Carreras v. Zamora

294 S.W.3d 348 (2009)

Jose R. CARRERAS, M.D., Appellant,
v.
Jose G. ZAMORA, Appellee.

No. 13-08-00307-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Corpus Christi-Edinburg.

August 13, 2009. Rehearing Overruled September 10, 2009.

Ronald G. Hole, I. Cecilia Garza, Hole & Alvarez LLP, McAllen, TX, for Appellant.

Savannah L. Robinson, Attorney At Law, Danbury, TX, for Appellee.

Before Justices RODRIGUEZ, GARZA, and VELA.

OPINON

Opinion by Justice RODRIGUEZ.

Appellant Jose R. Carreras, M.D. appeals from the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss health care liability claims brought by appellee Jose G. Zamora. By one issue, Dr. Carreras contends that the court abused its discretion in failing to dismiss the claims because he was not timely served with Zamora's expert report or, in the alternative, because the expert report was inadequate under the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 74.351 (Vernon Supp. 2008), 74.401 (Vernon 2005). Dr. Carreras also complains that the trial court erred in refusing to award him attorney's fees under the civil practice and remedies code. See id. § 74.351(b)(1). We reverse and remand.

BACKGROUND

Zamora filed his original petition on August 28, 2007, alleging health care liability claims against Dr. Carreras. In his petition, Zamora claimed that Dr. Carreras acted negligently in connection with a knee replacement surgery performed on Zamora. It is undisputed by the parties that Dr. Carreras was not served with citation and Zamora's petition until January 8, 2008. On January 25, 2008, Dr. Carreras filed his original answer.

In the period between the filing of Zamora's lawsuit and the date Dr. Carreras was served with process, Zamora attempted to serve Dr. Carreras, through his counsel, with Zamora's expert report. Zamora claims Dr. Carreras was served with the expert report in late December 2007. Dr. Carreras denies ever receiving the report.

On February 21, 2008, Dr. Carreras filed his motion to dismiss Zamora's health care liability claims, contending that Zamora failed to serve him with an expert report and curriculum vitae within 120 days of the filing of the original petition. See id. § 74.351(a). After hearing Dr. Carreras's motion, the trial court entered an order denying the motion to dismiss. This interlocutory appeal ensued. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(9) (Vernon 2008) (authorizing an interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion to dismiss filed under section 74.351(b)).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court's decision on a motion to dismiss under section 74.351 of the civil practice and remedies code for abuse of discretion. Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex.2001); Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex.2006). The trial court abuses its discretion if it acts unreasonably or arbitrarily or without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 62 (Tex.2003).

DISCUSSION

In his sole issue, Dr. Carreras argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss Zamora's health care liability claims. Specifically, Dr. Carreras contends that Zamora's claims should have been dismissed because his expert report was not timely served on Dr. Carreras. We agree.

Under section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, a claimant must "serve on each party or the party's attorney" an expert report and curriculum vitae "not later than the 120th day after the date the original petition was filed." TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 74.351(a) (emphasis added). "[T]o be a ``party' to a lawsuit, one must generally be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance." Yilmaz v. McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (citing Ex parte Bowers, 886 S.W.2d 346, 349 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.)); see also TEX.R. CIV. P. 124 (stating that a judgment shall not be rendered "against any defendant unless upon service, or acceptance or waiver of process, or upon an appearance by defendant"). Just because a person is named in a petition does not mean that person is a "party" to the lawsuit. See Mapco, Inc. v. Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Tex.1991). Moreover, "``[a] party who becomes aware of the proceedings without proper service of process has no duty to participate in them.'" Ross v. Nat'l Ctr. for the Employment of the Disabled, 197 S.W.3d 795, 797-98 (Tex.2006) (quoting Caldwell v. Barnes, 154 S.W.3d 93, 97 n. 1 (Tex.2004)); see also Ramos v. Richardson, Nos. 13-05-204-CV & 13-05-205-CV, 2008 WL 1822763, at *3 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Apr. 24, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

Here, Zamora filed his petition on August 28, 2007; the 120th day after the filing of the petition would have been December 26, 2007. Zamora claims that he served the report on Dr. Carreras before this date. Dr. Carreras denies ever receiving the expert report, but the parties agree that Dr. Carreras had not been served with citation at the time Zamora claims to have served Dr. Carreras with his expert report. Thus, Dr. Carreras was not a "party" to the lawsuit at that time. See Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 637; see also TEX.R. CIV. P. 124. Even if Zamora did effectuate service of the report before December 26, 2007, Zamora nonetheless failed to comply with section 74.351 because, absent proper service of process on Dr. Carreras at the time Zamora allegedly served the report, he did not serve the report on a "party" to his lawsuit within 120 days of the filing of his petition. See Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 640; see also Ramos, 2008 WL 1822763, at *3 (reasoning that an expert report is not served on a "party" if the report is served prior to service of citation).

