TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-01-00634-CV
Ricki Diann Rosen, as Independent Executrix of the Estate of
Daniel H. Rosen, Deceased, Appellant
v.
Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A., as Trustee of the Rachael Leigh Rosen Trust and the Dorian
Rosen Trust, and as Guardian of the Estates of Rachael Leigh Rosen and
Dorian Rosen; and Eileen Rosen as Custodian of Rachael Leigh Rosen, Appellee
FROM THE PROBATE COURT NO. 1 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
NO. 73,960, HONORABLE GUY S. HERMAN, JUDGE PRESIDING
DISSENTING OPINION
The linchpin of the majority opinion is that Rosen=s last will & testament (Athe Will@) as
applied after Rosen=s death was entirely devoid of a residuary estate from which to pay the estate taxes. To
reach this conclusion, the majority must disregard the most basic tenets of Texas will-construction case law.
Because I believe otherwise and would affirm the probate court=s decision, I respectfully dissent.
BACKGROUND
Under Rosen=s will, executed on May 28, 1997, appellant was the primary beneficiary. 1
Article III of the Will left all of Rosen=s personal property, as well as his interests in all employee benefit plans
and retirement accounts, to appellant. Articles IV and V placed the remainder of the estate in two trusts: the
Marital Trust and the Family Trust. Rosen provided that the income of both trusts was to be used for the
benefit of appellant during her lifetime, with the remainder of both trusts to his descendants, per stirpes. I will
refer to the gifts under Articles III, IV and V of the Will as the Aprobate assets.@ Article VIII set out the
administrative provisions. The other provisions of Rosen=s will are not at issue here.
1
Under the Will, some probate assets pass to Rosen=s descendants, per stirpes, upon the
death of appellant or in the event that appellant does not survive Rosen, and assets from the Family Trust
may be used to provide for Athe health, support, maintenance and education@ of the children.
2
Rosen had substantial non-probate assets,2 some of which generated estate and inheritance
taxes: (1) a $963,000 life insurance policy, payable to appellee Wells Fargo Bank (AWells Fargo@), as
trustee for Rosen=s children;3 and (2) a Uniform Gift to Minors Act account in the amount of $54,542 for
the benefit of Rachael Rosen.4 I will refer to these gifts as the Anon-probate assets.@ The combined taxable
value of $1,017,542 from these non-probate assets produced significant estate taxes established at trial in
the amount of $132,442.
The parties dispute which assets are liable for the payment of estate taxes: probate or non-
probate. Under Texas common law, estate taxes and other expenses were borne by the general estate.
This meant that the beneficiaries of the general estateCtypically a surviving spouse and childrenCbore all
2
As part of his divorce settlement, Rosen was initially required to maintain a $1 million life
insurance policy. Pursuant to a subsequent agreement, the amount of life insurance Rosen was required to
maintain was reduced to $216,000. Rosen obtained a second insurance policy in that amount. Although he
was no longer required to do so, Rosen voluntarily maintained the first policy, in addition to the second
policy.
3
Because Rosen maintained an Aincidence of ownership@ in the first insurance policy, it was
included in his estate for tax purposes. Although the record is unclear as to the nature of the incidence, it
may have been a power of appointment. This would constitute a prohibited power under the Internal
Revenue Code, rendering the insurance policy part of Rosen=s gross estate for tax purposes. Such indicia
of ownership make an insurance policy part of the taxable probate estate, subject to taxation. See 26
U.S.C.A. ' 2036(a)(2) (West 2002). In addition, the parties agree that, because the second policy should
be treated as a debt of the estate, it does not produce any taxes and is not at issue here. However, if the
Internal Revenue Service were to view this policy as a transfer and not a debt, the parties agree that this
policy would also generate transfer taxes.
4
Because Rosen was a custodian of this Uniform Gift to Minors Act account, see Tex. Prop. Code
Ann. '' 141.001-.025 (West 1995 & Supp. 2003), it was included as part of his estate for tax purposes.
There is also a Uniform Gift to Minors Act account for the benefit of Dorian Rosen, but because Rosen was
not the custodian of this account, it is not included in his estate for tax purposes.
