John Wayne Charleston v. Clint Allen, Criminal District Attorney of Cass County

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
_________________________
No. 06-12-00042-CV
______________________________
JOHN WAYNE CHARLESTON, Appellant
V.
CLINT ALLEN, CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF CASS COUNTY, Appellee
On Appeal from the 5th Judicial District Court
Cass County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11-C-101
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Moseley
OPINION
John Wayne Charleston appeals the trial court’s final judgment dismissing his lawsuit
against Clint Allen in his official capacity as District Attorney of Cass County. Charleston sued
Allen, alleging a violation of the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution and a
violation of the Due Course of Law Clause of the Texas Constitution due to Allen’s (and his
predecessor’s) alleged failure to disclose exculpatory information. See U.S. CONST. amend.
XIV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19. When Charleston was convicted of aggravated robbery in 1999
and sentenced to thirty-five years in prison, his attorney had requested disclosure of an audio
recording of the 9-1-1 call during which the police were provided with information that
ultimately resulted in Charleston’s arrest.1 Charleston alleged conflicting evidence was
introduced at trial concerning who made the 9-1-1 call. Charleston alleged the allegations
constituted a Brady2 violation and vaguely requested relief of some form, including an
ambiguous request for injunctive relief. Allen filed an answer denying the allegations and
alleging he was entitled to qualified, official, and/or absolute immunity.
After some discovery had been conducted, Charleston filed a motion for summary
judgment. Allen filed a motion to dismiss based on Charleston’s failure to follow the procedures
for civil litigation by an inmate and alleging the suit, as an inmate lawsuit, should be dismissed
as frivolous. Allen alleged the lawsuit was frivolous because he was entitled to absolute
immunity. Additionally, Allen filed a combination no evidence and traditional motion for
1
The State filed, in the 1999 trial, the following response: “The State does not have an audio 911 tape of the
incident in question.”
2
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
2
summary judgment arguing there was no evidence the recording was exculpatory and arguing it
is no longer in the possession of his office or in the possession of various county offices who aid
his office in criminal prosecutions.
The trial court3 denied Charleston’s motion for summary judgment, partially granted
Allen’s motion to dismiss,4 and granted Allen’s motion for summary judgment. Charleston
appeals, alleging that the trial court erred in denying his motion for summary judgment, erred in
granting Allen absolute immunity, and erred in denying the request for injunctive relief.
The Trial Court Correctly Dismissed any Claims for Monetary Damages
Under Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, a trial court may
dismiss an inmate’s lawsuit if it finds “the claim is frivolous or malicious.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(2) (West 2002). In assessing whether a suit is frivolous or
malicious, a trial court may consider various factors, including whether the claim’s realistic
chance of ultimate success is slight and whether the claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003 (West 2002). We review the trial court’s decision
3
The Honorable Ralph Burgess, the presiding judge of the 5th Judicial District Court, recused because he had
previously represented Charleston.
4
We note that Allen cites the standard of review for an inmate lawsuit pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code and argues the claims are “clearly frivolous.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§§ 14.001–.014 (West 2002 & Supp. 2012). Allen’s motion to dismiss argued (1) Charleston failed to comply with
the procedural requirements of Chapter 14, including the failure to file an affidavit of previous lawsuits, and
(2) Charleston’s lawsuit was clearly frivolous under Chapter 14 due to the application of absolute immunity. See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.003–.004, 14.010 (West 2002 & Supp. 2012). The trial court, though,
only granted “Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss based upon prosecutorial and absolute immunity.” Because we
conclude the trial court’s rulings were correct, it is not necessary for us to determine whether Allen’s brief assigns,
for appellate review, any error in failing to dismiss based on Charleston’s failure to comply with the procedural
requirements of Chapter 14.
3
for an abuse of discretion. Smith v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice-Inst. Div., 33 S.W.3d 338,
339 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. denied).
