in Re Elusive Holdings, Inc.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-21-00563-CV
In re Elusive Holdings, Inc.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING FROM TRAVIS COUNTY
OPINION
Relator Elusive Holdings, Inc. seeks mandamus relief from the trial court’s order
that permitted real party in interest Jacob White to inspect and copy certain books and records of
Elusive’s. Elusive contends that the court abused its discretion by granting the permission to White
without first conducting a jury trial on the contested issue of whether he had a “proper purpose” in
seeking to inspect the books and records, see Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code § 21.218(b). We conditionally
grant relief.
BACKGROUND
White was Elusive’s chief operating officer, but Elusive fired him in August 2019.
He was and still is a shareholder. Soon after it fired him, Elusive sued White for breach of contract,
breach of fiduciary duty, misappropriation of trade secrets, and conversion. Among Elusive’s
allegations is that White created a competing business not long before his firing and took
confidential, proprietary materials from Elusive, and refused to return them, to help get his new
business off the ground. Elusive’s suit involves other claims, counterclaims by White, and other
parties, none of which we need to recount here.
With Elusive’s suit pending, White “requested the ‘books and records’ of Elusive
for” what he alleges is “a proper purpose, pursuant to Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code § 21.218.” Elusive
resisted his request, so he filed within Elusive’s suit a petition for writ of mandamus, seeking to
“compel[] Elusive to permit the requested inspection and copying.” Elusive then filed an amended
answer, in which it alleged that White had not requested the books and records for a proper purpose
and that he had improperly used information from a prior examination; a jury demand; and a
“Response to Defendant’s Petition for Writ of Mandamus” (Response). Following a hearing, the
trial court signed an “Order Granting Jacob White’s Application for Mandamus – Books and
Records,” permitting him “to inspect and copy [certain] books and records of” Elusive’s. In its
order, the court stated that “Elusive has failed to identify specific facts that dispute White’s
identified proper purposes” for the books and records. Elusive then filed this original proceeding.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,
840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). It is available only when the relator has shown that the trial
court abused its discretion and that he lacks an adequate remedy by an appeal. See id. at 839.
A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision results from a failure “to analyze or apply the
law correctly.” Id. at 840.
DISCUSSION
I. Elusive lacks an adequate remedy by appeal after final judgment to challenge the trial
court’s order.
Elusive contends that it lacks an adequate remedy by an appeal because “once its
records have been disclosed, the knowledge improperly gained by a shareholder cannot thereafter
be undone.” In an original proceeding over a similar order, the Fifth Court of Appeals said,
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Requiring [relator corporation] to wait until after trial on the merits, and after
inspection, to pursue its complaint that it was wrongfully denied a jury trial would
cause it to lose the remedy it seeks. This Court would be unable to cure the error
because, even were we to rule [that relator corporation] was entitled to a jury trial,
the inspection would have been done and the issue moot. . . . Thus, we conclude
there is no adequate remedy at law from the order in this case and writ of mandamus
is the only available remedy.
In re Dyer Custom Installation, Inc., 133 S.W.3d 878, 883 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, orig.
proceeding) (citing Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co. v. Loughridge, 425 S.W.2d 818, 820 (Tex. 1968)
(orig. proceeding)). So too here. We hold that Elusive lacks an adequate remedy by appeal.
Therefore, whether Elusive is entitled to mandamus relief turns on whether the trial court abused
its discretion.
II. The trial court abused its discretion by entering the order without affording Elusive
its jury-trial right.
A shareholder enjoys the right to examine and copy certain records of the
corporation in which the shareholder owns shares. That right exists by statute, see Tex. Bus. Orgs.
Code § 21.218(b), and at common law, see Texas Infra–Red Radiant Co. v. Erwin, 397 S.W.2d
491, 493 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.). A shareholder may press that right through
a civil action for mandamus in a trial court. Uvalde Rock Asphalt, 425 S.W.2d at 820. Such a
mandamus action “is a civil suit and is generally regulated by the same rules of procedure as other
civil actions.” Id.
Section 21.218(b) conditions the shareholder’s right on the shareholder’s stating a
“proper purpose” for the demand to examine and copy. The resisting corporation enjoys the right
to a jury trial on “proper purpose” under certain conditions, including that it has pleaded facts
sufficient to raise an issue on “proper purpose”:
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Although the right to a jury trial does not exist in all situations where mandamus
is applicable, it does exist in the situation where a corporation, in resisting
a stockholder’s attempt to inspect the books and records, raises by its pleadings a
fact issue over whether the stockholder has a proper purpose for wanting to see
the books.