3
expenses, including taxes, even if non-probate transfers to beneficiaries other than the spouse or children
produced such taxes. In place of this system, Texas adopted an equitable apportionment statute in 1987.
See Tex. Prob. Code. Ann. ' 322A (West 2003). This statute provides that beneficiaries of taxable assets,
whether probate or non-probate, will bear a pro rata portion of all estate taxes charged against the estate.
Id. ' 322A(b)(1). This equitable apportionment statute will not apply, however, if a decedent Aspecifically
directs the manner of apportionment@ in a will or similar instrument. Id. ' 322A(b)(2). To this point, it has
remained unclear what the effect of such a waiver would be if the fund from which the taxes are to be paid is
insufficiently funded. See Peterson v. Mayse, 993 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex. App.CTyler 1999, no pet.).
For most decedents, the equitable apportionment method as provided in 322A(b)(1) is
suitable. However, some testators include alternative provisions for the payment of estate taxes. While
such provisions can direct that taxes be paid out of specific assets, a commonly used provision is that all
taxes should be paid Aout of the residuary estate without apportionment.@
Article VIII of Rosen=s Will reads:
B. All estate, inheritance or similar taxes arising in connection with my death with respect
to any property included in my gross estate for the purpose of calculating such taxes,
whether or not such property passes under my Will, all funeral expenses and all
expenses incurred in connection with the administration of my estate shall be paid out
of the residue of my estate without apportionment; provided, however, if my wife
fails to survive me, to the extent the residue of my estate is insufficient for the payment
of such taxes and expenses, then any excess, except as otherwise specifically
provided in this Section, shall be paid on a pro rate basis from all of the assets
included in my gross estate.
4
(Emphasis added). It is apparent from this provision of the Will that Rosen has provided for the payment of
estate taxes under two different circumstances. If his wife survives him, the estate taxes are to be paid out
of the Aresidue of [his] estate without apportionment.@ (Emphasis added). On the other hand, if he
survives his wife, and the residue of his estate should be insufficient, Rosen provides for a pro rata method
of apportionment similar to section 322A of the Texas Probate Code. Thus, it is obvious that Rosen
contemplated two different methods of apportioning estate taxes.
Rosen=s Last Will and Testament
Both federal and state law provide certain tax credits that, if used properly, can minimize or
entirely eliminate estate and inheritance taxes. The Amarital deduction@ is a common method for transferring
assets to a surviving spouse without generating any tax liability. It consists of a portion of the estate which is
allowed to pass tax free to the surviving spouse. For over twenty years, the tax code has permitted a
married decedent to grant any property to the surviving spouse, unlimited in amount, which remains tax
free at least until the surviving spouse=s death. See 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2056(a) (West 2002).
Every individual is also entitled to a Aunified credit@ that allows the transfer of a fixed number
of assets free of transfer taxes. This credit belongs to the estate. At the time of Rosen=s death, the unified
credit permitted tax-free transfers of up to $675,000. See 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2010 (West 2000), superseded
by 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2010 (West 2001). All assets that do not fall under the marital deduction or the unified
credit and that are not otherwise exempt may be taxed.
In order to avoid taxation of the assets in the marital deduction upon the death of the
surviving spouse, it is common to divide the estate into separate parts: (1) a life estate in the assets subject
5
to the marital deduction to the surviving spouse;5 and (2) a Abypass trust@Cin the amount of the unified credit
not already used by other transfersCfor the benefit of the surviving spouse during his or her lifetime, with the
remainder passing to the children. Upon the death of the surviving spouse, the assets of the bypass trust
transfer to any children or other natural heirs free of taxes.
Article III, entitled ASpecific Gifts,@ made specific bequests6 of Rosen=s personal property,
as well as his interests in all employee benefit plans and retirement accounts, to the appellant, Ricki Rosen.
Article IV of Rosen=s Will established the Daniel Hunt Rosen Marital Trust (the AMarital
Trust@):
C. If my wife survives me, I give to my Trustee, IN TRUST, to be administered as
provided in this Article, such an amount of property (including any non-probate assets
payable to my testamentary Trustee) as will be equal to the maximum marital
deduction . . . diminished by the value for Federal estate tax purposes of all other
items in my gross estate which qualify for the marital deduction and which pass or
have passed to my wife under other provisions of this Will or otherwise; provided,
however, this gift of property . . . shall be reduced by an amount, if any, needed to
5
A life estate for the benefit of the surviving spouse is considered exempt, for tax purposes,
as part of the marital deduction. 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2056(b) (West 2002).
