Davie Harrison, Sr. v. Willard Kiper

NO. 07-07-0322-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

SEPTEMBER 25, 2008

______________________________

DAVIE HARRISON SR., APPELLANT

V.

WILLARD KIPER, ET AL., APPELLEES

_________________________________

FROM THE 223RD DISTRICT COURT OF GRAY COUNTY;

NO. 34404; HONORABLE LEE WATERS, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

          Appellant, Davie Harrison, Sr., appeals from an order dismissing his pro se, in forma pauperis suit under Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. We affirm.

          Harrison is an inmate at the Jordan Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division (hereafter, “TDCJ-ID”). On July 25, 2006, Harrison filed a “Criminal Information/Complaint” against Chaplain Willard Kiper, Grievance Investigator Glen Stouder, Assistant Warden L. Ellis, Volunteer Mike Riley, and other unnamed TDCJ-ID employees for their alleged criminal abuse of official capacity under Texas Penal Code sections 39.02, 39.04, and 39.06. Subsequently, on August 15, 2006, Harrison filed an “Amended Criminal Complaint” that added a claim that the defendants were employing false and deceptive business practices to obtain property in violation of Texas Penal Code sections 32.32 and 32.42(b)(12). At the same time as the “Amended Criminal Complaint” was filed, Harrison also filed a hand-written “Amended Criminal Complaint” that alleged that “Captain Andis” made a terroristic threat against Harrison. On April 13, 2007, Harrison filed a motion to amend his previous filings to include claims against “Officer Willis,” “Officer Richardson Jr.,” “Assistant Warden Whitfield,” Karl Parks, Lawana Richardson, Jane M. Cockerham, and Tammera Powers, each in their individual and official capacities, for physical injuries, mental anguish, and emotional distress he sustained as a result of defendant’s use of restraints. Harrison also sought leave to amend his filing to add claims against Texas Tech University Health Science Center and Dr. D. Patel for medical negligence. On May 22, 2007, Harrison filed a document titled “Claims for Relief” which seeks declarations that each of Harrison’s claims filed under the present cause number were true, injunctions ordering that Harrison be provided specialized medical treatment and be transferred to a minimum security medical unit in a different region, compensatory damages of $250,000, and punitive damages of $200,000. Additionally, Harrison filed multiple motions and complaints under the present cause. The defendants jointly filed a Motion to Dismiss Harrison’s suit for failure to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 14.002 (Vernon 2002). Without a hearing, the trial court ordered the lawsuit “dismissed due to Plaintiff’s violation of Chapter Fourteen of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.” On July 11, 2007, Harrison filed a Motion for New Trial, which claimed, inter alia, that he had discovered the existence of x-rays of his claimed injuries after the trial court had dismissed his suit. Within his motion for new trial, Harrison requested the trial court make findings of fact and conclusions of law. It appears that Harrison’s motion was overruled by operation of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c).

          Through ten issues, Harrison challenges the dismissal of the lawsuit for failure to comply with the requirements of Chapter 14, the trial court’s failure to consider Harrison’s newly discovered evidence, and the trial court’s failure to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law. We affirm the trial court’s order of dismissal.

Dismissal

          Inmate litigation, except for suits brought under the Family Code, in which the inmate files an affidavit or unsworn declaration of inability to pay costs is governed by special procedural rules set forth in Chapter 14. The trial court has broad discretion to dismiss a lawsuit brought under Chapter 14 as frivolous or malicious. See § 14.003(a)(2). One factor that the trial court may consider in determining if an inmate’s claim is frivolous or malicious is whether the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts. § 14.003(b)(4). To allow the trial court to assess whether the inmate’s claim arises from the same operative facts as a previous claim, the inmate must file an affidavit or unsworn declaration identifying, with specificity, each pro se suit that the inmate has previously brought. See § 14.004. When an inmate fails to provide the information required by section 14.004(a)(2), the trial court is entitled to assume the current suit is substantially similar to a previous claim. Samuels v. Strain, 11 S.W.3d 404, 406 (Tex.App.–Houston [1^st Dist.] 2000, no pet.); Bell v. Texas Dep’t of Crim. Justice–Institutional Div., 962 S.W.2d 156, 158 (Tex.App.–Houston [14^th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied).

          We review a trial court’s dismissal of a lawsuit brought by an inmate who has filed an affidavit or declaration of inability to pay costs for abuse of discretion. Thomas v. Knight, 52 S.W.3d 292, 294 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably in light of all of the circumstances in the case or, stated another way, when the trial court acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Id.

