicate guilt. The State supplemented its motion, however, by
alleging that Carroll admitted to “possess[ing] pornographic images of a female and himself” and
that he had “accessed the internet through his phone and other unknown devices multiple times.”
3
On July 30, 2013, the trial court modified Carroll’s conditions, adding that he “must remain within the limits of the
State of Texas, unless given permission to leave by the Court or Community Supervision Officer.” In its order, the
trial court reminded Carroll that the balance of his community supervision conditions remained in effect. On
October 1, 2013, the trial court deleted the condition that Carroll have no contact with minors under the age of
seventeen unless specifically permitted by the court, and substituted, “You are to have no unsupervised contact with
any minor under the age of seventeen (17) beginning March 26, 2013 for any reason except as specifically permitted
by the Court.” On October 15, 2013, Carroll filed a motion to modify the conditions of his community supervision,
asking the trial court to allow him to have access to the internet at work “to check his weekly schedule and to view
his paystubs and hours.” The trial court denied Carroll’s request. On March 21, 2016, Carroll filed a second motion
to modify conditions of community supervision, explaining to the trial court that Carroll and his wife had purchased
a home which was located within 1,000 feet of a park where children commonly gathered. Carroll had been previously
prohibited from being within 1,000 feet of places where children are likely to be located. On May 5, 2016, the trial
court modified Carroll’s conditions of community supervision, allowing him to reside at the new address, however,
with that single exception, the prohibition that he not go within 1,000 feet of children’s gathering places remained in
effect.
3
On January 23, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on the State’s amended motion to
adjudicate. Carroll pled not true to the State’s allegations against him. After hearing from several
witnesses, the trial court found the State’s allegations to be true, revoked Carroll’s unadjudicated
community supervision and found him guilty of the underlying charges. The trial court then
sentenced Carroll to twenty years’ confinement in prison, which sentences were ordered to run
concurrently. This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
Carroll contends the trial court erred when it revoked his deferred adjudication community
supervision “based on a term which is not capable of objective definition.” In his appellate brief,
Carroll states, “The first issue to consider is whether the prohibition against possession of
pornography provided adequate notice to Mr. Carroll of his actions.” He continues, “Because the
State chose ‘pornography’ rather than ‘obscene material[,]’ Mr. Carroll had not [sic] ability to
follow or not follow the terms of his supervision.” In other words, Carroll contends the word
“pornography” lacked the necessary specificity to enable him to comply with that particular
condition.
When the trial court placed Carroll on deferred adjudication community supervision, it did
so under the following conditions: (1) Carroll would not “work, frequent, or patronize places
where pornographic materials [were] sold”; (2) he would “not own or possess pornographic
materials or frequent sexually oriented establishments”; (3) he would not “download, transmit, or
possess pornographic material on any computer”; and (4) he would not “possess pornographic
software, images, or material on any hard drive . . . .” (Emphasis added.). Despite the trial court’s
4
repeated use of the word “pornographic,” there is nothing in the record to indicate that Carroll did
not understand the meaning of the word or its “objective definition” on the date he entered into the
plea agreement. Likewise, Carroll did not object to the use of the word “pornographic” as being
vague or ambiguous at the time he agreed to the conditions of his community supervision.
In Speth, The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reasoned,
An award of community supervision is not a right, but a contractual privilege, and
conditions thereof are terms of the contract entered into between the trial court and
the defendant. Therefore, conditions not objected to are affirmatively accepted as
terms of the contract. Thus, by entering into the contractual relationship without
objection, a defendant affirmatively waives any rights encroached upon by the
terms of the contract. A defendant who benefits from the contractual privilege of
probation, the granting of which does not involve a systemic right or prohibition,
must complain at trial to conditions he finds objectionable. A trial objection allows
the trial court the opportunity to either risk abusing his discretion by imposing the
condition over objection or reconsider the desirability of the contract without the
objectionable condition.
Speth v. State, 6 S.W.3d 530, 534–35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (internal citations omitted). On
appeal, Carroll states, “The State of Texas chose to impose a condition upon [him] which was not
defined, and is purely speculative.” If Carroll had difficulty understanding the terms of his
community supervision, as he now contends he does, it was incumbent upon him to bring the issue
to the trial court’s attention at the time the parties entered into the agreement, that is, during the
March 26, 2013, plea hearing. Thus, Carroll’s complaint relates to the original plea proceeding
and should have been addressed when the conditions of his deferred adjudication community
supervision were initially imposed. Such complaint cannot be reviewed on appeal from the trial
court’s revocation of deferred adjudication community supervision. We, therefore, overrule
Carroll’s first point of error.
5
Next, Carroll complains that “[t]he trial court erred in allowing an unqualified expert
opinion related to cell phone analysis” during the hearing on the State’s motion to adjudicate guilt.
Specifically, Carroll points to Deputy Randy Wheeler’s 4 testimony regarding his use of a
commercial software product to examine Carroll’s cell phone. Carroll states that Wheeler had no
training from a representative of the software company, “no video from that company, [and] no
classroom or online instruction related to this software.” Accordingly, Carroll maintains, Wheeler
was not qualified to testify as an expert on the forensic computer software.