6
A bequest is specific if: (1) it is described with such particularity that it can be distinguished
from all of the testator=s other property; and (2) the testator intended for the beneficiary to receive that
particular item, rather than cash or other property from his general estate. Hurt v. Smith, 744 S.W.2d 1, 4
(Tex. 1987).
6
increase my taxable estate as determined for Federal estate tax purposes to the largest
amount which, after taking into account all other deductions allowed to my estate for
Federal tax purposes and all allowable credits, will result in the least amount of
Federal estate tax being imposed on the estate.
(Emphasis added). The Marital Trust represents the marital deduction and creates a life estate for
appellant=s benefit in all of Rosen=s remaining money and real property. Because the marital deduction was
unlimited at the time of Rosen=s death, see 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2056, gifting to the Marital Trust Asuch an amount
of property . . . as will be equal to the maximum marital deduction@ has the effect of placing all of Rosen=s
remaining propertyCafter the specific bequests have been madeCinto the Marital Trust. However, this
amount shall be reduced by an amount, if any, needed to take advantage of Aallowable credits@ (the
Apotential tax credit reduction amount@).
Article V of Rosen=s Will, entitled AFamily Trust,@ establishes the Daniel Hunt Rosen Family Trust
(the AFamily Trust@):
If my wife survives me, I give all of the residue of my estate to my Trustee, IN TRUST, to
be administered as provided in this Article.
(Emphasis added). The Family Trust was meant to be Rosen=s bypass trust. Because of the all-
encompassing nature of the Marital Trust, the only possible source of funding for the Family Trust would be
the monetary amount, if any, by which the Marital Trust would be reduced to take advantage of allowable
tax credits. The allowable tax credits at issue are limited to Rosen=s unified credit, in the amount of
$675,000.
7
The Controversy
Rosen=s Will first makes specific bequests in Article III. Next, the gifting to the Marital
Trust of Asuch an amount of property . . . as will be equal to the maximum marital deduction@ has the effect
of placing all of Rosen=s remaining propertyCafter the specific bequests have been madeCinto the Marital
Trust. This amount shall be reduced, however, by an amount, if any, needed to take advantage of
Aallowable credits@ (the Apotential tax credit reduction amount@). Finally, the Family Trust is funded with
Athe residue of [Rosen=s] estate.@ Due to the unlimited marital deduction, all of Rosen=s property, except
for the potential tax credit reduction amount and specific bequests, was granted to the Marital Trust. This
meant that the only possible source of funding for the Family Trust was the potential tax credit reduction
amount.
This potential tax credit reduction amount was meant to account for Rosen=s unified credit.
However, the combined taxable value of the two non-probate assets, $1,017,542, greatly exceeded
Rosen=s unified credit of $675,000. Once the non-probate assets absorbed the entire unified credit, there
were no potential tax credits left which would reduce the Marital Trust. Because the Marital Trust was
reduced by zero, there were no assets left to fund the Family Trust.
On June 20, 2001, appellant, individually, as Independent Executrix of Rosen=s estate, and
as Trustee of the Marital Trust and Family Trust, sought a declaratory judgment as to which property in
Rosen=s estate would bear the burden of paying federal estate tax and state inheritance tax. Appellant
argues that, because Rosen stated the Family Trust would contain Athe residue of my estate,@ his direction to
pay estate taxes Aout of the residue of my estate without apportionment@ meant that taxes should be paid out
8
of the Family Trust alone. Because the Family Trust remained unfunded, appellant argues that the Will fails
to Aspecifically direct the manner of apportionment,@ required by section 322A(b)(1) of the probate code,
and therefore the default Texas apportionment statute must apply regardless of Rosen=s express waiver.7
Under section 322A(b)(1), the estate taxes would be borne by the beneficiaries of the assets that gave rise
to the taxes. The trusts established for the benefit of Rosen=s children, represented by Wells Fargo and
Eileen Rosen, respond that requiring the non-probate trusts to pay the estate taxes would be contrary to
Rosen=s intent to avoid apportionment under section 322A.