          In the present case, the trial court dismissed Harrison’s suit due to “Plaintiff’s violation of Chapter Fourteen of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.” In their motion to dismiss, the defendants sought dismissal of Harrison’s lawsuit on the basis of his failure to comply with the affidavit or unsworn declaration of prior filings requirement of section 14.004, his failure to timely file his suit within 31 days after receiving written notice of decision from the grievance system under section 14.005(b), and because the claims Harrison asserted in his suit were frivolous or malicious. Our review of the trial court’s dismissal of Harrison’s suit will address only the sufficiency of Harrison’s affidavit of previous filings, as the insufficiency of this filing pretermits consideration of other bases for the trial court’s dismissal under Chapter 14.

          Harrison’s affidavit identifies that he had only filed two previous pro se suits that he had a duty to disclose under section 14.004. Harrison’s identification of a prior suit against Northwest Texas Healthcare Systems indicates that he sought relief for gross negligence under the Texas Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act. The other prior filing identified by Harrison indicates that, at some time in 2003 or 2004, he filed a claim against “agents and servant[s]” of the TDCJ-ID for “assault and battery negligence by a TDCJ correctional officer at the Bill Clements unit . . . .” Neither of these identifications state the operative facts for which relief was sought, rather, they state only the legal theory upon which relief was sought. Based on the information contained in his affidavit, it was impossible for the trial court to determine whether the claims alleged in Harrison’s current suit were duplicative of his earlier filings. Because the trial court was unable to determine if Harrison’s present suit was substantially similar to previous suits filed by Harrison, the trial court was entitled to assume the current suit is substantially similar to those prior filings and, therefore, is frivolous or malicious. See Samuels, 11 S.W.3d at 406; Bell, 962 S.W.2d at 158. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Harrison’s suit. See Thomas, 52 S.W.3d at 295.

          We further conclude that the fact that Harrison’s affidavit indicated that his prior filings were asserted against different defendants is of no import. The trial court was justified to assume that Harrison may have filed separate lawsuits against different defendants arising from the same operative facts. See White v. State, 37 S.W.3d 562, 565 (Tex.App.–Beaumont 2001, no pet.). Since the trial court can dismiss a claim as frivolous or malicious if it is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the same inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts, see § 14.003(b)(4), we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Post-Judgment Filings

          We note that Harrison’s Motion for New Trial did not amend or supplement his affidavit of previous filings and, thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying same. As for Harrison’s request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, the record does not reflect that Harrison filed a Notice of Past Due Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, as required by Rule 297 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

Conclusion

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order of dismissal.

 

                                                                           Mackey K. Hancock

                                                                                     Justice

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NO. 07-10-00032-CR

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

 

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

 

AT AMARILLO

 

PANEL A

 

JULY 19, 2011

 

 

ARSENIO PETTY, APPELLANT

 

v.

 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

 

 

 FROM THE 16TH DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY;

 

NO. F-2009-0413-A; HONORABLE CARMEN RIVERA-WORLEY, JUDGE

 

 

Before CAMPBELL, and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

 

 

OPINION

            Appellant, Arsenio Petty, appeals from a conviction for capital murder.[1]  The State did not did not seek the death penalty, therefore, appellant was automatically sentenced to incarceration for life in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice without the possibility of parole.[2]  Appellant appeals contending that the trial court committed reversible error in admitting his videotaped confession, and in admitting State’s exhibit 58, a picture drawn by one of appellant’s victims.  Further, appellant contends that the automatic life sentence mandated by statute is unconstitutional under both the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution.  We affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

            Appellant does not object to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict.  Therefore, only that portion of the factual and procedural background that is relevant to appellant’s contentions on appeal will be discussed.

            On December 30, 2008, appellant and at least two other men entered a convenience store, The Gas Pipe, in Carrollton, Texas. A surveillance camera reflects that, as the first two men enter the store, appellant reaches and takes a handgun from Maurice Hall and begins shooting at the employees and patrons in the store.  In the ensuing melee, appellant shot and struck Rebecca Kemp in the upper left chest. Kemp died as a result of this wound. All of the assailants, including appellant, fled the store after the shooting.  No money was obtained in the robbery. 

            Having no clear leads or suspects in the shooting, the police released the surveillance videotape to local media outlets. As a result of the video being played on local television stations, information was furnished to the police identifying appellant as the individual doing the shooting in the video.  Upon further investigation, the police interviewed appellant’s sister, Shadara Perry, who told the police that appellant had told her he thought he had shot somebody during the robbery shown on television. 