Important policy considerations are served by our ruling today. Dr. Carreras was under no obligation to respond to the expert report because he was not yet a party to Zamora's lawsuit. See Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 637; Ross, 197 S.W.3d at 797-98. If potential parties in healthcare liability claims "``were required to submit to the trial court's jurisdiction before being served,'" those parties would be "``waiv[ing] issues regarding jurisdiction and service requirements.'" Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 638 (quoting Ramos, 2008 WL 1822763, at *3). "[A] defendant should not be forced to waive proper service of process to protect its rights under chapter 74" of the civil practice and remedies code. Id., 265 S.W.3d at 638 (citing Ramos, 2008 WL 1822763, at *3). Were claimants allowed to serve expert reports to all potential parties before accomplishing proper service of process, health care providers would have no choice but to expend significant resources preemptively defending themselves from lawsuits that may or may not even be filed against them. We cannot condone such a scenario.

We therefore cannot say that the trial court acted reasonably and with reference to guiding rules and principles in denying Dr. Carreras's motion to dismiss where Dr. Carreras was served with an expert report before even being served with citation of Zamora's lawsuit. Rather, we conclude that Zamora did not comply with the 120 day deadline for serving his report, and the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Dr. Carreras's motion to dismiss Zamora's claims. Dr. Carreras's first issue is sustained.^[1]

Having held that the trial court erred in denying Dr. Carreras's motion to dismiss, we also conclude that Dr. Carreras was entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs pursuant to section 74.351. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 74.351(b).

CONCLUSION

We reverse the trial court's denial of Dr. Carreras's motion to dismiss and remand with instructions to enter an order dismissing Zamora's claims with prejudice under chapter 74 and for entry of reasonable attorney's fees and costs. See id.

Concurring Opinion by Justice DORI GARZA.

Concurring Opinion by Justice GARZA.

I concur with the Court's judgment, as I believe it is compelled by statutory and case law. However, I write separately to point out that the outcome results in inconsistent treatment between plaintiffs and defendants in health care liability suits and generates an incentive for defendants in such suits to avoid service of process, which the Legislature surely could not have intended.

This conundrum has previously been addressed in Bohannon v. Winston, 238 S.W.3d 535 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2007, no pet.). In that case, the defendant doctor was not served with process within 120 days after the plaintiff's petition was filed. Id. at 536-37. The plaintiff argued that the 120-day time period for serving an expert report should be deemed to commence at the time the defendant is served with process, because otherwise, the defendant could simply avoid service for 120 days, at which point the plaintiff would no longer be able to satisfy the expert report requirement. Id. at 538. The Bohannon court cited the plain language of the statute in concluding that the time period commences when the petition is filed, not when service of process is effectuated. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 74.351 (Vernon Supp. 2008). The court noted specifically that "[t]he potential for gamesmanship does not vest the courts with the power to legislate; instead, we must apply the statute as it is written and address a party's misconduct in an appropriate manner when it occurs." Bohannon, 238 S.W.3d at 538.

I agree with that principle, but note that the Legislature could not have intended to permit health-care defendants to unilaterally avoid liability by simply avoiding service of process for four months, which in the context of most litigation is a relatively brief time period. Nor could the Legislature have intended to establish an explicit 120-day time limit for service of process in health care liability cases—it could have easily provided for such a time limit in the statute, yet it chose not to. Instead, courts are compelled to impose that time limit for service of process in such cases because of the language used in the expert report statute and because of the precise definition of "party" as provided in case law. See, e.g., Yilmaz v. McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) ("[T]o be a ``party' to a lawsuit, one must generally be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance.").

The result is that plaintiffs and defendants in health care liability suits are treated inconsistently, in that a named defendant is not required to respond to an expert report unless the defendant has been served with process, whereas a plaintiff must still serve expert reports on each named defendant within 120 days of filing suit, whether or not the defendant has been served with process. Further, the result gives defendants a strong incentive to delay service of process by whatever means necessary until the 120-day period passes.

To eliminate this particular perverse incentive, and to ensure that plaintiffs and defendants in health care liability suits are treated consistently, the statute should be amended to provide that service of the expert report may be effectuated at the same time as service of process for any named defendant that becomes a "party" to the suit more than 120 days after the petition is filed.

NOTES

[1] We do not reach Dr. Carreras's sub-issues regarding the adequacy of the expert report because our decision on the timeliness of the report disposes of the appeal. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1.