the City of San Antonio v. the Rogers Shavano Ranch, Ltd., Rogers 1604 Commercial, Ltd., Bitterblue, Inc., and Denton Development Corporation

Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-13-00623-CV
THE CITY OF SAN ANTONIO,
Appellant
v.
THE ROGERS SHAVANO RANCH, LTD., Bitterblue, Inc., and Denton Development
THE ROGERS SHAVANO RANCH, LTD., Rogers 1604 Commercial, Ltd., Bitterblue, Inc.,
and Denton Development Corporation,
Appellees
From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2006-CI-14306
Honorable Cathleen M. Stryker, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 19, 2014
REVERSED AND RENDERED
The sole issue presented in this appeal is whether a trial court has jurisdiction to award
attorney’s fees under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act in a lawsuit filed against a city by
developers seeking to enforce their vested rights under Chapter 245 of the Texas Local
Government Code. Because we hold that the recovery of attorney’s fees from the city under the
UDJA is incidental to and redundant of the relief provided by Chapter 245, we reverse the trial
court’s order and dismiss the developers’ claim against the city for attorney’s fees.
04-13-00623-CV
BACKGROUND
The developers, The Rogers Shavano Ranch, Ltd., Rogers 1604 Commercial, Ltd.,
Bitterblue, Inc., and Denton Development Corporation, sued the City of San Antonio seeking
declaratory relief to enforce their vested rights under Chapter 245. The developers sought
declarations that either a water contract or a development sewer report constituted an “original
application for permit,” thereby vesting their rights against the application of subsequently adopted
ordinances and regulations. In addition, the developers sought attorney’s fees under the UDJA.
The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting its immunity was not waived with regard
to the developers’ claim for attorney’s fees. 1 After a hearing, the trial court denied the City’s plea,
and the City appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s authority to determine the subject
matter of a specific cause of action. City of San Antonio v. Rogers Shavano Ranch, Ltd., 383
S.W.3d 234, 241 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied). Subject matter jurisdiction is a
question of law that we review de novo. Tex. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
217, 226 (Tex. 2004); City of San Antonio, 383 S.W.3d at 241.
CHAPTER 245
“Chapter 245 of the [Texas Local Government] Code recognizes a developer’s vested
rights and requires a regulatory agency to consider approval or disapproval of an application for a
permit, such as a subdivision plat, based on regulations and ordinances in effect at the time the
original application is filed.” Milestone Potranco Development, Ltd. v. City of San Antonio, 298
1
This court previously affirmed two prior orders denying pleas to the jurisdiction filed by the City in the underlying
cause, holding that the developers had standing to pursue their claims and had exhausted their administrative remedies.
City of San Antonio v. Rogers Shavano Ranch, Ltd., 383 S.W.3d 234 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied).
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S.W.3d 242, 248 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied). “The effect of vested rights under
Chapter 245 of the Local Government Code is to ‘freeze’ the land use regulations as they existed
at the time the first permit application was filed through completion of the ‘project;’ in other words,
a project with vested rights is not subject to intervening regulations or changes after the vesting
date.” City of San Antonio, 383 S.W.3d at 245. Section 245.006, entitled “Enforcement of
Chapter,” provides:
(a) This chapter may be enforced only through mandamus or
declaratory or injunctive relief.
(b) A political subdivision’s immunity from suit is waived in regard to
an action under this chapter.
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 245.006 (West 2005). 2
UDJA
Section 37.004(a) of the UDJA provides, in pertinent part:
A person … whose rights, status, or other legal relations are affected by a
statute [or] municipal ordinance … may have determined any question of
construction or validity arising under the … statute [or] ordinance … and obtain a
declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.