The probate court ruled that appellant, as Independent Executrix, must pay all taxes out of
the probate assets and that the non-probate assets are not liable for the payment of any taxes.
The Contentions of the Parties
7
Both the parties and the majority cite numerous out-of-state cases relevant to the issue of
whether section 322A of the Texas Probate Code should apply in this case. All of these cases are clearly
distinguishable. Both I and the majority have been unable to find a single case, like this one, where the
specific bequests and trusts all favored a single beneficiary.
Furthermore, appellant argues, in effect, that due to the taxable nature of the non-probate assets,
she has been denied an additional amount of property that would have been available to her through the
Family Trust. Her argument overlooks the fact that the unified credit is not hers, but rather benefits Rosen=s
estate.
9
In this appeal, appellant raises two arguments: (1) because the estate taxes were to be paid
out of a specified probate asset, the Family Trust, which is unfunded, section 322A should control the
apportionment of estate taxes; and (2) the clauses in Rosen=s will regarding maximization of the marital
deduction and the minimization of gross estate taxes mandate equitable apportionment in order to fulfill the
testator=s intent.8
Wells Fargo and Eileen Rosen join issue on whether section 322A is applicable, because
Rosen specifically directed that estate taxes be paid Awithout apportionment.@ They urge that the non-
probate assets should not be charged with any portion of the estate and inheritance taxes. However, I
believe this case can be resolved without resorting to statutory construction based upon a plain reading of
the testator=s intent as manifested in the plain language of the Will. Notwithstanding appellant=s contentions
regarding the application of section 322A in situations where a testator has designated a specific fund to
bear the tax burden and that fund remains completely unfunded, I do not reach that issue. Under the plain
language of the Will as applied to Rosen=s estate at the time of his death, I conclude that the Marital Trust
was meant to bear the estate tax burden. 9
8
Appellant=s argument for equitable apportionment fails to account for the fact that appellant
was the primary beneficiary under both the Marital Trust and Family Trust. Although the children would
inherit the remainder of the Marital Trust, and income from the Family Trust could be used to provide for
their education, the income from both trusts was primarily for the benefit of appellant during her lifetime.
9
One of my concerns with the majority opinion is that it fails to thoroughly analyze the
question of whether the equitable apportionment statute, once waived, can be resurrected solely on the
ground that the fund from which the will directs that taxes be paid is insufficient to meet the estate=s entire
tax obligation. While the majority opinion tacitly concedes that, under Texas law, Rosen=s will expressly
waives the statute=s application, see Peterson v. Mayse, 993 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex. App.CTyler 1999,
no pet.); Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 76 T.C.M. (CCH) 892 (1998), it simply assumes that an
10
insufficiency of funds automatically triggers the statute=s reinstatement despite a valid express waiver to the
contrary. This determination is not only a question of first impression, but a complex legal issue requiring, in
my opinion, more analysis than it is given by the majority.
11
DISCUSSION
In construing a will, the court=s focus is on the testator=s intent. San Antonio Area Found.
v. Lang, 35 S.W.3d 636, 639 (Tex. 2000); Huffman v. Huffman, 339 S.W.2d 885, 888 (Tex. 1960).
This intent must be ascertained from the language found within the four corners of the will. Lang, 35
S.W.3d at 639; Shriner=s Hosp. v. Stahl, 610 S.W.2d 147, 151 (Tex. 1980). The court should focus not
on what the testator intended to write, but the meaning of the words actually used. Stahl, 610 S.W.2d at
151; Rekdahl v. Long, 417 S.W.2d 387, 389 (Tex. 1967); Kirk v. Beard, 345 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Tex.
1961). In this light, courts must not redraft wills to vary or add provisions Aunder the guise of construction
of the language of the will@ to reach a presumed intent. Stahl, 610 S.W.2d at 151; Welch v. Straach, 531
S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex. 1975); Huffman, 339 S.W.2d at 888. It is therefore our duty to determine the
effect of Rosen=s will based on the meaning of the words Rosen actually used; we must not speculate as to
the words Rosen might have used with the benefit of hindsight and thereby redraft the will. Stahl, 610
S.W.2d at 151; Huffman, 339 S.W.2d at 889. Finally, a will speaks at the time of the testator=s death,
and it is the estate he then possessed that passes according to the terms of his will. Stahl, 610 S.W.2d at
150. We must therefore determine the correct application of Rosen=s Will based on the facts as they
actually existed at the time of Rosen=s death.
