in the Interest of Justin G. Dart, an Adult Child

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-21-00142-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTIN G. DART, AN ADULT CHILD
From the 18th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court No. DC-D202000943
OPINION
Can a petition to adjudicate parentage be brought after the death of the putative
father? That is the question posed in this appeal. Specifically, appellant, Katrina Ahrens,
contends that the trial court erred when it adjudicated the parentage of appellee, Justin
Gerald Dart, even though the putative father, Lorne Ahrens, had died more than four
years prior to the filing of the petition. Because we conclude that the trial court lacked
personal jurisdiction over Lorne, we conclude that Dart cannot maintain this petition to
adjudicate parentage brought after Lorne’s death. Accordingly, we reverse and render.
Background
Dart, who is an adult, filed suit against his mother Melody Dart, Lorne, and
Katrina as independent executor of Lorne’s estate. Dart requested that the trial court
adjudicate and declare that he is: (1) the biological son of Lorne; and (2) entitled to all the
legal rights and privileges of a surviving child of Lorne.1 Dart and Katrina filed
competing motions for summary judgment. Katrina, in particular, asserted that the trial
court must dismiss Dart’s lawsuit to adjudicate parentage because such a suit cannot be
brought after the death of the putative father. After a hearing and review of the
summary-judgment motions and responses thereto, the trial court denied both summary-
judgment motions.
This matter proceeded to a bench trial. Katrina moved for a judgment in her favor
on the basis that the plain language of Chapter 160 of the Texas Family Code provides
that suits to adjudicate parentage do not survive the death of the putative father. The
trial court disagreed. At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court signed a
judgment adjudicating Lorne Ahrens “was and is the biological father of JUSTIN
GERALD DART, pursuant to Chapter 160 of the Texas Family Code.” This appeal
followed.
1 Dallas Police Department Senior Corporal Lorne Ahrens was murdered in the line of duty during
a July 7, 2016 sniper attack in downtown Dallas. See, e.g., City of Dallas v. Ahrens, No. 10-19-00137-CV, 2022
Tex. App. LEXIS 1273, at *2 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 23, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.).
In the Interest of Dart, an adult child Page 2
Analysis
In her first issue, Katrina contends that the trial court’s judgment should be
vacated because Dart failed to join Lorne as a necessary party to the lawsuit under section
160.603 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 160.603. In her second
issue, Katrina asserts that because Lorne was deceased prior to the commencement of this
lawsuit, the trial court did not acquire personal jurisdiction over Lorne. See id. § 160.604.
As such, Katrina argues that the trial court’s judgment should be vacated.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s order in a proceeding to adjudicate parentage for an
abuse of discretion. Stamper v. Knox, 254 S.W.3d 537, 542 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2008, no pet.) (citing Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam)). A
trial court abuses its discretion when it acts “without reference to any guiding rules or
principles; in other words, whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable.” Worford, 801
S.W.2d at 109. The fact that a trial court may decide a matter within its discretionary
authority in a different manner from an appellate court in a similar circumstance does
not demonstrate an abuse of discretion. In re C.A.M.M., 243 S.W.3d 211, 214-15 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied). A trial court does not abuse its discretion
as long as some evidence of a substantive and probative character exists to support the
trial court’s decision. Id. at 215.
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DISCUSSION
Section 160.603 of the Texas Family Code details the necessary parties to a
proceeding to adjudicate parentage:
The following individuals must be joined as parties in a proceeding to
adjudicate parentage:
(1) The mother of the child; and
(2) A man whose paternity of the child is to be adjudicated.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 160.603. When used in a statute, the term “must” creates or
recognizes a condition precedent. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.016(3). Furthermore,
Texas courts have generally interpreted “must” as mandatory, creating a duty or
obligation. See Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486, 493 (Tex. 2001). However, even
if a statutory requirement is mandatory, this does not mean that compliance is necessarily
jurisdictional. Id. at 494; see Albertson’s, Inc. v. Sinclair, 984 S.W.2d 958, 961 (Tex. 1999); see
also A.C. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 577 S.W.3d 689, 696-97 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2019, pet. denied) (characterizing section 160.603 of the Texas Family Code as a
joinder provision that is not jurisdictional in nature).