2
The City cites to the rejection of proposed legislation as evidence that the Legislature did not intend to allow the
recovery of attorney’s fees in suits to enforce vested rights under Chapter 245. The proposed house bill would have
expressly authorized the recovery of attorney’s fees under Chapter 245. The Texas Supreme Court, however, has held
that an appellate court cannot interpret legislative intent from the failure of a bill, reasoning:
[W]e eschew guesswork, and a bill’s failure to pass sheds no light because, as even casual
Capitol observers know, bills fall short for countless reasons, many of them “wholly unrelated” to
the bill’s substantive merits or “to the Legislature’s view of what the original statute does or does
not mean.” Bills rise and fall for reasons both incalculable and inscrutable, and courts’ reluctance
to draw inferences from subsequent legislative inaction is deeply rooted, as explained by the United
States Supreme Court a half-century ago: “Such non-action by Congress affords the most dubious
foundation for drawing positive inferences.... Whether Congress thought the proposal unwise ... or
unnecessary, we cannot tell; accordingly, no inference can properly be drawn from the failure of the
Congress to act.” We, too, reject searching for confirmation or contradiction in later sessions’
unsuccessful bill drafts. As non-adoption infers nothing authoritative about an earlier statute’s
meaning, we do not consult failed bills to divine what a previous Legislature intended.
Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 470-71 (Tex. 2009) (footnote references omitted). Moreover,
as the developers note, the amendment could have been rejected on the basis that it also sought to permit the recovery
of damages. Accordingly, we decline to guess the Legislature’s intent in refusing to pass the proposed amendment.
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TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a) (West 2008) (emphasis added). If a suit under
the UDJA involves the validity of a municipal ordinance, the municipality “must be made a party,”
and if a statute or ordinance is alleged to be unconstitutional, “the attorney general must also be
served with a copy of the proceeding and is entitled to be heard.” Id. at § 37.006(b). In any
proceeding brought under the UDJA, “the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary
attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.” Id. at § 37.009.
LEEPER, HEINRICH, AND SEFZIK
The Texas Supreme Court has addressed the immunity of governmental entities from relief
sought under the UDJA in a series of cases cited by both the City and the developers. See Tex.
Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618 (Tex. 2011); City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d
366 (Tex. 2009); Tex. Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432 (Tex. 1994).
In Leeper, a class action lawsuit was brought seeking a construction of section 21.033(a)(1)
of the Texas Education Code which contained an exemption from Texas’s compulsory school
attendance law. 893 S.W.2d at 433. The plaintiffs sought a declaration that the exemption applied
to children who were home-schooled. Id. “The district court construed the exemption to include
such children,” and the Texas Supreme Court “affirm[ed] the lower court’s construction of
§ 21.033(a)(1).” Id. (emphasis added). In holding that the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees
was authorized by the UDJA, the court reasoned:
The DJA expressly provides that persons may challenge ordinances or
statutes, and that governmental entities must be joined or notified. Governmental
entities joined as parties may be bound by a court’s declaration on their ordinances
or statutes. The Act thus contemplates that governmental entities may be — indeed,
must be — joined in suits to construe their legislative pronouncements. These
provisions provide the context for the Act’s authorization, in § 37.009, of attorney
fee awards. We conclude that by authorizing declaratory judgment actions to
construe the legislative enactments of governmental entities and authorizing
awards of attorney fees, the DJA necessarily waives governmental immunity for
such awards.
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Id. at 446 (emphasis added). Because the Texas Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s award
of attorney’s fees in a lawsuit involving the “construction” of a statute, the holding in Leeper would
appear to support an award of attorney’s fees against a governmental entity whenever a party seeks
declaratory relief regarding the construction of a statute; however, later decisions narrow this
holding.
In Heinrich, the plaintiff alleged claims against governmental entities and officials,
asserting that they violated statutory provisions by reducing her survivor pension benefits. 284
S.W.3d at 369. Although the court made general statements regarding immunity, the focus of the
decision was on whether ultra vires claims, or claims alleging government officials acted without
legal or statutory authority, should be brought against the government officials or the governmental
entities. Id. at 369-73. Reasoning that ultra vires suits are not suits against the state because the
unlawful or unauthorized actions of the officials are not considered to be acts of the state, the court
held that the “suits cannot be brought against the state, which retains immunity, but must be
brought against the state actors in their official capacity.” Id. at 373.
Although Heinrich was focused on ultra vires claims, the Texas Supreme Court broadly
construed the language in Heinrich in Sefzik. In Sefzik, the Texas Department of Transportation
denied Roger Sefzik’s application for an outdoor advertising sign. 355 S.W.3d at 620. Sefzik
appealed the decision to TxDOT’s executive director, who denied the appeal without holding a
hearing. Id. Sefzik then filed a lawsuit against TxDOT, seeking declaratory relief that he was
entitled to a hearing under the Administrative Procedure Act’s “contested case” procedures when
he appealed TxDOT’s denial of his permit application. Id. TxDOT filed a plea to the jurisdiction,
asserting sovereign immunity barred the suit. Id. The trial court denied the plea, and the court of
appeals affirmed, concluding that “declaratory judgment claims do not implicate sovereign
immunity.” Id.