            Appellant was subsequently arrested and, after his arrest, he gave a videotaped statement to the police confessing to his actions in the shooting.    Appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress the confession.  After viewing that portion of the statement that was at issue, the trial court overruled the motion to suppress.  During the trial, the videotape in question was introduced into evidence as State’s exhibit 54 and played for the jury.

            During the trial of appellant, a number of witnesses were called to testify that appellant had either told them of his participation in the robbery/murder, or about observing appellant’s reaction when the television news had played the surveillance video of the event.  The State also introduced State’s exhibit 58 during the testimony of Holly Arceneaux.  Arceneaux was in The Gas Pipe convenience store at the time of the shootings. As part of her personal therapy, she had drawn a picture of the incident.  The State offered Arceneaux’s drawing.  Appellant objected to the introduction of the picture on the basis of relevance, prejudice, and best evidence.  The trial court overruled the objections and allowed the picture to be introduced before the jury.  Upon submission of the case to the jury, the jury found appellant guilty of the offense of capital murder.  Because the State had waived the death penalty, appellant was automatically sentenced to confinement for life without the possibility of parole.

            Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was denied by the trial court.  Subsequently, appellant requested the trial court file findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the admission of the videotaped confession.  Because these findings and conclusions were not included in the original Clerk’s Record filed with this Court, we abated this matter back to the trial court to file the requested findings and conclusions. These findings and conclusions were subsequently filed and are part of the record in this appeal.

Appellant has appealed contending that the trial court’s admission of his videotaped confession and the Areceneaux picture was reversible error. Further, appellant contends that the statutory punishment scheme for a capital murder conviction where the death penalty is not being sought is unconstitutional.  We disagree with appellant’s contentions and will affirm.

Motion to Suppress

            Appellant’s first two issues contend that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the videotaped confession over appellant’s objection.  Issue one is based upon appellant’s objection that the confession was obtained in violation of article 38.21 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and, therefore, was not admissible pursuant to article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.[3]  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.21; art. 38.23 (West 2005).  Issue two contends that the same videotaped confession was inadmissible because it was obtained in violation of the United States Constitution.

            Initially, we must address the State’s contention that appellant’s motion to suppress the videotaped confession did not properly apprise the trial court that appellant was objecting on the basis of the United States Constitution.  While the oral motion to suppress was not the model of clarity, we feel certain that, when appellant’s trial counsel urged that the videotaped confession was inadmissible because the same was coerced by the promise made to appellant, the trial court understood appellant to be urging exclusion of the evidence on the basis of the United States Constitution.  See Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 285-86, 111 S.Ct 1246, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991).  Accordingly, we do not agree with the State that appellant has waived his United States Constitutional claim.  Further, upon review of the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is clear that the trial court understood appellant’s motion to include a United States Constitutional claim.

Standard of Review

            To review the denial of a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review.  See Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 559 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). We review the trial court’s application of the law to the facts de novo. Id.  However, we defer to the trial court’s determination of credibility and historical fact.  Id. Because the trial court is in the position to see the witnesses testify and to evaluate their credibility, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.  See Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).  Where a trial court has made findings of fact, as is the case here, we review the record to determine whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports the fact findings entered.  See State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).

Analysis

            Article 38.21

Turning first to the state statutory argument put forth by appellant, article 38.21 provides that “an accused’s statement may be used against him at trial, if it appears that the same was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion, under the rules hereinafter prescribed.”  Appellant is not contending that the rules prescribed by the statutory scheme were not complied with.  It is appellant’s position that the detective who took appellant’s videotaped confession, Mark Ahearn, made promises to appellant that resulted in the confession and, therefore, made the confession inadmissible. Specifically, appellant contends that Detective Ahearn induced appellant’s confession by promising him that he would be permitted to see his family if he confessed. 

            The State contends that the promise that appellant could see his family was couched in terms of seeing them when they finished the interview process before he was taken to jail and was not conditional on appellant confessing.  Further, whatever the nature of the promise made, the State contends that it was not of such a nature that it would cause appellant to speak untruthfully.

            In order for a promise to invalidate a confession under article 38.21, the promise must be: 1) positive, 2) made or sanctioned by someone in authority, and 3) of such an influential nature that it would cause a defendant to speak untruthfully.  Martinez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 792, 794 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).[4]  Appellant and the State agree that there was a positive promise, that appellant could visit his family, made by a person in authority, Detective Ahearn.  However, it is the third element that is hotly contested, whether the promise at issue was of such an influential nature that it would cause a defendant to speak untruthfully.