Despite the fact that section 160.603 of the Texas Family Code is a joinder provision
that is not jurisdictional, section 160.604 of the Texas Family Code is jurisdictional. See
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 160.604. Specifically, section 160.604(a) provides that: “An
individual may not be adjudicated to be a parent unless the court has personal
jurisdiction over the individual.” Id. § 160.604(a); see, e.g., Frazer v. Hall, No. 01-11-00505-
In the Interest of Dart, an adult child Page 4
CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 4698, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 14, 2012, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (“The Act mandates that an individual may not be adjudicated a parent
unless the court has personal jurisdiction over the individual.”). Establishing personal
jurisdiction over a defendant requires valid service of process. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552,
563 (Tex. 2012) (“Personal jurisdiction, a vital component of a valid judgment, is
dependent ‘upon citation issued and served in a manner provided for by law.’” (quoting
Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990))). “A complete failure of service deprives
a litigant of due process and a trial court of personal jurisdiction; the resulting judgment
is void and may be challenged at any time.” Id. at 566.
In the instant case, it is undisputed that Lorne passed away more than four years
prior to Dart’s suit to adjudicate parentage. Lorne was never served and, thus, was never
joined as a party to Dart’s petition to adjudicate parentage. As such, the trial court never
acquired personal jurisdiction over Lorne. See id. at 562, 566. And applying the statute
as written, under section 160.604 of the Texas Family Code, Lorne could not be
adjudicated to be a parent. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 160.604(a); City of Austin v. Lopez,
632 S.W.3d 200, 224 n.19 (Tex. App.—Austin 2021, pet. filed) (“We note that Chapter 160,
Subchapter G does not appear to contemplate a posthumous proceeding to adjudicate
parentage.”); see also Lee v. City of Houston, 807 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tex. 1991) (“Our function
is not to question the wisdom of the statute; rather, we must apply it as written.”).
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Despite the foregoing, Dart contends that section 160.604(c), as well as public
policy, allows for him to proceed with his petition to adjudicate parentage. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 160.604(c). We disagree.
Section 160.604(c) states that: “Lack of jurisdiction over one individual does not
preclude the court from making an adjudication of parentage binding on another
individual over whom the court has personal jurisdiction.” Id. § 160.604(c). If we were
to substitute the parties in the correct positions in section 160.604(c), the provision would
read: “Lack of jurisdiction over [Lorne] does not preclude the court from making an
adjudication of parentage binding on [Melody] over whom the court has personal
jurisdiction.” See id. Application of this provision would not yield an adjudication of
parentage binding on Lorne, which is what Dart has requested. See id.
Furthermore, although not binding on this Court, the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina has addressed these provisions of the Texas
Family Code in a similar attempt to adjudicate parentage after the death of a putative
father. See Schafer v. Astrue, 3:09CV96-GCM-DSC, 2009 U.D. Dist. LEXIS 153494
(W.D.N.C. Oct. 5, 2009), aff’d, 641 F.3d 49 (4th Cir. 2011). In Schafer, the court addressed
an appeal from the denial of child’s insurance benefits under the Social Security Act for
a child, WMS, conceived through artificial insemination after the death of the wage
earner. Id. at *2. A petition to establish parentage was filed in Travis County, Texas,
where WMS was born. Id. at **4-5. The Travis County district court concluded that the
In the Interest of Dart, an adult child Page 6
wage earner was the father of WMS. Id. at *5. Based on this finding, the guardian ad
litem for WMS filed an application for child’s insurance benefits with the Social Security
Administration. Id. at *2. The application was denied, and the guardian ad litem for
WMS appealed. Id. The Schafer court was faced with the question of whether courts in
Virginia, where the wage earner was domiciled when he died, would have found WMS
entitled to inherit from the wage earner based on the order from the Travis County
district court which determined that WMS is the wage earner’s child. Id. at *10.