Appellant=s argument is premised on the assumption that the Marital Trust is a specific
bequest and the Family Trust is a residuary bequest. Texas law has long recognized that all bequests fall
into four functional categories: specific, demonstrative, general, and residuary. Hurt v. Smith, 744 S.W.2d
1, 4 (Tex. 1987). A legacy is classified as specific if: (1) it is described with such particularity so that it can
12
be distinguished from all of the testator=s other property; and (2) the testator intended for the beneficiary to
receive that particular item, rather than cash or other property from his general estate. Id.; see also
Houston Land Trust Co. v. Campbell, 105 S.W.2d 430, 433 (Tex. Civ. App.CEl Paso 1937, writ ref=d).
A legacy is demonstrative if: (1) it is a bequest of sums of money, or of quantity or amounts having a
pecuniary value and measure, not in themselves specific; and (2) the testator intended such bequests to be
charged primarily to a particular fund or piece of property. Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4; Campbell, 105
S.W.2d at 433. A legacy is a general bequest if: (1) it bequeaths a designated quantity or value of property
or money; and (2) the testator intended for it to be satisfied out of his general assets rather than disposing of,
or being charged upon, any specific fund or property. Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4. Finally, a legacy should be
classified as a residuary bequest if: (1) the testator intended for the gift to bequeath everything left in the
estate, after all debts and legal charges have been paid, and after all specific, demonstrative and general gifts
have been satisfied. Id.; see Stahl, 610 S.W.2d at152.
Appellant argues that because the Marital Trust is a specific bequest, the Family Trust
therefore constitutes the Aresidue@ of the estate. According to appellant=s argument, because Rosen
directed that estate taxes be paid Aout of the residue of my estate,@ his direction must fail because the Family
Trust is unfunded. Therefore, appellant argues that the apportionment scheme of section 322A must then
apply.
I disagree with appellant=s characterization of the Marital and Family Trusts. When
classifying bequests in a will, we must consider the testator=s intent by looking at the application of the
provisions of the will rather than by reaching an arbitrary determination based upon a ritualistic classification.
13
Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4; Jacobs v. Sellers, 798 S.W.2d 24, 27 (Tex. App.CBeaumont 1990, writ
denied). Rosen=s specific bequests were contained in Article III of the Will. Although appellant contends
that the Marital Trust constitutes an additional specific bequest, the Marital Trust fails to meet either part of
the definition of a specific bequest. First, specific bequests are described with such particularity so as to
distinguish them from all of the testator=s other property. The effect of the unlimited marital deduction,
however, is to bequeath all of Rosen=s other propertyCexcept for the potential tax credit reduction
amountCto the Marital Trust. Bequeathing Asuch an [unlimited] amount of property@ cannot be
characterized as describing with such particularity as to distinguish the gift from all of the testator=s other
property. See Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4; Campbell, 105 S.W.2d at 433. The Marital Trust, in fact, is all of
Rosen=s other property. Second, with a specific bequest, the testator intends the beneficiary to receive a
particular item, rather than cash or other property from his general estate. Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4;
Campbell, 105 S.W.2d at 433. Here, again, all particular items have been disposed of in Article III, and
Rosen leaves all remaining cash and other propertyCexcept for the potential tax credit reduction
amountCto the Marital Trust. By definition, the Marital Trust is not a specific bequest.
I next address how the Marital Trust should be characterized. The Marital Trust in fact
constitutes the residue of Rosen=s estate. Because the marital deduction was unlimited at the time of
Rosen=s death, see 26 U.S.C.A. ' 2056, gifting to the Marital Trust Asuch an amount of property . . . as will
be equal to the maximum marital deduction@ has the effect of placing all of Rosen=s remaining
propertyCafter the specific bequests have been madeCinto the Marital Trust. This amount shall be
reduced, however, by an amount, if any, needed to take advantage of the potential tax credit reduction
14
amount. Because the Marital Trust was reduced by zero, it encompasses all of Rosen=s property after the
specific bequests have been made. In other words, the Marital Trust comprises Aeverything left in the
estate, after all debts and legal charges have been paid, and after all specific, demonstrative and general gifts
have been satisfied@; this is the definition of a residuary estate. Hurt, 744 S.W.2d at 4. Because the
Marital Trust satisfies the effect, as well as the language, of a residuary bequest, the residue of Rosen=s
estate is within the Marital Trust.