It is well established that prosecutors are entitled to derived judicial immunity, also
known as absolute immunity, for actions “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the
criminal process.” See Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427, 430 (1976) (recognizing absolute
immunity to suits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983); Charleston v. Pate, 194 S.W.3d 89, 91 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2006, no pet.); Hawkins v. Walvoord, 25 S.W.3d 882, 892 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2000,
pet. denied) (“A prosecutor’s absolute immunity extends to activities intimately associated with
the judicial phase of the criminal process.”). Absolute immunity provides immunity from suit—
not just liability. Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430. Further, absolute immunity provides protection from
civil liability even if the prosecutor acts maliciously. Id. at 430.
We note, though, that absolute immunity does not apply to acts that are not intimately
associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process. See, e.g., Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478,
496 (1991) (prosecutor only entitled to qualified immunity5 for providing legal advice to police);
Oden v. Reader, 935 S.W.2d 470, 476 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, no writ) (prosecutor entitled
only to qualified immunity in making statements to press).
5
Under the federal standards for qualified immunity, a prosecutor would be “shielded from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982) (recognizing objective
standard applicable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and suits under United States Constitution); see Ballantyne v. Champion
Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 427 n.3 (Tex. 2004) (noting similarity of qualified immunity and official immunity);
cf. City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1994) (Under Texas common law, official immunity
provides government officials “immunity from suit arising from the performance of their (1) discretionary duties in
(2) good faith as long as they are (3) acting within the scope of their authority.”).
4
Charleston has not provided us with any Texas authority on whether a Brady violation is
considered intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process,6 and we are not
aware of any. The federal courts, though, uniformly agree that prosecutors are entitled to
absolute immunity for alleged Brady violations.7 We agree, under the functional approach of
Imbler, that a Brady violation is intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal
process. We conclude the violations alleged here are advocacy functions. To the extent that
Charleston’s petition seeks civil damages, Allen has absolute immunity from suit. The trial court
did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the lawsuit as frivolous.
6
We note that Charleston cites Houston v. Partee, 978 F.2d 362 (7th Cir. 1992), which found that prosecutors were
acting in an investigative capacity when they acquired exculpatory evidence after the defendants had been
convicted. The Seventh Circuit concluded the prosecutors, under these circumstances, were only entitled to
qualified immunity. Id. at 368. We decline to follow Houston. First, Texas is located in the Fifth Circuit, not the
Seventh Circuit. Second, opinions of the federal circuits are not binding on state courts. Penrod Drilling Corp. v.
Williams, 868 S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993) (Texas appellate courts “obligated to follow only higher Texas courts
and the United States Supreme Court”). Last, Houston is factually distinguishable from this case. Charleston
alleges that the Cass County prosecutors possessed the exculpatory information at the time of his trial. As noted
below, the Seventh Circuit has held prosecutors are entitled to absolute immunity for the failure to disclose
exculpatory information obtained in connection with a criminal prosecution. See Fields v. Wharrie, 672 F.3d 505,
511 (7th Cir. 2012). Houston’s holding is limited to situations in which exculpatory information is not obtained
until after the criminal prosecution has concluded. These are not the factual circumstances with which we are
presented in this case. Because Houston is clearly distinguishable, it is not necessary for this Court to decide
whether we agree with the Seventh Circuit’s opinion in Houston.
7
Fields, 672 F.3d at 513; Koubriti v. Convertino, 593 F.3d 459, 470 (6th Cir. 2010); Warney v. Monroe County, 587
F.3d 113, 125 (2d Cir. 2009); Porter v. White, 483 F.3d 1294, 1305 n.8 (11th Cir. 2007); Villasana v. Wilhoit, 368
F.3d 976, 980 (8th Cir. 2004); Cousin v. Small, 325 F.3d 627, 636 (5th Cir. 2003); Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023,
1029 (9th Cir. 2003); Reid v. New Hampshire, 56 F.3d 332, 337 (1st Cir. 1995); Carter v. Burch, 34 F.3d 257, 262
(4th Cir. 1994). We are not aware of any opinions from the Third or the Tenth Circuits on whether a Brady
violation is intimately associated with the judicial phase.
