OCRAM, Inc. D/B/A Coastal Framing, Marco Garza, and Danny Higgins v. Leslie and Sandra Bartosh

Opinion issued October 4, 2012
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-11-00793-CV
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OCRAM, INC. D/B/A COASTAL FRAMING, MARCO GARZA, AND
DANNY HIGGINS, Appellants
V.
LESLIE BARTOSH AND SANDRA BARTOSH, Appellees
On Appeal from the 10th District Court
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 09CV2054
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellants, Ocram, Inc. d/b/a Coastal Framing,1 Marco Garza, and Danny
Higgins, appeal the trial court’s judgment finding Garza and Higgins individually
responsible for the conduct of Coastal Framing. Garza and Higgins argue that the
trial court erred in denying their legal and factual sufficiency challenges on the
evidence of piercing the corporate veil. Additionally, Higgins argues that the trial
court erred in rendering judgment against him because evidence that he was an
owner, shareholder, or affiliate of Coastal Framing was legally or factually
insufficient.
We reverse and render.
Background
In 2007, Marco Garza incorporated Ocram, Inc., serving as its president and
sole director, and began doing business as Coastal Framing. Coastal Framing was
a general contractor specializing in home remodeling and construction. Around
the same time, Danny Higgins entered into an agreement with Garza whereby the
two would obtain and perform construction contracts as Coastal Framing and
equally split the profits.
1
Ocram, Inc. d/b/a Coastal Framing was a defendant at trial, and it is a party to the
judgment. Coastal Framing does not raise any issues on appeal, however, and
none of the issues raised on appeal could affect the judgment as it relates to
Coastal Framing. Accordingly, we do not consider it a proper party to this
appeal. See Gupta v. E. Idaho Tumor Inst., Inc., 140 S.W.3d 747, 751 n.4 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied).
2
Leslie and Sandra Bartosh suffered damage to their home in Galveston,
Texas as a result of Hurricane Ike. After reviewing work by Coastal Framing in
two other houses, the Bartoshes executed a contract with Coastal Framing to
rebuild and remodel their home. The contract was executed on May 8, 2009, and
required completion within 14 weeks. It also obligated the company, with few
exceptions, to supply all material and workmanship and to obtain all necessary city
permits. Additionally, appendices to the contract included a scope of work and a
payment schedule, intended to roughly reflect the timetable for project completion.
At various points during the period of the contract, the Bartoshes and Coastal
Framing added addendums to the contract calling for more work to be performed.
During the contract period, disputes arose regarding construction quality,
which required Coastal Framing to recall subcontractors for more work. Because
of ongoing disputes, and the lack of project completion, the Bartoshes locked
Coastal Framing and their subcontractors out of their home three days after work
was to be completed under the contract. One of the issues at trial was how much
work was left to be performed at the time of the lock out and how much it would
cost to perform that work.
Following the lock out, the parties exchanged letters regarding their dispute.
In its letter to the Bartoshes, Coastal Framing attached a refund check in the
amount of $10,000 and offered to credit another $6,000 to the amount remaining
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owed under the contract. The Bartoshes did not respond to this offer, and Coastal
Framing ultimately issued a stop payment on the check.
The Bartoshes filed suit against Coastal Framing, as well as Garza and
Higgins, individually, seeking damages for breach of contract, breach of warranty,
violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”), fraud, and negligence.
The trial was held, and the jury was charged with answering questions pertaining
to the breach of contract, the breach of warranty, the DTPA violations, and Garza
and Higgins’s individual responsibility for Coastal Framing’s conduct. The jury
found that Coastal Framing breached the contract and breached express and
implied warranties, and that Garza and Higgins were individually responsible. The
jury rejected all of the Bartoshes’ DTPA claims, including unconscionability and
that Coastal Framing acted knowingly. The trial court entered judgment on the
jury verdict and awarded damages in the amount of $40,875, attorneys’ fees in the
amount of $22,500, and post judgment interest.
Legal and Factual Sufficiency
In their first and second issues on appeal, Garza and Higgins argue the
evidence is legally and factually insufficient to pierce the corporate veil and hold
them personally liable on the contract.
4
A. Standard of Review
“The final test for legal sufficiency must always be whether the evidence at
trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under
review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). “[L]egal-
sufficiency review in the proper light must credit favorable evidence if reasonable
[fact finders] could, and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable [fact
finders] could not.” Id. “If the evidence . . . would enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to differ in their conclusions, then [fact finders] must be allowed to
do so.” Id. at 822. “A reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for that of
the trier-of-fact, so long as the evidence falls within this zone of reasonable
disagreement.” Id. Although the reviewing court must consider evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, and indulge every reasonable inference that
would support it, if the evidence allows only one inference, neither fact finder nor
the reviewing court may disregard it. Id.
