In Re Commitment of Marks

230 S.W.3d 241 (2007)

In re COMMITMENT OF Michael MARKS.

No. 09-06-180 CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Beaumont.

Submitted on April 3, 2007. Opinion Delivered July 12, 2007.

Bennie L. Schiro, State Counsel for Offenders, Huntsville, for appellant.

Kerrie Hergenrader, Special Prosecution Unit, Civil Division, Huntsville, for appellee.

Before McKEITHEN, C.J., GAULTNEY and HORTON, JJ.

OPINION

HOLLIS HORTON, Justice.

The Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA)^[1] provides for the involuntary civil commitment of an offender to outpatient treatment and supervision if the offender is found to be a sexually violent predator. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.081 (Vernon Supp.2006).^[2] A jury determined that Michael Marks was a sexually violent predator under Texas law by finding that he suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. See id. § 841.003. Marks complains of the trial court's exclusion of the testimony of two of his witnesses, contends the court erred in failing to conduct a "gatekeeper hearing,"^[3] and argues that the State's closing argument improperly influenced the jury. We affirm the trial court's judgment and order of civil commitment.

Exclusion of Dr. Dunham's Testimony

In issue one, Marks challenges the trial court's exclusion of Dr. Jason Dunham's testimony. Marks designated Dr. Dunham as an expert to testify "whether Mr. Marks is an insane person who is in an insane condition of mind at a time when he is called to testify in this matter." At trial, Marks wanted to present testimony from Dr. Dunham's pre-trial deposition about whether Marks actually suffered from a schizophrenic disorder. The State's attorney objected to the proffered testimony, arguing that whether Marks was feigning his mental illness was not relevant and that Dr. Dunham had not been designated as a witness who would be testifying about whether Marks was feigning. The trial court ruled that the evidence was not relevant to the question before the jury, which was whether Marks suffered from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. The trial court also excluded the proffered testimony because Dr. Dunham had not been designated as a witness to address Marks's alleged feigning.

With respect to the discovery of experts, the Rules of Civil Procedure impose a disclosure obligation on the party that seeks to introduce testimony from expert witnesses. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 194.2(f), 194.3. In pertinent part, Rule 194.2 provides that upon a proper request for disclosure, the responding party is required to disclose for testifying experts:

(1) the expert's name, address, and telephone number;

(2) the subject matter on which the expert will testify;

(3) the general substance of the expert's mental impressions and opinions and a brief summary of the basis for them, or if the expert is not retained by, employed by, or otherwise subject to the control of the responding party, documents reflecting such information;

(4) if the expert is retained by, employed by, or otherwise subject to the control of the responding party:

(A) all documents, tangible things, reports, models, or data compilations that have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared by or for the expert in anticipation of the expert's testimony; and

(B) the expert's current resume and bibliography[.]

TEX.R. CIV. P. 194.2(f); see also TEX.R. CIV. P. 194.3.

With respect to Dr. Dunham, Marks's disclosure responses did not provide the general substance of Dr. Dunham's mental impressions and opinions. While the response identified a subject matter, it did not include the subject of Marks's alleged feigning of his mental illness. Instead, Marks's disclosure of the subject matter of Dr. Dunham's testimony related solely to Marks's competence to testify as a witness. Trial courts have discretion to exclude expert testimony when the subject matter and opinions related to the proposed testimony have not been disclosed. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 193.6(a) (providing that the court may exclude evidence when the material or information was not timely disclosed unless the court finds good cause for the failure to make, amend or supplement the discovery response or finds that the evidence will not unfairly surprise or prejudice the other party).

When the trial court made its ruling to exclude the evidence, Marks did not request a finding or argue that good cause existed to excuse his failure to disclose the general substance of Dr. Dunham's opinion testimony on Marks's feigning. In addition, prior to the jury's verdict, Marks did not argue or attempt to show that the evidence would not unfairly surprise or prejudice the State. "The burden of establishing good cause or the lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice is on the party seeking to introduce the evidence or call the witness. A finding of good cause or of the lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice must be supported by the record." TEX.R. CIV. P. 193.6(b); see also Sharp v. Broadway Nat'l Bank, 784 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tex.1990).

The trial court has discretion to determine whether or not a party calling a witness has met its discovery burden, which required Marks to show "good cause," under these circumstances. See Morris v. Short, 902 S.W.2d 566, 570 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied); see also Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Lara, 967 S.W.2d 907, 910 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1998, pet. denied) (no attempt to show good cause). An abuse of discretion occurs only when a trial court's decision is "``arbitrary, unreasonable, and without reference to guiding principles.'" Goode v. Shoukfeh, 943 S.W.2d 441, 446 (Tex.1997) (citing Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Rhyne, 925 S.W.2d 664, 666 (Tex.1996)).