            The trial court made specific findings of fact that address the issue of discussions regarding appellant’s family and promises made to appellant about seeing his family.  The applicable findings are:

4. Prior to and after the defendant’s admission of capital murder, Detective Ahearn told the defendant that after they had finished talking and when they got through the entire story once, Detective Ahearn would let the defendant talk to his family and say goodbye, and that defendant’s family could visit with the defendant before he was taken to the jailhouse.

5. The defendant was not told that he could not talk or visit with his family if he refused to give a confession.

6. The defendant never requested nor was he denied the right to contact any family members.

Our review of the record reveals that the findings of the trial court regarding any promise made to appellant by Detective Ahearn are supported in the testimony and on the videotape of the confession.  See Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818.

            Additionally, we note that, even if we were to agree with appellant that Detective Ahearn did refuse to allow him to see his family until he confessed, the videotaped confession would still have been admissible. This is because the type of promise made was not of the nature or type that conferred such a benefit upon appellant as would cause him to speak untruthfully.  See Martinez, 127S.W.3d at 795 (“Under State law the determination is whether the officially sanctioned positive promise would be likely to influence the defendant to speak untruthfully and not whether the defendant in fact spoke untruthfully.”).  Such was the finding of fact entered by the trial court.  See Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818.  Again, the record supports this finding.  We are of the opinion that, even if Detective Ahearn had promised appellant that he could see his family if he confessed, such a promise would not confer any benefit on appellant that would cause him to speak untruthfully.  Accordingly, appellant’s issue one is overruled.

            United States Constitution

            Appellant’s second issue contends that the confession should have been suppressed because it was obtained in violation of the safeguards contained in the United States Constitution.  When focusing on an alleged due process violation which resulted in the statement being obtained involuntarily, the standard is whether all of the attendant circumstances reflect that appellant’s will was overborne.  See Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434, 120 S. Ct. 2326, 147 L. Ed. 2d 405 (2000); see also Delao v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235, 239 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1168, 128 S. Ct. 1128, 169 L. Ed. 2d 953, (2008).

            In addition to the promises that appellant contends that Detective Ahearn made, appellant points to his age, 20 years old, and alleged psychological problems he was having as a result of his having been previously shot, as part of the totality of the circumstance requiring the trial court to have found appellant’s confession involuntarily given. Giving full play to the totality of the circumstances, the record does not support appellant’s position.  That appellant was upset and under stress is borne out in the video of the confession interview.  However, a review of the record shows that the only matter mentioned to the trial court, other than the promise allegedly made by Detective Ahearn, was appellant’s age, and this was only argued in a very limited and cursory manner.  Nowhere in the objection during the hearing on the motion to suppress or at the time State’s exhibit 54, the videotaped confession, was offered does the record reflect that appellant contended that any psychological issues might have weighed on his decision to confess.  To the extent appellant now attempts to argue that subject matter, he is constrained from doing so as his objection at trial does not comport to that argument in his brief. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A).  Regarding appellant’s age, at trial appellant’s attorney only mentions it in passing while arguing the motion to suppress.  We will, however, address this issue as having been brought to the trial court’s attention.  See id.

            Appellant’s age at the time of the statement was, according to his brief, 20 years.  The trial court’s findings of fact recite that the statement was “made knowingly, intelligently, freely, and voluntarily without any threats, compulsion, persuasion, duress, coercion, or other improper influence.”  In our review of the record to ascertain the totality of the circumstances, we find nothing indicating that appellant did not understand the nature of the questions asked him or the implication of his answers.  Rather, what we see is a younger man who understands that he is in a substantial amount of trouble and appears to decide to confess once he realizes that his family and friends have already talked to the police about his involvement in the crime.  There is no demonstrative overreaching by the police, nor is there any apparent coercion.  See Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167, 107 S. Ct. 515, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473 (1986) (coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession was not voluntary within the meaning of the Due Process Clause). Additionally, in addressing appellant’s first issue, we found that the trial court’s finding of fact that there were no promises made to appellant by Detective Ahearn was supported in the record. In regard to the second issue, the trial court’s finding of fact regarding a lack of coercion or overreaching is likewise supported in the record.  Therefore, we overrule appellant’s second issue.  See Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818.

