State v. David Loustanunau

Reversed and Remanded and Memorandum Opinion filed September 20, 2012.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-12-00008-CR
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant
V.
DAVID LOUSTANUNAU, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 2
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1630547
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The State of Texas appeals from the trial court’s dismissal of driving-while-
intoxicated charges against appellee David Loustanunau. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.
44.01(a)(1). Appellee filed a motion to dismiss the information against him, claiming that
his equal protection rights had been violated. Because we conclude that no violation of
appellee’s constitutional rights has been established and no statutory or common law
basis for dismissal is alleged, we reverse the trial court’s order of dismissal and remand
for further proceedings.
On September 25, 2009, appellee David Loustanunau was charged by information
with the misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated (“DWI”). As a first-time
offender, appellee was eligible to participate in the Harris County District Attorney’s
Office (the “HCDAO”) pre-trial diversion program, DIVERT.1 The DIVERT program
postpones prosecution for first offender class B misdemeanor DWI cases, such as
appellee’s. To participate in the program, the defendant must, among other things,
execute a waiver of trial by jury, enter a plea of guilty, and agree to punishment.
Importantly, a defendant’s entry into this program requires judicial approval. A finding of
guilt is deferred pending the successful completion of the conditions of the program, and
the defendant’s case is reset. Should the defendant successfully complete the program,
the charges against him or her are dismissed at the reset hearing. In the event of a
violation of the program, the defendant is found guilty and the agreed-upon sentence is
imposed.
Appellee’s case was randomly assigned to Harris County Criminal Court at Law
No. 2, Judge William Harmon presiding. The record reflects that HCDAO offered
appellee entry into the DIVERT program. Our record further establishes that Judge
Harmon has stated in open court that, in his opinion, the DIVERT program violates the
statutory prohibition on permitting DWI offenders to participate in deferred
adjudication.2 At numerous hearings involving defendants seeking entry into the
DIVERT program, Judge Harmon repeatedly stated his opinion that this program runs
afoul of legislative authority. Judge Harmon has refused to approve entry into the
DIVERT program to any eligible first-time DWI offenders. During these hearings, he has
communicated clearly to the HCDAO that he will continue to refuse entry into this
program. The record reflects that the fourteen other Harris County Criminal Courts at
Law have permitted defendants to participate in the DIVERT program.
1
DIVERT is an acronym for “Direct Intervention using Voluntary Education, Restitution, and
Treatment.” It is a pretrial diversion program offered by the Harris County District Attorney’s Office
rather than pursuant to a statutory scheme.
2
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, § 5(d)(1)(A) (prohibiting deferred adjudication for the
offense of DWI).
2
On December 9, 2011, appellee filed a motion to dismiss the charges against him
based on an alleged equal protection violation. The only basis for dismissal is an alleged
constitutional violation involving a denial of appellee’s right to equal protection; no
common law or statutory basis for dismissal is asserted. Judge Harmon heard appellee’s
motion to dismiss on December 13, 2011, at the same time that he heard motions to
dismiss alleging the same grounds filed by eight other defendants. During this hearing,
Judge Harmon admitted the reporter’s records from hearings on September 22, 2010,
October 15, 2010, and October 28, 2011 involving various defendants eligible for the
DIVERT program. At the conclusion of the hearing on the motions to dismiss, Judge
Harmon dismissed the charges against appellee and the other eight defendants.
In its appeal, the State raises a single issue asserting that the trial court erred in
granting appellee’s motion to dismiss because no equal rights violation, or any other
violation requiring dismissal, has occurred. Our review of the record reveals three equal
protection arguments considered by the trial court in dismissing the charges against
appellee: (1) a claim of selective prosecution; (2) an alleged equal protection violation
based on appellee’s assignment to Harris County Criminal Court at Law No. 2 because
Judge Harmon refuses to approve any DIVERT agreements; and (3) an alleged equal
protection violation because appellee was not placed into a traditional pretrial diversion
program, and other first-time DWI offenders had been, during the time period that
charges against appellee were pending.
The principle of equal protection guarantees that all similarly situated persons
should be treated alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439
(1985); see also Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 939 (Tex. 1998). A
violation of the Equal Protection Clause may occur when the government discriminates
against the members of a class of individuals who have historically suffered
discrimination, i.e., a “suspect” class, or when the government impairs the members of a
class from exercising a fundamental right. Casarez v. State, 913 S.W.2d 468, 473 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1994). Generally, to establish an equal protection claim when a fundamental
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right or suspect class is not at issue, a party must prove that he or she was treated
differently than other similarly situated parties without a rational basis. See Canady v.
State, 11 S.W.3d 205, 215 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Today, this court has considered arguments identical to those raised by the State in
this appeal in its appeal from the dismissal of another defendant’s DWI case in Harris
County Criminal Court at Law No. 2. See State v. Dinur, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 14-12-
00406-CR (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 20, 2012, no pet. h.). As in this case,
the dismissal was based on equal protection grounds because the defendant was not
permitted to participate in the DIVERT program. Id. After reviewing the records from the
same hearings that are part of the record in this case and the relevant authorities, we held
that no equal protection violation had been established. Id. Because no other basis for
dismissal was alleged, we reversed the dismissal order and remanded the cause to the trial
court. Id.
For the reasons set forth in Dinur, we conclude that no violation of appellee’s right
to equal protection under the law was established. Because there was no constitutional
violation, and no statutory or common law basis for dismissal was alleged, the trial court
abused its discretion in dismissing the charging instrument without the consent of the
State. See State v. Mungia, 119 S.W.3d 814, 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (holding that a
court may dismiss a case without the prosecutor’s consent only if authorized by statute,
common law, or constitution).
We sustain the State’s sole issue on appeal. Accordingly, we reverse the trial
court’s dismissal order signed December 13, 2011, and remand this cause to the trial
court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
PER CURIAM
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Brown and Busby.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
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