Id.; see also Accounting Search Consultants, Inc. v. Christensen, 678 S.W.2d 593, 595 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ) (citing Uvalde Rock Asphalt and noting resisting
corporation’s “entitle[ment] to a jury’s determination of the contested factual issue of whether the
shareholder had a proper purpose in demanding to inspect the books”); accord Guaranty Old Line
Life Co. v. McCallum, 97 S.W.2d 966, 968 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1936, no writ).
In this proceeding, Elusive contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
entering the order because the issue of White’s “proper purpose” in seeking the books and records
was “an issue to be resolved by a jury trial, rather than summarily by the Trial Court.” Elusive
argues that in its Second Amended Original Petition (its live petition before the trial court) and the
Response and its attachments, it alleged facts sufficient to raise an issue on “proper purpose.”
Whether a corporation has pleaded facts sufficient to raise an issue on “proper
purpose” has not often been litigated, but the few existing precedents are instructive in this case.
The corporation in Uvalde Rock Asphalt pleaded facts sufficient to raise a “proper purpose” issue
by alleging facts showing “a long but disagreeable relationship between the” shareholder and the
corporation and that the shareholder’s purposes for the demand were in reality “to obtain a
competitive advantage,” “to continue a program of studied harassment of” the corporation, and to
force it either to buy out the shareholder “at a grossly inflated price” or to sell him assets “at a
grossly inadequate price.” 425 S.W.2d at 819–20. Reaching a similar conclusion but postured
after an evidentiary hearing on the issue, the court in Dyer Custom Installation concluded that
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the corporation there had raised a fact issue on “proper purpose” in part through testimony at
the hearing about the shareholder’s past acts against the corporation, including when he was
its president:
Two months prior to the request, Dyer resigned as president of the corporation.
Thus, he had access to all the documents requested until the time he resigned. DCI
alleged Dyer wanted access to the information to (i) gain a competitive advantage
in that particular marketplace, (ii) harass DCI and its officers and directors in an
attempt to gain control of the company or dissolve it, or (iii) force DCI to purchase
his stock at a grossly inflated price or to force all other shareholders to sell their
stock at a grossly inadequate price. DCI also alleged that Dyer, with the intent and
purpose of interfering with DCI’s business relations and contracts in an attempt to
dissolve DCI, had: (i) within two years sold or offered for sale a list of shareholders
and/or of holders of voting trust certificates for shares of DCI, (ii) aided or
abetted someone in procuring a list of shareholders and/or holders of voting
trust certificates, and (iii) improperly used information secured through a prior
examination of the books and records of account, minutes, or share transfer records
of DCI. During the hearing, Geeting testified about specific instances of Dyer’s
improper cash payments to himself and others, failure to maintain financial records,
conduct detrimental to the company, and threats to put the company out of business.
This testimony, along with DCI’s answer, is sufficient to raise a fact issue as to
Dyer’s proper purpose.
133 S.W.3d at 882–83 (citing Uvalde Rock Asphalt, 425 S.W.2d at 819–20).
By contrast, allegations that are simply conclusory or that allege only a hostile
relationship between the shareholder and corporation are not enough. When a corporation alleged
that the shareholder’s demand was “in bad faith and for an improper purpose,” stemmed only from
“a long but disagreeable relationship between the parties,” and was calculated “to force [the
corporation] either to purchase [the shareholder]’s stock at a grossly inflated price or to sell to
[the shareholder] at a grossly inadequate price,” the court concluded that such allegations did
not raise a fact issue on “proper purpose” because they were “merely conclusions and clearly
distinguishable from the allegations in the answer filed in Uvalde.” Chavco Inv. Co. v. Pybus,
613 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Shioleno
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v. Sandpiper Condos. Council of Owners, Inc., No. 13-07-00312-CV, 2008 WL 2764530, at *4, 6
n.14 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 17, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (corporation did
not plead or present evidence of any lack of proper purpose); Citizens Ass’n for Sound Energy v.
Boltz, 886 S.W.2d 283, 289 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1994, writ denied) (“antagonism” or “hostility”
between shareholder and corporation does not suffice to raise lack of “proper purpose”). The
court in Chavco Investment concluded that the corporation had pleaded conclusory statements
but no “specific facts.” 613 S.W.2d at 809; accord Citizens Ass’n for Sound Energy, 886 S.W.2d
at 289–90 (relying on Chavco Investment to conclude that corporation did not plead “specific facts
showing a lack of proper purpose”).
