Jesseca Bain Carson v. State

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
_________________________
No. 06-11-00112-CR
______________________________
JESSECA BAIN CARSON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 4th Judicial District Court
Rusk County, Texas
Trial Court No. CR09-067
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Carter
OPINION
I. Introduction
Jesseca Bain Carson was convicted of capital murder, as a party to the murder, of her
thirteen-month-old child by her boyfriend while he, over a period of thirty hours of physical
torture, attempted to exorcise the demon he claimed resided within the child. Carson was
sentenced to life without possibility of parole.
Carson’s appeal asserts that:
• the evidence is insufficient to show that she participated with her boyfriend in the
murder;
• there is a fatal variance between allegata “unknown to the grand jury” and the
proof at trial of cause of death;
• the evidence was insufficient to show the child, Amora, was strangled as alleged
in the indictment;
• the court erred by failing to submit a requested jury instruction on “mistake of
fact”;
• the court erred by failing to submit requested lesser-included offense instructions
on:
criminally negligent homicide; and
reckless injury to a child; and
• the imposed sentence, life without possibility of parole, violates the United States
and Texas Constitutions as cruel and unusual punishment—violative of the Due
Process and Equal Protection Clauses.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found the
essential elements of capital murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979));
2
Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We examine legal sufficiency
under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury
“to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id. In this case, Carson committed capital murder if she intentionally or knowingly
murdered an individual under six years of age or was criminally responsible as a party to the
offense. 1 The jury was so charged.
Carson’s arguments regarding the sufficiency of the evidence are threefold: (1) she
contends that the evidence is insufficient to support her conviction as a party to the offense;
(2) she claims that the evidence of the instrument of death is insufficient to support her
conviction because it varies from the allegations of the indictment (“unknown to the grand jury”)
1
Act of May 19, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 428, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1129 (amended 2011) (current version at
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(8) (West Supp. 2012)).
3
on that issue; and (3) she argues that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that the
victim, her child, was strangled.
B. Overview of Facts
Over a period of thirty hours, Carson’s live-in boyfriend, Blaine Keith Milam, murdered
Carson’s daughter while purportedly exorcising the demon that he believed possessed her.
Milam was convicted of capital murder in a separate trial and sentenced to death. 2 Carson was
present at all times inside the manufactured home during the time the murder occurred. Carson
gave a recorded statement to Ranger Kenny Ray which was played to the jury. She also testified
at her trial.
Carson was seventeen when she met Milam in 2008. He proposed to her on prom night.
During this time, Milam appeared to love Amora, Carson’s child. Carson left her mother and
brother and moved in with Milam. During that summer, Carson’s family began to see her less
often until, in October, she no longer had any contact with her mother and began to say that her
mother killed her father. Carson became very withdrawn and unconcerned about her appearance.
From outward appearances, Milam was making the decisions for them. Some evidence was
presented that before Carson met Milam, she was neatly dressed and cared properly for her baby.
Later in their relationship, Milam became a jealous and controlling person. Carson never left
2
Milam’s direct appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals was decided on May 23, 2012, and the conviction
was affirmed. Milam v. State, No. AP-76,379, 2012 Tex. Crim. App. Unpub. LEXIS 547 (Tex. Crim. App. May 23,
2012) (not designated for publication).
4
their apartment except with Milam, friends no longer were seen coming over, and Carson was
with Milam at all times, even during his work hours. 3
Carson testified that Milam was very jealous of her. He began using her passwords to
gain access to the Internet and pretended he was her while communicating on the Internet.
Carson and Milam began using an Ouija board after Milam’s father died. They began to “talk”
to their deceased fathers by using the board. The Ouija board told Carson that her mother killed
her father and the only way to get any peace was for her to do something about it. Carson
believed their apartment was possessed by evil spirits, so they moved in with Milam’s mother.
Carson later became convinced that Milam was possessed by an evil spirit based on his
expressions, tone of voice, and “something that wasn’t what I knew Blaine to be.” Milam
explained that after the demon came into him, he could “talk to God,” and he said Carson was
causing this by lying to him. But during all this time when Milam was demon possessed, he was
absolutely fine with Amora. According to Carson, Milam loved Amora and was “wonderful
with her.”
By December 1, 2008, Carson testified that she no longer would question Milam because
he told her “God says there’s things that you don’t need to know right now . . . .” On
December 1, 2008, Milam woke Carson and reported that Amora was possessed by a demon and
was walking (she was too young to walk). Milam said that this occurred because Carson had not
been honest with him and that God was tired of her lying to Milam. Carson asked Milam if there
was something they could do and Milam said God would show him how to do an exorcism.
3
If Carson ever threatened to leave Milam, he would take the spark plugs out of the car.