Here, Marks failed to disclose the general substance of Dr. Dunham's mental impressions and opinions with respect to the question of Marks's feigning a mental illness. Despite the fact that Dr. Dunham apparently stated an opinion regarding this subject in a pre-trial deposition, the State was entitled to go to trial and rely on the one subject identified by Marks in his disclosure responses, which did not expressly incorporate the opinions of Dr. Dunham that he might have expressed elsewhere.

Marks also asserts that he was not required to disclose the substance of Dr. Dunham's opinions because his intent was to use Dr. Dunham's testimony to rebut the testimony of Dr. Michael Arambula, the State's expert. First, we note that the State timely disclosed its intent to use Dr. Arambula as a witness in this case. In its disclosure, the State indicated that Dr. Arambula's opinions were reflected in his deposition or report. Dr. Arambula's deposition is not contained in the record before us, and we find no reference in the record indicating that he authored a report. However, according to the record, Marks's attorneys took Dr. Arambula's deposition on December 28, 2005. Based on the deposition notice in the record, it also appears that Marks's attorneys received a copy of any report Dr. Arambula wrote on this case, as well as a copy of his notes. At trial, Marks lodged no objection claiming any surprise when Dr. Arambula testified that Marks, to some degree, was malingering. Further, when Marks's attorneys made their bill of exceptions to the trial court's ruling, they did not claim or present any evidence that they were surprised by Dr. Arambula's opinion regarding Marks's malingering. Because the State disclosed Dr. Arambula's opinions, Marks could reasonably have anticipated the need to rebut Dr. Arambula's testimony later at trial. See Orkin Exterminating Co. v. Williamson, 785 S.W.2d 905, 910-11 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, writ denied).

In general, rebuttal witnesses, whose use reasonably could have been anticipated, are not exempt from the scope of the discovery rules. Moore v. Mem'l Hermann Hosp. Sys., Inc., 140 S.W.3d 870, 875 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.); Am. Bank of Waco v. Waco Airmotive, Inc., 818 S.W.2d 163, 177 (Tex. App.-Waco 1991, writ denied); Walsh v. Mullane, 725 S.W.2d 263, 264-65 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); but see Aluminum Co. of Am. v. Bullock, 870 S.W.2d 2, 4 (Tex.1994) (holding trial court properly permitted party to use undesignated expert to rebut a material and unanticipated change in testimony of the opposing party's expert). Rule 103 of the Rules of Evidence placed the burden on Marks to prove that the opinions expressed at trial by Dr. Arambula were not anticipated. See TEX.R. EVID. 103(b). Marks did not make this required showing.

In summary, Marks's responses to the requests for disclosure did not reveal that the subject matter of Dr. Dunham's opinions included that Marks was not feigning his mental illness. Because Marks neither requested a finding of good cause or a finding of no unfair surprise or prejudice to the State prior to the time he rested, nor made an offer of proof to show surprise, the record fails to demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Dr. Dunham's proffered testimony. We hold Marks has failed to demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Dr. Dunham's testimony.

After trial, Marks filed a motion for new trial in which he asserted for the first time that the State was not unfairly surprised or prejudiced by Dr. Dunham's proffered testimony. Although the motion contained no allegation of newly discovered evidence, Marks argued that the State was aware of Dr. Dunham's opinion on feigning because the State's attorney solicited these opinions during Dr. Dunham's deposition prior to trial. Although Marks could have raised this argument at trial, he did not.

The trial court, by written order, denied Marks's motion for new trial. We review a trial court's ruling on a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion standard. See Dir., State Employees Workers' Comp. Div. v. Evans, 889 S.W.2d 266, 268 (Tex.1994). The Rules of Evidence require the offering party to, "as soon as practicable, but before the court's charge is read to the jury, be allowed to make, in the absence of the jury, its offer of proof." TEX.R. EVID. 103(b). By waiting until he filed his motion for new trial to assert the existence of "good cause" with respect to his offer of Dr. Dunham's deposition testimony on feigning, Marks did not make his offer of proof "as soon as practicable." At that point, the jury had delivered its verdict. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Marks's request for a new trial. Issue one is overruled.

Exclusion of Sara Smith's Testimony

The State objected when Marks called Sara Smith as a witness at trial. Marks did not list Smith as a witness in his disclosure responses. The trial court excluded her from testifying before the jury.

Smith is a psychotherapist who works for the prison system. She began treating Marks in December 2005. The bill of exceptions reflects that Smith held the opinion that Marks was not feigning his mental illness. The bill of exceptions also reflects that Smith first talked to Marks's attorneys the week prior to the trial. While this is relevant to show when Marks's attorneys learned of Smith's existence, it is not evidence that Marks did not know of Smith's existence.

Because Smith was an undisclosed witness, the Rules of Civil Procedure required the trial court to exclude her testimony unless Marks showed "good cause" or that the State would not be unfairly surprised or prejudiced by the testimony. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 193.6. Further, if either the party or his attorney knows of the witness's existence, the witness's identity should be disclosed. See Yeldell v. Holiday Hills Ret. & Nursing Ctr., Inc., 701 S.W.2d 243, 246 (Tex.1985) (attorney knew of witness and thus, disclosure required); Williams v. Union Carbide Corp., 734 S.W.2d 699, 701 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (party's knowledge of witness required the witness's identity to be disclosed).

