Steven Keith Roa v. State

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
STEVEN KEITH ROA, §
No. 08-11-00026-CR
Appellant, §
Appeal from the
v. §
County Criminal Court No. 6
§
THE STATE OF TEXAS, of Tarrant County, Texas
§
Appellee. (TC# 1148724)
§
OPINION
Steven Keith Roa appeals his conviction for driving while intoxicated. Roa argues that
the trial court erred by overruling his objections to improper and prejudicial remarks made by the
State of Texas during closing argument that Roa: (1) had ingested six beers; and (2) was “over
the limit.” Finding no error, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant was stopped for speeding near midnight on February 27, 2009, in Tarrant
County, Texas. He was the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle, and was traveling about 70
miles per hour in a 60 mile per hour zone. During the course of the stop, Fort Worth Officer
Jason Kim noticed an odor of alcohol. Officer Kim also noticed that Appellant’s eyes were
watery, his speech was soft, and he swayed while standing. Based on his observations, Officer
Kim administered a series of standardized field sobriety tests. Officer Kim testified that
Appellant failed the walk and turn test, and twice failed the horizontal gaze nystagmus test.
During a search of Appellant’s vehicle, Officer Kim found an empty twelve ounce can of Natural
Light beer, and a second twelve ounce can of the same brand of beer, which was about one-fourth
full, in the right rear passenger area of the vehicle.
Appellant was arrested on suspicion of driving while intoxicated and transported to the
Tarrant County Jail. There, Officer Colin Harris again performed two of the three field sobriety
tests, and again Appellant failed the tests. Appellant refused to take a breath test. Appellant
admitted to drinking four twelve-ounce Natural Light beers, and noted that he imbibed at the
airport.
A jury convicted Appellant of the offense of driving while intoxicated, and the trial court
sentenced him to one year’s confinement in the Tarrant County Jail. The trial court suspended
imposition of the sentence and placed Appellant on two years’ community supervision and
imposed a fine of $1,500. The trial court also ordered Appellant to serve 20 days confinement
in the Tarrant County Jail as a condition of community supervision.
DISCUSSION
In the two issues he brings on appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred “to the
substantial prejudice of the Appellant, by overruling the defense counsel’s objection to the
prosecutor’s improper argument” that Appellant: (1) had ingested six beers; and (2) was “over
the limit.”
Specifically, Appellant complains of the following statements made by the prosecutor:
Officer Kim finds these in the right rear passenger seat. Okay? If you’re driving home
from Dallas to Fort Worth, about 30 to 45 minutes, about enough time to drink two beers,
and if you get pulled over, where are you putting them? You’re reaching behind the
passenger seat into the rear passenger seat, natural place for them to be. One of these
guys wasn’t finished, okay, still alcohol in there. Reasonable to infer he’s still drinking
that at the time he gets pulled over, that’s why he wouldn’t give a breath test, because he
was drinking as he was driving? Okay? Reasonable inference, six beers total, and that
is too much.
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At that point, Appellant’s counsel objected that the prosecutor’s argument was outside the
evidence. The trial court overruled the objection, and the prosecutor continued:
Thank you Judge. Reasonable inference, six beers total. Way too much. By his own
admission, this is someone who drinks three times a week, okay, regular drinker. We’re
not saying he’s falling down drunk, we are saying he’s over the limit. We can prove that
by his own admission, by what was found in the car and by the test.
Appellant’s counsel objected again arguing that there was no evidence that Appellant was
“over the limit.” The trial court overruled the objection.
Appellant argues that the State used its closing argument to place matters before the jury
that were outside the record and which substantially prejudiced Appellant so as to deny him a fair
trial. The State counters that Appellant’s two objections to the prosecutor’s comments were
insufficient to preserve these issues for our review, that Appellant’s complaints in this Court do
not comport with the objection made at trial, and that the prosecutor’s arguments were a
reasonable inference from the evidence.
A trial court has a great deal of discretion to control the scope of closing arguments.
Lemos v. State, 130 S.W.3d 888, 892 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2004, no pet.). Parties may draw
reasonable, fair, and legitimate inferences from the evidence presented at trial. See Allridge v.
State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 156 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). The standard is whether, in light of the
record as a whole, there is a reasonable possibility the improper argument might have contributed
to appellant’s conviction. See Wilson v. State, 938 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).