During the hearing on the State’s motion to adjudicate guilt, the State’s attorney asked
Wheeler,
Q. What did you do with that cell phone after the pass code was given
to you?
A. Extracted the data from it.
Q. Okay. After you extracted the data, what did you do to the phone
itself?
A. Put it in evidence.
....
Q. Okay. All right. Did you forensically extract that cell phone,
Exhibit No. 6?
A. Yes.
Q. Can you briefly tell the Court what that consists of?
A. We use software that’s made by the Cellbrite company. The
software that we use that we actually pay a license for is UFED 4 PC and physical
analyzing.
4
Wheeler is an investigator with the Trinity County Sheriff’s Department.
6
UFED 4 PC is what we use to extract the data. UFED is an acronym for
Universal Forensic Extraction Device.
Do you want me to tell you like how we -- like the procedure, how --
At that point, Carroll objected that Wheeler’s testimony was “nonresponsive,” and the trial court
sustained his objection. Wheeler was then asked to describe the process of using the software
program to extract the contents of a cell phone. 5 Wheeler complied with the request.
Subsequently, Wheeler attempted to offer into evidence State’s Exhibit 7, which was a
PDF copy and a reader file of the extraction data from Carroll’s cell phone. At that point, Carroll
asked the trial court for permission to voir dire Wheeler. Carroll asked Wheeler, among several
other questions, whether he had “received any specialized training in the use of UFED for PC or
Physical Analyzer?” Wheeler responded, “I would sit and watch Detective Bennet over the years.
He would explain how he was doing it. I asked a lot of questions about the software and the cables
and things that came with it, why you have to use different ones.” Carroll continued to ask
questions related to Wheeler’s training in extraction of cell phone data. Carroll then asked, “You
would have no way of knowing if the program that you used had, in fact, committed some sort of
error and just not reported it?” Wheeler responded, “Yes.” In response, Carroll objected to the
admission of State’s Exhibit 7, stating, “Your Honor, I would object to the admission of State’s 7
5
Among other things, Wheeler explained,
Yes. So first I would need to know what type of phone it is and then I can open up the
UFED application, search the phone, and its going to give me clear instructions, which cable -- we
have a bunch of different cables.
It will tell me which cable to use for this specific phone. You plug it in and follow the
instructions on what you need to do and you basically hit ‘start’ and it extracts the data.
If it’s a successful extraction, it tells you; and it stores that file on the computer.
Wheeler testified that he had conducted sixty cell phone extraction procedures.
7
at this time. It has not been sufficiently authenticated as being a direct bit for bit copy of the data
contained in State’s Exhibit 6.” The trial court overruled Carroll’s objection and admitted State’s
Exhibit 7.
To preserve error for appellate review, Rule 33.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure
“requires that the record demonstrate (1) the complaining party made a timely and specific request,
objection, or motion; and (2) the trial judge either ruled on the request, objection, or motion, or he
refused to rule and the complaining party objected to that refusal.” Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d
510, 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1). An objection must be specific,
timely, and made each time inadmissible testimony or evidence is offered. Id. at 516–17. A party’s
point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial. Thomas v. State, 723
S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). To preserve error for appeal under Rule 33.1, the party’s
objection, unless it is apparent from the context, must be specific enough to “let the trial judge
know what he wants, [and] why he thinks himself entitled to it, and [to] do so clearly enough for
the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something
about it.” Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). As stated in Resendez
v. State,
The parties, not the judge, are responsible for the correct application of
evidentiary rules; in order to preserve a complaint for appeal, the complaining party
must have done everything necessary to bring the relevant evidentiary rule and its
precise and proper application to the trial court’s attention.
....
[W]hen the context shows that a party failed to effectively communicate his
argument, then the error will be deemed forfeited on appeal.
8
Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312–13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (footnotes and citations
omitted).
Here, although Carroll objected to the introduction of evidence related to the extraction
process and the results obtained from the extraction of the contents of Carroll’s cell phone, he did
not object based on the grounds that Wheeler lacked the qualifications to testify as an expert on
forensic computer software or the extraction of cell phone contents. Consequently, his point of
error on appeal does not comport with the objections he made at trial. See Thomas, 723 S.W.2d at
700. Carroll has therefore waived this issue for appellate review. 6 We overrule his second point
of error.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: October 9, 2018
Date Decided: October 31, 2018
Do Not Publish
6
Rule 103(e) of the Texas Rules of Evidence states that appellate courts may take “notice of fundamental error
affecting a substantial right, even if the claim of error was not properly preserved.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(e).
Fundamental errors fall into “two relatively small categories of errors: violations of ‘rights which are waivable only’
and denials of ‘absolute systemic requirements.’” Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)
(quoting Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). “Waivable only” rights include the right to
assistance of counsel and the right to trial by jury. Id. “Absolute, systemic rights” include jurisdiction of the person,
jurisdiction of the subject matter, a penal statute’s compliance with the separation of powers section of the state
constitution, a constitutional requirement that a district court must conduct its proceedings at the county seat, the
constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws, and certain constitutional restraints on the comments of a judge. Id.
at 888–89. Notably, neither of the fundamental error categories includes the admission or exclusion of evidence,
regardless of how probative or prejudicial the evidence might be. Id. Thus, Carroll was required to preserve any error
in compliance with Rule 33.1.
9