With these authorities in mind, we turn to Elusive’s live petition and to the
Response and its attachments. In the live petition, Elusive alleges that White downloaded
confidential information from Elusive, signed a nondisclosure agreement concerning the
information, created a new business while still employed by Elusive, and disclosed the information
to his new business so it could compete with Elusive. Elusive goes on to allege that White called
a client of Elusive’s and said that Elusive “did a poor job” on the client’s project and that
White disclosed Elusive’s confidential information to several other clients or prospective clients
of Elusive’s.
In the Response, Elusive offers further allegations for what it thought were White’s
true purposes for his books-and-records demand and relies on an attached declaration by its CEO.
Elusive contends that there is hostility between White and itself, claiming that he made his demand
only after Elusive had filed suit against him “alleging numerous wrongful acts in his capacity as
a corporate officer” before it fired him. It thus characterizes his demand as one simply “to dig
up . . . ‘dirt’” to use against it in negotiations. Both the Response and the CEO’s declaration say
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that White created the competing business shortly before leaving Elusive and “misappropriat[ed]
[Elusive’s] assets, business opportunities and confidential information to benefit himself and his
new business venture.” His actions in this regard, the CEO swore, included downloading and
refusing to return “significant and substantial confidential and proprietary information” like “client
contracts, lead sheets, estimating formulas, bids, pricing, subcontractors, sales leads, contracts,
tax returns, and technical data such as construction plans and specifications.” White used this
information, according to the CEO, “to undercut Elusive’s pricing,” “to divert in-demand Elusive
subcontractors to work on [White’s new business’s] projects,” to tell the past Elusive client that
Elusive had done a poor job on its project, and to take the opportunities for specified projects away
from Elusive for White’s new business. The Response and the CEO’s declaration also accuse
White of false motives for the books-and-records demand: while White supports the demand in
part by alleging that he seeks to investigate profligate spending by Elusive, the Response says that
he had in reality “approved” and “freely shared in the benefits of all such purchases,” including
by signing one of the checks used for one such purchase. Finally, the CEO swore that White had
used “Elusive funds to make unauthorized purchases” while still with the company.
We conclude from the allegations in the Second Amended Petition and amended
answer and the statements in the Response and attached declaration by the CEO that Elusive
sufficiently raised a fact issue on “proper purpose” under Section 21.218(b). The Response and
declaration assert more than simply hostility or mere conclusory statements without specific facts.
Instead, the CEO named specific kinds of documents that White had allegedly taken and refused
to return and the specific customers who were business opportunities for Elusive that White
allegedly usurped for his new business, using the unreturned confidential information to land those
deals. There were thus specific facts about White’s alleged bid for competitive advantage by
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seeking more of Elusive’s records. See Uvalde Rock Asphalt, 425 S.W.2d at 819–20; Dyer Custom
Installation, 133 S.W.3d at 882–83. And the Response, with supporting declaration evidence,
discussed White’s “improperly us[ing] information secured through a prior” download of records
from Elusive and his alleged improper past purchases constituting “conduct detrimental to the
company.” See Dyer Custom Installation, 133 S.W.3d at 882–83.
We stress that Elusive’s live petition, answer, and Response and attached
declaration are not necessarily conclusive, at this procedural stage, about White’s lacking a “proper
purpose.” They are instead—and they need only have been—sufficient to raise a fact issue. See
Uvalde Rock Asphalt, 425 S.W.2d at 820. After White filed his books-and-records mandamus
petition, Elusive filed a jury demand, and there is no argument before us that the jury demand was
otherwise ineffective. See generally Tex. R. Civ. P. 216. Elusive raised a fact issue on “proper
purpose” and so is entitled to a jury trial on the issue. Because it denied Elusive this right, the trial
court abused its discretion.1 See Dyer Custom Installation, 133 S.W.3d at 883 (trial court abuses
its discretion when it denies jury trial to corporation that has raised fact issue on “proper purpose”).
CONCLUSION
We conditionally grant Elusive’s petition for writ of mandamus and order the
trial court to vacate its “Order Granting Jacob White’s Application for Mandamus – Books and
1
Because we conclude that Elusive is entitled to mandamus relief on this basis, we need
not consider Elusive’s alternative argument that the trial court abused its discretion because White
failed to provide a “written demand stating a proper purpose,” as required by Section 21.218(b).
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1, 52.8(d).
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Records.” See id. We are confident that the trial court will comply, so our writ will issue only if
it does not.
__________________________________________
Chari L. Kelly, Justice
Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Triana and Kelly
Filed: December 30, 2021
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