Villarreal v. State

199 S.W.3d 30 (2006)

Richard VILLARREAL, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

Nos. 04-06-00022-CR, 04-06-00023-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.

May 3, 2006.

Michael D. Robbins, Asst. Public Defender, San Antonio, for appellant.

Susan D. Reed, Crim. Dist. Atty., San Antonio, for appellee.

Sitting: SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice, KAREN ANGELINI, Justice, SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice.

OPINION

Opinion by SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice.

Richard Villarreal entered open pleas of nolo contendere to being a felon in possession of a firearm in Cause No.2004-CR-7230 and to aggravated robbery in Cause No.2004-CR-6801 and pleaded true to the State's enhancement allegation in each cause. The trial court found Villarreal guilty and, on November 28, 2005, imposed a sentence of twenty years imprisonment in Cause No.2004-CR-7230 and forty years in Cause No.2004-CR-6801, to run concurrently. Villarreal did not file a motion for new trial in either cause; therefore, his notices of appeal were due December 28, 2005, or the notices of appeal and a motion for extension of time were due fifteen days later, on January 12, 2006. TEX.R.APP. P. 26.2(a)(1), 26.3. Villarreal did not file a motion for extension of time to file his notices of appeal. However, each of the clerk's records contains a pro se notice of appeal file-marked by the clerk on January 4, 2006.^[1] Each record also contains a copy of the envelope in which the notices were mailed; the envelope bears a postmark of January 3, 2006. Because a timely filed notice of appeal is required to invoke this court's appellate jurisdiction, we ordered Villarreal to show cause why the appeal should not be dismissed for want of jurisdiction. See Olivo v. State, 918 S.W.2d 519, 522 (Tex.Crim. App.1996).

Villarreal filed a response and an unsworn declaration^[2] stating that he prepared the notices of appeal while in administrative segregation in the Bexar County Adult Detention Center. Because he was in administrative segregation he did not have "normal privileges." According to Villarreal, he gave the envelope containing the notices of appeal to jail authorities for mailing on December 26, 2005. The envelope was correctly addressed to the Bexar County District Clerk's office and properly stamped. Villarreal further states that it is his practice when he writes mail from inside a jail or prison to write on the back of the envelope the date of mailing and the number of pages inside the envelope. The copies of the envelope in the clerk's records indicate the number of pages inside and contain a partially obliterated handwritten date; the visible part is "26-05." Villarreal asks that we hold his notices of appeal were timely filed "given his complete lack of control over what occurred after he left the envelope containing the notice[s] of appeal with the proper authorities at the jail."

Under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.2(b), a pleading is considered timely filed if it is placed in a stamped envelope, correctly addressed to the proper clerk, deposited in the United States mail on or before the last day of filing, and received within ten days after the filing deadline. TEX.R.APP. P. 9.2(b). In civil cases, "a pro se inmate's claim under section 14.004 of the Inmate Litigation Act is deemed filed at the time the prison authorities duly receive the document to be mailed." Warner v. Glass, 135 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex.2004). The court reached this conclusion because a pro se litigant should not be "penalize[d] for failing to obtain a postmark or a file-stamp when the litigant has timely placed the document in the prison mail system, the only delivery system to which he or she has access." Id. We know of no reason why an inmate attempting to exercise his right to appeal a criminal conviction should not be afforded the same consideration.

Here, had Villarreal been able to place his notices of appeal in a United States mailbox on December 26, they would have been considered timely filed under Rule 9.2(b)'s "mailbox rule" because they were received by the clerk within ten days of the filing deadline. See id.; Moore v. State, 840 S.W.2d 439, 440 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (applying former Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b), the predecessor to Rule 9.2(b)). However, the envelope was not placed in the mail by jail authorities or postmarked until January 3, 2006 for reasons beyond Villarreal's control. Pursuant to Warner, we hold that Villarreal timely filed his notices of appeal by delivering them in a properly-addressed envelope to jail authorities on or before the filing deadline. We therefore retain these appeals on the court's docket.

NOTES

[1] In Cause No.2004-CR-7230, Villarreal's appointed trial attorney's motion to withdraw was granted on December 8, 2005. The record does not contain a motion to withdraw in Cause No.2004-CR-6801; however, the docket sheet contains the trial judge's November 28, 2005 notation that an appellate attorney would be appointed for Villarreal. The Bexar County Appellate Public Defender was appointed on January 10, 2006 to represent Villarreal.

[2] See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 132.001 et seq. (Vernon 2005).