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The Texas Supreme Court relied heavily on its decision in Heinrich, specifically noting
that unlike the plaintiff in Heinrich, Sefzik had not sued “the state official whose acts or omissions
allegedly trampled on [his] rights.” Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d at 621. Instead, Sefzik argued “that the
court of appeals correctly exempted UDJA actions seeking a declaration of rights from the
application of the sovereign immunity defense.” Id. The court rejected this argument, asserting
the UDJA claims in Heinrich that were brought against the governmental entities were dismissed
because the entities were immune. Id. The court then stated, “In so doing, we necessarily
concluded that the UDJA does not waive the state’s sovereign immunity where the plaintiff seeks
a declaration of his or her rights under a statute or other law.” Id.; see also City of Dallas v. Tex.
EZPawn, L.P., No. 05-12-001269-CV, 2013 WL 1320513, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 1, 2013,
no pet.) (citing Sefzik and Heinrich as holding “that the legislature through the UDJA has not
clearly and unambiguously waived governmental immunity for actions in which ‘the plaintiff
seeks a declaration of his or her rights under a statute or other law’”) (mem. op.). 3
This final statement appears to be inconsistent with the holding in Leeper that a plaintiff
can seek declaratory relief regarding the construction of a statute. Furthermore, it also appears to
be inconsistent with the language in section 37.004(a) of the UDJA which expressly authorizes a
declaratory judgment action to determine “any question of construction” arising under a statute.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a) (West 2008) (emphasis added). Sefzik, however,
is the more recent pronouncement, and we are bound by its holding.
3
In City of Dallas v. EZPawn, L.P., EZPawn disagreed with the City’s interpretation of an ordinance, and the City
asserted that its immunity was not waived under the UDJA for claims seeking the construction or interpretation of an
ordinance where the validity of the ordinance was not questioned. 2013 WL 1320513, at *1. EZPawn argued that
immunity was waived under the UDJA for suits involving “statutory interpretation as well as invalidation.” Id. The
Dallas court held immunity was not waived. Id. at *3.
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After broadly stating that the UDJA does not waive immunity for a plaintiff seeking a
declaration of his rights under a statute, however, the court further states:
As we have consistently stated, the UDJA does not enlarge the trial court’s
jurisdiction but is “merely a procedural device for deciding cases already within a
court’s jurisdiction.” Accordingly, the underlying action, if against the state or
its political subdivision, must be one for which immunity has expressly been
waived.
355 S.W.3d at 621-22 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). In this case, immunity has
expressly been waived for the underlying action by Section 245.006; therefore, this language from
Sefzik would appear to support a holding that the UDJA may be used as a procedural device for
seeking attorney’s fees in the underlying action. The opinion in Sefzik, however, does not end with
that language.
Sefzik further argued that the Administrative Procedure Act permitted him to bring a
declaratory judgment claim since he was asserting the right to a hearing under the APA’s contested
case procedures. 355 S.W.3d at 622. The court agreed that the APA does contain a provision
expressly allowing a plaintiff to challenge the validity or applicability of an administrative rule in
an action for declaratory judgment. Id. (quoting TEX. GOV’T CODE § 2001.038(a), (c) which
expressly provides, “The validity or applicability of a rule ... may be determined in an action for
declaratory judgment if it is alleged that the rule or its threatened application interferes with or
impairs ... a legal right or privilege of the plaintiff.... The state agency must be made a party to the
action.”). In rejecting Sefzik’s argument, however, the court noted that Sefzik was not challenging
the validity or applicability of an administrative rule but the application of the APA’s contested
case procedures, which are established by statute, so the language in section 2001.038(a) was not
applicable. Id. Even more troubling for the developers’ argument, however, is this final statement
by the court:
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Moreover, the APA’s mechanism for seeking a declaration of rights does not trump
Heinrich’s conclusion that the state is generally immune from declaratory actions
brought under the UDJA. Accordingly, section 2001.038 does not carry Sefzik’s
claim over the hurdle of sovereign immunity.