My characterization of the Marital Trust is bolstered by the basic purpose of a residuary
estate, to prevent partial intestacy. Wright v. Greenberg, 2 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th
Dist.] 1999, no pet.). The Marital Trust is constructed so as to maximize the marital deduction, which is
unlimited. Because the Family Trust never came into being, the Marital Trust contains all of Rosen=s
property not otherwise devised. In effect, this includes any property Rosen may not have provided for in his
will. The Marital Trust then meets not only the definition, but also the purpose, of a residuary estate. Due
to the all-encompassing nature of the Marital Trust, I conclude that it contains Athe residue of [Rosen=s]
estate.@
My conclusion stands even though Rosen did not use the word Aresidue@ in establishing the
Marital Trust. Texas courts have determined residuary estates to exist even where the word Aresidue@ is not
used. See, e.g., Sewell v. Sewell, 266 S.W.2d 924, 926 (Tex. Civ. App.CTexarkana 1954, writ ref=d
n.r.e.) (general gift of Arest of all the property,@ following several specific gifts, created residuary clause);
Wolf v. Hartmangruber, 162 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Tex. Civ. App.CFort Worth 1942, no writ) (phrase Aall
my property shall be equally divided among all of my children@ was sufficient to constitute residuary clause).
15
Absent the phrase Athis [Marital Trust] . . . shall be reduced by an amount, if any, needed to [take
advantage of] all allowable [tax] credits,@ there would be no question that the Marital Trust satisfies the
definition of a residuary estate. This phrase, combined with Rosen=s use of the word Aresidue@ in
constructing the Family Trust, raises the question of whether the Family Trust constitutes the residuary
estate.
Rosen uses the phrase Aall of the residue of my estate@ in the granting clause creating the
Family Trust. However, this is not by itself dispositive. First, creation of the Family Trust is contingent upon
the existence of available credits by which the Marital Trust would be reduced. A residuary clause may be
a contingent bequest; if the contingency fails, the bequest fails as well. See, e.g., Betts v. Haggard, 495
S.W.2d 602, 606 (Tex. Civ. App.CTyler 1973, writ ref=d n.r.e.) (paragraph Fourth was contingent
residuary clause to be effective only if the bequests made in paragraphs Second or Third became
ineffective); Fain v. Fain, 335 S.W.2d 663, 665 (Tex. Civ. App.CFort Worth 1960, writ ref=d) (residuary
clause was conditioned on wife predeceasing testator, and failure of wife to predecease testator meant
residuary clause failed, even though it had effect of testator dying intestate as to some property). The
Family Trust was conditioned on the existence of a potential tax credit reduction amount, and this condition
never occurred. Consequently, the Family Trust never came into existence. Therefore, because the Family
Trust was never created, language used by the testator in that section of the Will is a nullity.
Indeed, the words Aif any@ in the Areduced by@ clause indicate Rosen=s awareness of the
possibility that there might in fact be no available credits by which to reduce the Marital Trust and fund the
16
Family Trust. Because the non-probate assets exceeded the unified credit, leaving no allowable credits and
therefore reducing the Marital Trust by zero, this is exactly the situation that confronts this Court.
To hold under Rosen=s will that there is no residuary estate, as the majority does, requires
us to completely disregard the all-encompassing functional nature of the Marital Trust, as well as the
purpose and definition of a residuary estate according to Texas case law. Because the Marital Trust
contains the residue of Rosen=s estate, I would affirm the probate court=s ruling that the non-probate assets
are not liable for any portion of the estate and inheritance taxes. Because the majority concludes otherwise,
I respectfully dissent.
__________________________________________
Mack Kidd, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Patterson
Filed: July 30, 2003
17