5
Allen Was Entitled to Summary Judgment on the Injunctive Relief
Charleston alternatively argues that he is entitled to injunctive8 relief. In his petition,
Charleston states: “Complainant request for an Injunction Relief to obtain access to such
evidence.” As correctly argued by Charleston on appeal and to the trial court, absolute immunity
does not protect a prosecutor from injunctive relief.9 Supreme Court of Va. v. Consumers Union
of United States, Inc., 446 U.S. 719, 736–37 (1980); Reyna v. City of Weslaco, 944 S.W.2d 657,
661 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1997, no writ); see Tarter v. Hury, 646 F.2d 1010, 1012 (5th
Cir. 1981). However, Allen was entitled to summary judgment on the injunctive relief.
Allen sought a traditional summary judgment alleging there were no genuine issues of
material fact concerning whether his office, or any agency that assists his office, has possession
of the alleged audio recording. To prevail on a traditional motion for summary judgment, a
movant must establish that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Fort Worth Osteopathic Hosp.,
Inc. v. Reese, 148 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. 2004). The defendant must conclusively negate at least
one element of each of the plaintiff’s theories of recovery or plead and conclusively establish
8
Although an injunction, intended to preserve the status quo, normally prohibits a person from acting in a certain
fashion, an injunction can compel the taking of action. See, e.g., Iranian Muslim Org. v. San Antonio, 615 S.W.2d
202, 204 (Tex. 1981) (student association entitled to injunction requiring city to issue permits); RP&R, Inc. v.
Territo, 32 S.W.3d 396, 400 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (“A prohibitive injunction forbids
conduct, whereas a mandatory injunction requires it.”).
9
We note that 42 U.S.C. § 1983 prohibits injunctive relief against judges acting in their judicial capacity unless the
judge has violated declaratory relief. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (LEXIS through 2012) (“[I]n any action brought against
a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted
unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable.”); Kennedy v. Staples, 336 S.W.3d
745, 752 (Tex. App.––Texarkana 2011, no pet.); see also Leclerc v. Webb, 270 F. Supp. 2d 779, 792 (E.D. La. 2003)
(injunctive relief available when judge not acting in judicial capacity).
6
each element of an affirmative defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 912
(Tex. 1997).
Allen presented summary judgment evidence that if such a tape exists, it is no longer in
the possession of his office or other Cass County offices that aid in criminal prosecutions.10
Charleston has not raised a fact issue concerning whether such a tape is in the possession of
Allen. The Texas Supreme Court has instructed, when the requested injunctive relief can no
longer be granted, the case should be dismissed as moot. See Speer v. Presbyterian Children’s
Home & Serv. Agency, 847 S.W.2d 227, 228–29 (Tex. 1993) (employment discrimination
lawsuit seeking injunctive relief rendered moot when position no longer exists and church no
longer performs adoption services); cf. Dunaway v. Austin St. Ry. Co., 195 S.W. 1157, 1159
(Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1917, writ ref’d) (“law ought not require any one to do a futile act”).
Because such a recording is not in Allen’s possession, the request for injunctive relief has been
rendered moot and the trial court did not err in dismissing the request.11
Conclusion
To the extent Charleston is requesting monetary damages, the trial court correctly
concluded Allen was entitled to sovereign immunity and did not abuse its discretion in
dismissing the monetary damage claims. To the extent Charleston was requesting injunctive
10
Allen’s summary judgment evidence includes affidavits from the District Attorney of Cass County in 1999, who
certifies that an audio recording does not exist; the felony investigator for the District Attorney’s office, who states
he has searched for and has not located any recording; the Chief Deputy of the Cass County Sheriff’s office, who
states he has searched for and has not discovered any audio recording of the alleged 9-1-1 call; and the District
Clerk, who states she has searched her records and has not located any recording of the alleged 9-1-1 call.
11
When a claim is moot, the correct relief is dismissal. Speer, 847 S.W.2d at 229.
7
relief, the trial court correctly concluded Allen was entitled to summary judgment because the
dispute was moot. Because we find that the trial court did not err in granting Allen’s motions to
dismiss and for summary judgment, it is not necessary to address Charleston’s complaints about
the denial of his motion for summary judgment.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s order dismissing Charleston’s claims.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: October 12, 2012
Date Decided: October 15, 2012
8