Id.
We construe this language in Sefzik as holding that even if a statute expressly authorizes
declaratory relief against a governmental entity, a party bringing a declaratory relief claim under
that statute still would not be permitted to recover attorney’s fees under the UDJA because the
governmental entity retains its immunity with regard to those fees. Thus, just as the Texas
Supreme Court held that immunity is not waived as to a claim for attorney’s fees under the UDJA
asserted in connection with a claim for declaratory relief under section 2001.038 of the APA, id.,
immunity similarly is not waived as to a claim for attorney’s fees under the UDJA asserted in
connection with a claim for declaratory relief under section 245.006. 4
If the holding in Sefzik were the sole jurisdictional impediment to the developers’ recovery
of attorney’s fees under the UDJA, a remand might be the appropriate remedy because the
developers would, in that circumstance, be given “an opportunity to replead in an attempt to cure
the jurisdictional defects in [their] petition.” 355 S.W.3d at 623 (remanding cause to allow Sefzik
the opportunity to replead). If the developers were able to plead their claim against a “[city] official
whose acts or omissions allegedly trampled on [the developers’’] rights, not the [City] itself,” the
4
The developers rely on two intermediate appellate court decisions to contend that they can seek attorney’s fees under
the UDJA in connection with their Chapter 245 claim. In the first opinion, Harper Park Two, LP v. City of Austin,
the Austin court reversed the trial court’s judgment on Harper Park Two’s Chapter 245 claim regarding their vested
rights and rendered judgment declaring the extent of those rights. 359 S.W.3d 247, 260 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011,
pet. denied). The Austin court also reversed the trial court’s take-nothing judgment on Harper Park Two’s claim for
attorney’s fees and remanded the claim for reconsideration in light of Harper Park Two’s status as the prevailing party.
Id. at 259-60. The Austin court did not, however, address the immunity issue raised in the instant case. Similarly, the
second case relied on by the developers also does not address whether a city retains its immunity from an attorney’s
fees claim under the UDJA when the city is sued under Chapter 245 because in that case the court expressly concluded
that the plaintiff’s pleading did not include a claim for attorney’s fees. City of McKinney v. Hank’s Restaurant Group,
L.P., 412 S.W.3d 102, 118 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet. h.).
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ultra vires exception to immunity might be applicable. Id. at 621. In determining the appropriate
remedy in this case, however, we must now turn to the City’s redundancy argument.
REDUNDANCY
The City contends that the developers erroneously interpret the reference to declaratory
relief in Section 245.006 as necessarily referring to the UDJA. The City cites numerous other
statutory provisions referring to declaratory relief that do not result in a waiver of immunity for
attorney’s fees under the UDJA.
The Texas Supreme Court has explained the concept of redundancy under the UDJA as
follows:
[W]hile declaratory relief may be obtained under the Act in all these
circumstances [even when another adequate remedy or alternative cause of action
exists], that does not mean attorney’s fees can too. Texas has long followed the
“American Rule” prohibiting fee awards unless specifically provided by contract
or statute. By contrast, the Declaratory Judgments Act allows fee awards to either
party in all cases. If repleading a claim as a declaratory judgment could justify a
fee award, attorney’s fees would be available for all parties in all cases. That would
repeal not only the American Rule but also the limits imposed on fee awards in
other statutes. Accordingly, the rule is that a party cannot use the Act as a vehicle
to obtain otherwise impermissible attorney’s fees.
The Act was originally “intended as a speedy and effective remedy” for
settling disputes before substantial damages were incurred. It is “intended to
provide a remedy that is simpler and less harsh than coercive relief, if it appears
that a declaration might terminate the potential controversy.” But when a claim for
declaratory relief is merely tacked onto a standard suit based on a matured breach
of contract, allowing fees under Chapter 37 would frustrate the limits Chapter 38
imposes on such fee recoveries. And granting fees under Chapter 37 when they are
not permitted under the specific common-law or statutory claims involved would
violate the rule that specific provisions should prevail over general ones. While the
Legislature intended the Act to be remedial, it did not intend to supplant all other
statutes and remedies.
MBM Finan. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., L.P., 292 S.W.3d 660, 669-70 (Tex. 2009)
(footnote references omitted).