In this case, Marks's attorneys argue that they were not aware of Smith's existence until the week prior to the trial. However, they do not argue and the record does not show that Marks, himself, was unaware of Smith's existence at a time when she could have been timely designated in his disclosure responses. Moreover, Marks's argument that Smith was a rebuttal witness does not alter his discovery burden. As we previously explained, the Rules of Civil Procedure generally do not exempt rebuttal witnesses from the discovery requirements and Marks failed to demonstrate that Dr. Arambula's testimony was unanticipated. See TEX.R. EVID. 103(b); Moore, 140 S.W.3d at 875. Issue two is overruled.

Failure To Hold Gatekeeper Hearing

Marks's attorneys requested a gatekeeper hearing when the State asked Dr. Arambula, while testifying before the jury, whether in his opinion, "Mr. Marks has a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence?" At that point, the State had already elicited Dr. Arambula's testimony showing his qualifications to testify. Dr. Arambula had also already testified that Marks had a mental abnormality that created an increased risk of offending in the community in a sexual manner. Additionally, Dr. Arambula had previously stated his diagnoses that Marks suffered from "schizoaffective disorder" and "paraphilia, not otherwise specified." Dr. Arambula had also explained that Marks, by history, had a "substance dependence, predominately involving coke, cocaine, and marijuana with formaldehyde." At that point, Dr. Arambula had testified that Marks had been noncompliant with treatment and that Marks was to some degree malingering. Dr. Arambula had also already discussed Marks's prior offenses and expressed the opinion that Marks presented a risk of reoffending in a sexually violent manner even if he took medication.

The purpose of a "gatekeeper hearing" is to allow the trial court to determine whether an expert's opinions are relevant and reliable. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex.1995). However, "when a reliability challenge requires the court to evaluate the underlying methodology, technique, or foundational data used by the expert, an objection must be timely made so that the trial court has the opportunity to conduct this analysis." Coastal Trans. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petro. Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 233 (Tex.2004). Here, Marks's request for a gatekeeper hearing was not timely because it occurred after the substance of Dr. Arambula's opinions, as well as his qualification to express such opinions, were before the jury. We find no error in the trial court's refusal to hold a hearing at the point during trial that Marks, for the first time, requested a "gatekeeper hearing." Issue three is overruled.

Closing Argument

In issue four, Marks complains that during closing argument the State improperly characterized Marks's diagnosis as paraphilias, rather than paraphilia, not otherwise specified. Marks also complains that the State argued during its closing argument that Marks was so dangerous that the prison sent four guards to watch him. At trial, however, Marks did not object to the State's closing argument. On appeal, Marks does not explain why objections and jury instructions confining the State's argument to the record would have been insufficient to cure any error in final argument.

To obtain a new trial for improper jury argument, a party must prove that (1) the argument was improper; (2) the argument was not invited or provoked; (3) the trial court made an adverse ruling on an objection, requested instruction, or motion for mistrial; (4) the improper argument was not curable; (5) the argument by its nature, degree and extent constituted reversible error; and (6) the argument had a probable effect on a material finding. Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Reese, 584 S.W.2d 835, 839-40 (Tex.1979).

In this case, the jury heard Dr. Arambula's explanation of the term "paraphilia, not otherwise specified," and his opinion that Marks had exhibited past instances of sadism, exhibitionism and frotterism. In addition, the jury had before it evidence showing the prison sentence Marks received for aggravated sexual assault and the date that sentence started. It is obvious from the dates contained in the record that, at the time of trial, Marks had not yet completed serving his prison sentence. The jury also heard Dr. Arambula's testimony that he interviewed Marks in prison.

The Rules of Civil Procedure restrict attorneys "to confine the argument strictly to the evidence and to the arguments of opposing counsel." TEX.R. CIV. P. 269(e). However, "[t]here are only rare instances of incurable harm from improper argument." Reese, 584 S.W.2d at 839. Generally, an objection is required to preserve error. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a). We hold the general rule applies to the circumstances presented here and find that any impropriety in the State's arguments could have been cured by appropriate instructions. Because Marks failed to object, he preserved no error regarding the State's jury argument. We overrule issue four.

Having overruled all of Marks's issues, we affirm the judgment and order of civil commitment.

AFFIRMED.

NOTES

[1] The Sexually Violent Predator Act is located in Title 11, Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 841.001-.150 (Vernon 2003 & Supp. 2006).

[2] The statute requires the trial court to conduct a biennial review of the status of committed persons and to set a hearing if (1) the court determines that the requirements imposed on the sexually violent predator should be changed, or (2) probable cause exists to show that the person is no longer likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.102 (Vernon 2003).

[3] The trial court serves as an evidentiary gatekeeper to screen out irrelevant and unreliable expert testimony. See E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex.1995).