Admission of State’s Exhibit 58

            Appellant’s third issue contends that, when the trial court allowed State’s exhibit 58 to be admitted before the jury, the trial court abused its discretion.  State’s exhibit 58 was a picture drawn by Holly Arceneaux shortly after the incident in question.  Arceneaux had been one of the customers inside The Gas Pipe at the time of the shooting.  According to the record, Arceneaux drew the picture in question while undergoing therapy as a result of witnessing the events of that day.  According to Arecneaux’s testimony, the picture represents both the shooting and the immediate aftermath of the shooting with the victim and others depicted.  Appellant objected that the picture was irrelevant, prejudicial, and that better evidence existed in the form of the surveillance camera photographs.  The trial court overruled the objection and the exhibit was admitted before the jury.

Standard of Review

            When dealing with issues regarding the admission of evidence, the standard of review is abuse of discretion.  Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).  A trial court abuses its discretion only when the reviewing court can say with confidence that no reasonable perception of the matter under consideration could have yielded the decision made by the trial court.  See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990) (op. on reh'g).  If the trial court's decision is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case, the decision will be sustained.  See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).

Analysis

            Evidence is relevant if it tends to make the existence of a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.  See Tex. R. Evid. 401.[5]  Relevant evidence is generally admissible unless otherwise provided.  See Rule 402. 

            The evidence at issue allegedly portrayed the scene of the shooting as it occurred and immediately after it occurred. However, from our review of the exhibit, it is difficult to see how the picture in question contributed anything of consequence toward proof of any of the elements of the offense.  At best, the picture was simply cumulative of the testimony of the witness.  If we assume the evidence had such limited relevancy that it should not have been admitted, we must make further inquiry about the harm to appellant from the admission of the exhibit. 

An erroneous admission of evidence is judged for harm under the non-constitutional harm analysis of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b).  See Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d 176, 181 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005).  In conducting such an analysis, we may disregard the error if, after examining the entire record, we have a fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.  See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 53 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). 

            A review of the record reveals that the events depicted in State’s exhibit 58 were testified to by several other witnesses, including Arceneaux.  Specifically, appellant was identified by another participant in the shooting.  The victim’s condition after the shooting was described by several witnesses.  The surveillance videos displayed the actions of appellant and the other participants. The appellant confessed to being the shooter.  Nothing in the record indicates that the State unduly emphasized State’s exhibit 58.Â

            Thus, from our review of the entire record, we are assured that the admission of State’s exhibit 58 did not influence the jury, or, at most, had a very insubstantial influence in their returning a verdict against appellant.  Id. Therefore, we find that the admission of said exhibit did not affect appellant’s substantial rights.  Id.  Accordingly, the error in admission of the exhibit was harmless and will be disregarded. See Rule 44.2(b). Appellant’s third issue is overruled.

Mandatory Life Sentence

Appellant’s fourth and fifth issues contend that the conviction is invalid because the imposition of a mandatory life sentence without parole violates the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution (issue four) and Article 1, Sections 13 and 15, of the Texas Constitution (issue five) because such an “automatic” sentence denied appellant his right to an individualized sentence.

First, the record does not include any objection during the trial to the application of the statute governing punishment for capital murder when the State waives the death penalty.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.31(a).  Thus, it appears that appellant’s claim, which we read to be attacking the sentencing scheme as being applied to appellant under a disproportionate sentence analogy, is an “as applied” attack against the statute as opposed to a “facial” challenge against the statute.[6]  Appellant has failed to preserve this objection for our review.  Rule 33.1(a)(1)(A).  The inaction of appellant at trial leaves the Court with nothing to review.[7]  Accordingly, appellant’s fourth and fifth issues are overruled.

Conclusion

Having overruled appellant’s issues, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

 

                                                                                                Mackey K. Hancock

                                                                                                            Justice

Publish.

 

 

---

[1] See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2) (West 2011).

[2] See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.31(a) (West 2011).

[3] Further reference to the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure will be by reference to “article ___” or “art. ___.”

[4] See also Perales v. State, No. 2-07-268-CR., 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 7675, at *11-*12 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d, untimely filed) (not designated for publication); Wells v. State, No. 2-05-352-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 2544, at *10 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

[5] Further reference to the Texas Rules of Evidence will be by reference to “Rule ___.”

[6] Even if we viewed the issues as being a facial attack against the statute, appellant’s failure to object at trial would have forfeited his issues.  See Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).

 

[7] Even were we to accept that appellant had no requirement to object at trial, the decided case law is against appellant and we would not sustain his fourth and fifth issues.  See Sierra v. State, 157 S.W.3d 52, 64-65 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004), aff’d, 218 S.W.3d 85 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).