In determining that the Travis County district court order did not comply with
Texas law, the Schafer court noted the following:
In the present case, however, the Texas district court did not have
jurisdiction over all persons governed by the judgment. The Texas Family
Code states that the necessary parties to a proceeding on paternity are the
mother of the child, and the “man whose paternity of the child is to be
adjudicated.” TEX. FAM. CODE [ANN.] § 160.603 (Vernon 2009). While the
wage earner was a necessary party, he was deceased at the time of the
paternity proceeding and not a party to the action. The Code goes on to
state that “an individual may not be adjudicated to be a parent unless the
court has personal jurisdiction over the individual.” TEX. FAM. CODE [ANN.]
§ 160.604 (Vernon 2009). The Court did not have personal jurisdiction over
the wage earner, since he was deceased at the time of the proceedings to
establish paternity.
Id. at *11. We find this analysis to be persuasive in the present case.
Nevertheless, the parties cite several Texas cases in support of their positions.
Katrina relies on In re George from the Tyler Court of Appeals. See generally In re George,
794 S.W.2d 875 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1990, no writ). In George, the Tyler Court of Appeals
specifically held that “a suit to determine paternity under Chapter 13 of the Texas Family
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Code does not survive the death of the putative father.” Id. at 877. However, Dart
references two other Texas courts that have held to the contrary.2 See In re A.S.L., 923
S.W.2d 814, 817 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1996, no writ) (concluding that an action to
establish an alleged father’s paternity of an illegitimate child could be brought after the
death of the alleged father); Manuel v. Spector, 712 S.W.2d 219, 222 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1986, orig. proceeding) (“While the action for support terminates upon the death
of the party obligated to provide support, . . . there exists no sound reason why the
legitimization process should likewise terminate upon the death of the putative father.
The current trend in modern law favors according children born out of wedlock the same
legal status as other children.” (internal citations omitted)). We do not find George, A.S.L.,
and Manuel to be persuasive in the present case because all three opinions predate the
2001 codification of sections 160.603 and 160.604, and we find sections 160.603 and
160.604 to be clear and unambiguous. Therefore, while these cases may illustrate the
general trend in modern law to accord children born out of wedlock the same legal status
as other children, they are not dispositive regarding the interpretation of the current
versions of 160.603 and 160.604.
2 Additionally, Dart also cites to several cases from other states that have adopted the Uniform
Parentage Act (“UPA”) for the proposition that the modern trend and authority on the UPA support a
child’s right to bring a parentage action after the alleged father’s death. However, none of the cases that
Dart relies on involve the statutes at issue here—sections 160.603 and 160.604 of the Texas Family Code.
We are bound by the express language contained in the Texas Family Code. Thus, we do not find these
cases to be instructive in this matter.
In the Interest of Dart, an adult child Page 8
Likewise, we are not persuaded by Dart’s public-policy arguments premised on
this general trend in modern law because these arguments are best directed at the
Legislature, and because this case involves the application of two unambiguous statutes
that reflect the State’s public policy and were enacted after George, A.S.L., and Manuel
articulated the general trend to which Dart refers. See Town of Flower Mound v. Stafford
Estates Ltd. P’ship, 135 S.W.3d 620, 628 (Tex. 2004) (“Generally, ‘the State’s public policy
is reflected in its statutes.’” (quoting Tex. Commerce Bank, N.A. v. Grizzle, 96 S.W.3d 240,
250 (Tex. 2002))).
Because the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over Lorne, we conclude that
the trial court abused its discretion by signing a judgment adjudicating Lorne as Dart’s
father. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 160.604; see also Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109; Stamper.
254 S.W.3d at 542. Accordingly, we sustain Katrina’s first and second issues.
Conclusion
Having sustained both of Katrina’s issues on appeal, we reverse the judgment of
the trial court and render judgment dismissing Dart’s petition to adjudicate parentage.
STEVE SMITH
Justice
In the Interest of Dart, an adult child Page 9
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Johnson,
and Justice Smith
Reversed and rendered
Opinion delivered and filed June 22, 2022
Publish
[CV06]
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