To determine whether the evidence is factually sufficient to support a
finding, an appellate court considers and weighs all evidence that was before the
trial court. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). When an appellant
attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which he did
not have the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate the finding is so
contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and
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manifestly unjust. See id. As the reviewing court, we may not act as fact finder
and may not pass judgment on the credibility of witnesses or substitute our
judgment for that of the trier of fact. Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116
S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003).
B. Analysis
The Legislature has placed strict restrictions on a contract claimant’s ability
to pierce the corporate veil. The Texas Business Organizations Code provides, in
pertinent part, that a shareholder (“holder”)
may not be held liable to the corporation or its obligees with respect to
. . . any contractual obligation of the corporation . . . on the basis that
the holder . . . is or was the alter ego of the corporation or on the basis
of actual or constructive fraud, sham to perpetrate a fraud, or other
similar theory . . . .
TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(a)(2) (Vernon 2011). The statute provides
an exception to this limitation by permitting the use of alter ego or other similar
theory, to impose liability on a holder “if the obligee demonstrates that the holder
. . . caused the corporation to be used for the purpose of perpetrating and did
perpetrate an actual fraud on the obligee primarily for the direct personal benefit of
the holder.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(b).
In other words, alter ego or other similar theories may be used to pierce the
corporate veil only if (1) actual fraud is shown and (2) it was perpetrated primarily
for the direct personal benefit of the corporation’s holder. Id. Actual fraud
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involves dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive. Castleberry v. Branscum, 721
S.W.2d 270, 273 (Tex. 1986) (distinguishing actual fraud from tort definition of
fraud). A holder’s liability for an obligation under this statute is “exclusive and
preempts any other liability imposed for that obligation under common law or
otherwise.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.224 (Vernon 2011); see also Willis
v. Donnelly, 199 S.W.3d 262, 272 (Tex. 2006) (emphasizing that statutory
exclusivity precludes the use of common law veil-piercing theories).
Garza and Higgins argue that there is no evidence they perpetrated an actual
fraud against the Bartoshes for their direct personal benefit. They argue that the
Bartoshes were aware they were contracting with Coastal Framing, and no
evidence is present of any dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive. The
Bartoshes respond that evidence of pre-contractual representations of the
company’s work product and Garza and Higgins’s operation of the business was
sufficient to support the jury’s finding.
We turn to whether there was any evidence of actual fraud. Any evidence
must relate to the transaction at issue, namely, the contract between Coastal
Framing and the Bartoshes. See Menetti v. Chavers, 974 S.W.2d 168, 175 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2008, no pet.); see also Rutherford v. Atwood, No. 01-00-
00113-CV, 2003 WL 22053687, *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 29,
7
2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (following requirement that fraud relate to the
transaction at issue).
The Bartoshes argue on appeal that Garza or Higgins’s misrepresentations as
to the quality of workmanship and purported models of their previous work are
sufficient to support actual fraud. As Garza and Higgins point out, however, these
alleged misrepresentations formed the basis of the Bartoshes’ DTPA claims.
The Bartoshes sought liability under the DTPA on the grounds that Garza
and Higgins, as representatives of Coastal Framing, misrepresented the quality of
their workmanship and deceived the Bartoshes by presenting them with an
“exemplar” of Coastal Framing’s work when Garza and Higgins had not performed
all of the work at that home. The jury rejected these claims, however, and found
no violation of the DTPA.
The laundry list prohibitions under the DTPA, which is what the Bartoshes
attempted to apply in their suit, impose liability even when a person does not know
his conduct is false, misleading, or deceptive. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN.
§ 17.46(b)(5), (7) (Vernon 2011); Pennington v. Singleton, 606 S.W.2d 682, 689
(Tex. 1980). The actual fraud element to piercing a corporate veil, in contrast,
requires intentional dishonesty or deception. Castleberry, 721 S.W.2d at 272. The
jury found insufficient evidence to support even unintentional deceptive behavior.
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See Pennington, 606 S.W.2d at 689. Accordingly, the same evidence would also
fail to support a heightened level of intentional dishonesty of purpose or deception.
In the charge, the jury determined that Coastal Framing did not act
knowingly, or engaged in unconscionable, false, misleading, or deceptive acts.
The Bartoshes have not challenged these findings, and unchallenged fact findings
are binding on the appellate court. See Beal Bank, SSB v. Biggers, 227 S.W.3d
187, 191 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Because the jury rejected
any allegation of fraud in the Bartoshes’ DTPA claim, those same facts cannot
support a finding of actual fraud for supporting piercing the corporate veil. See
Willis, 199 S.W.3d at 272 (rejecting as basis for piercing corporate veil allegations
forming basis of separate fraud claim that was rejected by jury).