In determining whether the State engaged in improper jury argument, we consider the
entire argument presented, not isolated sentences. Rodriguez v. State, 90 S.W.3d 340, 364
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2001, pet. ref’d). Generally, proper jury argument consists of: (1)
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summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence; (3) answer to argument
of opposing counsel; and (4) a plea for law enforcement. Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 673
(Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Morales v. State, 11 S.W.3d 460, 463 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2000, pet.
ref’d).
Under most circumstances, improper jury argument may be cured by an instruction to
disregard, unless “in light of the record as a whole it was extreme or manifestly improper,
violative of a mandatory statute, or injected new facts harmful to the accused.” Hawkins v.
State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 75 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004), citing Cooks v. State, 844 S.W.2d 697, 727
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 927, 113 S. Ct. 3048, 125 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1993).
To preserve error regarding improper jury argument, a party is required to continue to
object each time improper jury argument is offered. Dickerson v. State, 866 S.W.2d 696, 699
(Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). A defendant ordinarily should: (1)
contemporaneously object to the statement; (2) request an instruction that the jury disregard the
statement if the objection is sustained; and (3) move for a mistrial if the instruction is granted.
Cooks, 844 S.W.2d at 727-28. However, while this sequence is not essential to preserve
complaints for appellate review, the essential requirement is a timely, specific request that the
trial court refuses. Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 69 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). “[A]n event that
could have been prevented by timely objection or cured by instruction to the jury will not lead an
appellate court to reverse a judgment on an appeal by the party who did not request these lesser
remedies in the trial court.” Young, 137 S.W.3d at 70. Moreover, the appellate complaint
challenging the motion for mistrial must comport with the motion made at trial. Broxton v.
State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). The mistrial motion must be timely, that is,
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it must be made as soon as the grounds for the mistrial become apparent. Griggs v. State, 213
S.W.3d 923, 927 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).
Here, counsel lodged a single objection to each of the complained arguments. The trial
court overruled each objection. No request for a running objection was made, but given the fact
that the prosecutor did not continue along the objectionable line of questioning, no such request
was necessary. Appellant did not request an instruction from the trial court that the jury be
ordered to disregard the prosecutor’s statements, nor did he make a motion for mistrial. Under
these circumstances, we cannot say that Appellant preserved these complaints sufficient for our
review.
However, had we determined otherwise, we would be obligated to decide whether
Appellant’s substantial rights were harmed by the arguments made by the State. See Casey v.
State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 885 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). A substantial right is affected when the
error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict. Id.
As noted above, where closing argument exceeds the permissible bounds of approved
areas, it will not constitute reversible error unless, in light of the record as a whole, the argument
is extreme or manifestly improper, violative of a mandatory statute, or injects new facts harmful
to the accused into the trial proceeding. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex.Crim.App.
2000), citing Todd v. State, 598 S.W.2d 286, 296-97 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980). “The remarks must
have been a willful and calculated effort on the part of the State to deprive appellant of a fair and
impartial trial.” Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 115, citing Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 633
(Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 994, 118 S. Ct. 557, 139 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1997).
When analyzing any harm that may have been caused by an improper jury argument, we
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examine the following factors: (1) the severity of the misconduct (the magnitude of the
prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s remarks); (2) measures adopted to cure the misconduct (the
efficacy of any cautionary instruction by the judge); and (3) the certainty of conviction absent the
misconduct (the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction). Ramon v. State, 159
S.W.3d 927, 929 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004), citing Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259
(Tex.Crim.App. 1998)(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070, 119 S. Ct. 1466, 143 L. Ed. 2d
550 (1999).
We conclude, after considering the entire argument presented, as well as the record as a
whole, that the remark made by the prosecutor regarding the number of beers ingested by
Appellant was a reasonable inference from the evidence adduced at trial. Additionally, we
conclude that the remark made by the prosecutor that Appellent was “over the limit” referred
simply to the number of times that Appellant had failed the various standardized field sobriety
tests and was not an inappropriate reference to the “legal limit.” It was also a reasonable
deduction from the evidence presented. Essentially, the prosecutor’s remarks were not a willful
and calculated effort to deprive Appellant of a fair and impartial trial.
No cautionary instruction, or instruction to disregard was given to the jury because
Appellant never made any such request. Finally, the evidence to support the jury’s verdict was
substantial, even had the comments never been made, particularly in light of Appellant’s own
admissions. Issues One and Two are overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each of Appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
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April 4, 2012
CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)
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