DocketNumber： 09-07-00548-CR
Filed Date： 5/21/2008
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/10/2015
Lloyd Forrest Lowe appeals a conviction for felony escape. He raises two issues on appeal. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the judgment.
The Sheriff of Liberty County testified that Lowe is an inmate who escaped from Liberty County jail. A corrections officer testified that Lowe was in his cell and asked the officer to retrieve a radio Lowe left in the day room. When the corrections officer walked into the day room to retrieve the radio, the officer was attacked by two other inmates. The inmates took the officer's clothes, his glasses, and his keys, and asked him how to open cell number three. The officer testified that Lowe was housed in cell number three. The inmates took the officer to Lowe's cell, opened the cell door, and locked the officer in the cell. Lowe's cell door was the only door the inmates opened. After locking the officer in Lowe's cell, Lowe and the other inmates left.
Lowe presented testimony from James Douglas Hicks, who had been living with Lowe's mother for twelve years. Hicks testified that Lowe's mother has diminished brain capacity, and is severely ill. He explained that at the time of the escape, Lowe's mother was having some mental problems and Lowe knew that she was sick. After Lowe escaped, Lowe did not contact Hicks, and Hicks did not know if Lowe contacted his mother.
In issue one, Lowe argues the trial court erred in denying a request he made for a jury instruction on "necessity." Lowe argues he presented evidence that his mother had a serious mental illness and that he reasonably believed his escape was "immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm to his mother."
A charge on a defensive issue is required if the defendant presents affirmative evidence that would constitute a defense to the crime charged and the defendant properly requests a jury charge. Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1997, no pet.). A defendant who produces evidence raising each element of a requested defensive instruction is entitled to the instruction regardless of the source and the strength of evidence. Id. An appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the defense. Id.
The defense of necessity is available if (1) the defendant reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm; (2) according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct; and (3) a legislative purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the conduct does not otherwise appear. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 9.22 (Vernon 2003); Spakes v. State, 913 S.W.2d 597, 597-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Fitzgerald v. State, 728 S.W.2d 876, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) ("Whether his escape was justifiable will then be tested initially on reasonableness of his preexisting belief."). Stefanoff v. State, 78 S.W.3d 496, 501 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, pet. ref'd). A reasonable belief is one that would be held by an ordinary and prudent person in the same circumstances as the defendant, and is determined from the defendant's viewpoint at the time of the conduct. See id. "A defendant's belief that [his] conduct was immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm may be deemed unreasonable as a matter of law . . . if undisputed facts demonstrate a complete absence of evidence of immediate necessity or imminent harm." Brazelton, 947 S.W.2d at 648-49.
The imminent harm component "necessitates an immediate, non-deliberative action made without hesitation or thought of the legal consequence." Stefanoff, 78 S.W.3d at 501. Lowe asserted that he believed escape from jail was justified as necessary to avoid imminent harm to his mother. This belief, however, was unreasonable as a matter of law because Lowe was not involved in an emergency, nor does his asserted belief justify his escape. See id. ("Appellant's 'medicinal' use of marihuana to manage his post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms is not the type of imminent harm to which the necessity defense applies."). The court did not err in denying the requested necessity instruction. Issue one is overruled.
In issue two, Lowe argues the court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial when the State's witness testified that Lowe was charged as a habitual offender. An appellate court reviews a trial court's denial of a motion for mistrial for an abuse of discretion. Simpson v. State, 119 S.W.3d 262, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Mistrial is appropriate for a narrow class of "highly prejudicial and incurable errors," and may be granted when the court is "faced with error so prejudicial that 'expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile.'" Id. (quoting Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).
The State introduced evidence that Lowe was in jail on an aggravated robbery charge. Lowe complains of the following exchange between the prosecuting attorney and the sheriff:
[State]: I'm going to show you what's been marked as State's Exhibit 1, Sheriff. Can you recognize what State's Exhibit 1 is?
[Witness]: It's an indictment for Aggravated Robbery. It's an indictment indicting Lloyd Forrest Lowe.
[State]: And what is he charged with?
[Witness]: Aggravated Robbery, habitual offender.
[Defense counsel]: Objection, your Honor. That's - -
[The Court]: Sustained.
[Defense counsel]: I'd ask that the record be stricken and the jury be instructed, and I'd ask for a mistrial at this time.
[The Court]: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the last statement made by the Sheriff is to be stricken. You're not to consider it for any purpose. And your motion for mistrial is denied.
Lowe argues the testimony that he was a habitual offender violated Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 36.01(a)(1). See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.01(a)(1) (Vernon 2007). Article 36.01(a)(1) provides that a prosecutor shall read the indictment to the jury and shall not read prior convictions alleged for enhancement purposes until a hearing on punishment is held. Id. Article 36.01(a)(1) seeks to prevent prejudice from a pre-trial announcement that the defendant has prior convictions. Hawkins v. State, 792 S.W.2d 491, 497 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no pet.). Lowe acknowledges that the State did not read the enhancement paragraphs of the indictment at the beginning of trial. He contends that article 36.01(a)(1) applies to both prosecutors and the State's witnesses.
Lowe was on trial for escape. The State did not read the enhancement paragraphs of the escape indictment at the beginning of trial, nor did the State otherwise inform the jury of the allegations made in the enhancement paragraphs.
The evidence in this case showed that Lowe was initially incarcerated as a result of an aggravated robbery charge. The sheriff's testimony that the aggravated robbery indictment charged Lowe as a habitual offender is essentially a reference to an extraneous offense. Generally, a jury instruction to disregard will cure error associated with testimony referring to an extraneous offense, unless the extraneous offense evidence is so calculated to inflame the minds of a jury or is of such a nature as to suggest the impossibility of withdrawing the impression produced. Kemp v. State, 846 S.W.2d 289, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Campos v. State, 589 S.W.2d 424, 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). An improper question or answer seldom requires a mistrial, because any harm usually can be cured by an instruction to disregard. See generally Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
The trial court sustained the objection to the evidence. The testimony that Lowe was charged as a habitual offender was followed by an immediate instruction to disregard. The trial court's instruction cured any error related to the testimony. Issue two is overruled. The judgment is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
____________________________
DAVID GAULTNEY
Justice
Submitted on February 28, 2008
Opinion Delivered May 21, 2008
Do Not Publish
Before Gaultney, Kreger, and Horton, JJ.