Next, the Bartoshes argue the jury could have found actual fraud from
evidence that Garza signed Leslie Bartosh’s name on the building permit
application. On May 19, 2009, Garza signed for both owner and contractor on the
permit application. Garza signed Leslie Bartosh’s name to the owner line and his
own as the contractor. On June 30th, he signed the actual permit with his own
name as contractor. The Bartoshes testified that they were aware the permit had
been obtained, but did not see it, telling Garza to keep it with the project file. The
Bartoshes became aware of the forged signature after the lockout, when gathering
documents in preparation for this suit.
9
While the jury did hear opinion testimony that this practice is dishonest, and
may not be regular in the home construction business, the Bartoshes identify no
harm to either them or the contract that resulted from such conduct. Under the
contract, Coastal Framing was obligated to obtain all necessary city permits. The
claim for actual fraud for piercing the corporate veil must be connected to the
underlying cause of action. See id. (considering whether actual fraud was
established by considering underlying cause of action for fraud). That is, a party
cannot pierce the corporate veil based on an allegation of actual fraud that is
unrelated to any harm suffered by the party.
The claims here are for breach of contract and DTPA violations. There is no
evidence in the record suggesting that Garza’s signing of Leslie Bartosh’s name in
the application for a permit in any way harmed the Bartoshes. Additionally, as
discussed above, the jury rejected the Bartoshes’ DTPA claims. Absent evidence
of harm or causation there can be no finding of actual fraud.
Moreover, in order to pierce the corporate veil, the Bartoshes were required
to establish that Garza and Higgins committed the actual fraud for their direct
personal benefit. TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(b) (Vernon 2011). Even if
signing Leslie Bartosh’s name on the permit application could be a basis for actual
fraud, there is no evidence in the record that it was done for Garza’s or Higgins’s
direct personal benefit.
10
The Bartoshes also argue that Coastal Framing’s forfeiture of its corporate
charter and subsequent reinstatement when litigation appeared imminent is
evidence of actual fraud. The company failed to pay its franchise tax on August 7,
2009—one week before the contract was to be completed—causing the forfeiture.
The charter was reinstated in October, when Coastal Framing’s bank made it aware
of the deficiency. This was several weeks before the Bartoshes filed suit. Garza
and Higgins argue that this could not constitute evidence of actual fraud and that
the forfeiture was merely an oversight.
Section 21.223(a)(3) of the Texas Business Organizations Code provides, in
pertinent part, “A holder . . . may not be held liable to . . . obligees with respect to
. . . any obligation of the corporation on the basis of the failure . . . to observe any
corporate formality.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(a)(3). A corporation
is statutorily entitled to have its charter reinstated if it pays the delinquent franchise
tax and any penalties or interest imposed. See TEX. TAX. CODE ANN. §§ 171.312,
.313 (Vernon 2008). Additionally, reinstatement of a corporation’s charter is
retroactive, as though the forfeiture never existed. Hinkle v. Adams, 74 S.W.3d
189, 193-94 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, no pet.). If there is a statutory right to
reinstate a corporate charter, forfeiture does not extinguish the corporation as a
legal entity. Lighthouse Church of Cloverleaf v. Tex. Bank, 889 S.W.2d 595, 601
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied). The jury heard testimony
11
that Coastal Framing’s corporate charter had been reinstated by the Secretary of
State. Accordingly, this cannot be a basis for finding actual fraud.
Finally, the Bartoshes argue that Coastal Framing’s undercapitalization was
evidence of actual fraud. The jury heard testimony from Garza that Coastal
Framing did not have any employees, assets, office buildings, or inventory.
Separately, the jury heard testimony that Coastal Framing had at least some assets,
in the form of a corporate-owned dump truck and work contracts.
Undercapitalization can be a factor in determining alter ego. Castleberry,
721 S.W.2d at 272 n.3. But the matter of whether a company is functioning as an
alter ego is only reached after it has been established that Garza or Higgins caused
Coastal Framing to perpetrate an actual fraud on the Bartoshes for Garza or
Higgins’s direct personal benefit. See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(a)(2),
(b). Accordingly, it is not relevant to our inquiry of whether there was actual
fraud.
We find no evidence in the record to support a finding of actual fraud in
order to pierce the corporate veil. Accordingly, we sustain Garza and Higgins’s
first issue.2
2
Because sustaining the first issue is dispositive of the claims on appeal, we do not
reach Garza and Higgins’ second and third issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
12
Conclusion
We reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment holding Marco Garza
and Danny Higgins individually liable for the judgment against Ocram, Inc. d/b/a
Coastal Framing and render a take-nothing judgment in favor of Marco Garza and
Danny Higgins in their individual capacities.
Laura Carter Higley
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Sharp.
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