The developers argue that the cases decided under the other statutory provisions cited by
the City hold that attorney’s fees may not be recovered under the UDJA because those statutory
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provisions contained more specific procedures. We do not read the holdings in the cited cases so
narrowly.
With regard to the Texas Public Information Act, the Texas Supreme Court held the same
reasoning set forth in MBM Finan. Corp. applied when a claim for attorney’s fees under the UDJA
was merely incidental to other claims for relief. 5 Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351
S.W.3d 290, 301 (Tex. 2011). The court noted that the plaintiff’s claim against the defendant arose
“specifically under the TPIA.” Id. The court then held that the plaintiff’s claim for attorney’s fees
was “incidental to his central theory of relief which arises squarely under the TPIA.” Id. Thus,
the attorney’s fees were not recoverable.
Similarly, in considering a claim under the Texas Natural Resources Code, the court noted
that the “claim for declaratory relief [was] merely incidental to the title issues,” and the UDJA
“does not authorize an award of attorney fees” in such circumstances.” John G. and Marie Stella
Kenedy Mem. Found. v. Dewhurst, 90 S.W.3d 268, 289 (Tex. 2002). In that case, the court
specifically noted, “the provisions of the Natural Resources Code which permit the Foundation to
sue the State in this case do not provide for recovery of attorney fees.” 6 Id. Thus, the attorney’s
fees were not recoverable.
In addition to the Texas Supreme Court’s reference to attorney’s fees not being recoverable
under the APA in Sefzik, the Austin court reached a similar conclusion in discussing the APA,
noting “[w]hen a plaintiff files a proceeding that only challenges the validity of an administrative
rule, the parties are bound by the APA and may not seek relief under the UDJA because such relief
5
Section 552.3215(b) of the TPIA provides, “An action for declaratory judgment or injunctive relief may be brought
in accordance with this section against a governmental body that violates this chapter.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.
§ 552.3215(b) (West 2012).
6
Section 33.171(a) of the Texas Natural Resources Code provides, “A littoral owner whose rights may be affected by
any action of the board under this chapter may bring a suit for a declaratory judgment against the State of Texas in a
district court in Travis County to try the issues.” TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. § 33.171(a) (West 2011).
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would be redundant.” 7 Texas State Bd. of Plumbing Examiners v. Associated Plumbing-Heating-
Cooling Contractors of Tex., Inc., 31 S.W.3d 750, 753 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. dism’d).
“This proposition is consistent with appellate-court holdings that have concluded it is an abuse of
discretion to award attorney’s fees under the UDJA when the relief sought is no greater than relief
that otherwise exists by agreement or statute.” Id. “It is an abuse of discretion, therefore, to award
attorney’s fees under the UDJA when the statute is relied upon solely as a vehicle to recover
attorney’s fees.” Id.
Because the developers seek to recover the attorney’s fees from the City itself, granting
such fees under the UDJA “when they are not permitted under [Chapter 245] would violate the
rule that specific provisions should prevail over general ones.” MBM Finan. Corp., 292 S.W.3d
at 670. Accordingly, the developers’ claim for attorney’s fees against the City is incidental to their
central theory of relief under Chapter 245. As such, the attorney’s fees are not recoverable.
Therefore, we dismiss the developers’ claim against the City for attorney’s fees. See Tex. State
Bd. of Veterinary Medical Examiners v. Giggleman, 408 S.W.3d 696, 708-09 (Tex. App.—Austin
2013, no pet.) (dismissing claim for attorney’s fees under UDJA for want of subject-matter
jurisdiction where UDJA claim was merely incidental to claim under Texas Public Information
Act).
CONCLUSION
Because seeking the recovery of attorney’s fees against the City under the UDJA is
incidental to and redundant of the relief provided by Chapter 245, the trial court erred in denying
the City’s plea to the jurisdiction as to this claim. We express no opinion as to whether attorney’s
7
Section 2001.038(a) of the APA provides, “The validity or applicability of a rule … may be determined in an action
for declaratory judgment if it is alleged that the rule or its threatened application interferes with or impairs, or threatens
to interfere with or impair, a legal right or privilege of the plaintiff.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.038(a) (West
2008).
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fees could be recovered in the event the developers are able to amend their pleadings to add an
ultra vires claim against the “official whose acts or omissions allegedly trampled on the
[developers’] rights.” Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d at 621.
Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
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