5
Carson did not understand what an exorcism was or how it was done. Milam told her that since
God was showing him how to do the exorcism, it would help “Amora.” She and Milam were
staying in the master bedroom, but Milam had Amora in the back bedroom to conduct the
exorcism.
As a result of the “exorcism” conducted by Milam, Amora suffered innumerable injuries
that led to her death. Forensic evidence showed the child was beaten so severely that the
multitude of fractures to her skull connected with each other like a jigsaw puzzle, and her brain
was torn and severely damaged. An arm and leg had spiral fractures indicating they were twisted
in two, her torso was either struck by a blunt object or squeezed until the ribs and sternum broke,
and her body (neck, chest, abdomen, buttocks, both elbows, both forearms, both feet, right arm,
left shoulder, left upper arm, left hand, right thigh, and left knee) was riddled with no less than
twenty-four distinct bite marks. Her head and face were so scraped and bruised that all the
discrete injuries combined into “one giant injury.” Her liver was torn, and her vaginal and anal
orifices were so torn that the vagina and rectum were actually connected, an injury the forensic
examiner had never seen before. The underside of her tongue was lacerated from blunt force
trauma. She was also strangled. Because of all the injuries she sustained, it was not possible to
determine which one was the final injury, and no specific, singular cause of death was
determinable. Forensic testimony reflected that several of the injuries standing alone would have
each been fatal. Police were called several hours later; when they arrived, the child was entirely
stiff and in rigor.
6
Carson concluded that the child was like “Chucky” or “Pet Sematary” (horror movies)
when the “boy dies and comes back to life all evil and stuff” because the child was “biting Blaine
to where it was drawing blood on his hands.” After Milam returned to the child, he took a
picture of her and gave it to Carson. One of the child’s eyes was stretched and “like warped
down.” Carson heard horrible cries from the child as Milam was attempting the exorcism.
Once, he left the door open, and Milam told Carson the child ran out. Carson went into the back
bedroom, and Milam told her that the child was under the bed. Milam ordered Carson to leave
the bedroom. According to Carson, when she saw Amora, the child was not harmed. Milam told
Carson that God told him the child got the hammer and was hitting herself on the head. Carson,
acknowledging that she saw her child during this time, stated, “I saw her, but the first couple of
times, he didn’t -- I didn’t want to see her.” She thought it was not really her child, but the
“demon possessing her or whatever.” They placed the child in a car seat and drove to Wal-Mart.
Milam got out and went into Wal-Mart and Carson waited until he returned and drove back
home.
Carson and Milam agreed that he was tempted to sell his soul to the devil and thereby
gain the child’s release from the demonic possession. Milam finally said that might be required
of him, but Carson urged him not to be trapped by the devil that way. Milam agreed and went
back into the bedroom with the baby to resume the exorcism. When asked if Milam told her how
God had told him to actually do the final exorcism that sent the child to heaven, Carson answered
that he did not tell her, but that she did not ask. “I just let him go in there, and I heard the demon
cry out and scream out . . . . I heard a lot of banging.” At one point, Milam told Carson he used a
7
rope to tie up the child to still the demon. Carson told Milam she would rather the child “go to
heaven now than spend a life with Satan having her soul.” The child was left in a hole in the
bathroom floor. When the police came to investigate, Carson told the investigator that she and
Milam had been out on their property discussing where to put their new manufactured home.
According to her original story given to Ranger Kenny Ray, Carson and Milam woke up the
morning of the child’s death and, while the baby was sleeping, walked over to property where
they intended to put a manufactured home. After being gone for about two hours, when they
returned inside, the child was not in her playpen. They found the child in a hole in the bathroom
floor and attempted resuscitation efforts. She asked, “What kind of monster did this?” Later,
Carson admitted that she fabricated this story because “they wouldn’t believe us.” She was
afraid they would be sent to a mental institution or be arrested for murder. 4
Scientific evidence reveals that the child’s blood was found in various parts of the
manufactured home.
During the hours involved, Milam had taken the child to a back bedroom in their small
dwelling and wedged the door shut. The evidence would allow a jury to conclude that Carson
was necessarily aware of what was happening to the child, because she admitted hearing the
screams that accompanied such torture and because she saw the child’s deformed head after
some time had passed and heard the sounds caused by the blows.
There is evidence that Carson not only allowed Milam to take her infant child into the
other room, but that since the child was possessed by a demon, as Milam proclaimed, she
4
Milam was a registered sexual offender and Carson was in court the day Milam pled guilty to the sexual offense
and heard the discussion of sexual-offender registration.
8
actually encouraged him to do whatever was necessary to rid her of the demon. The evidence
shows that Carson was in the trailer the entire time and that there was blood spatter on the door
that she would necessarily have seen. She admitted going into the bedroom, but claims she was
then told by Milam that the demonic child was hiding under the bed before he sent Carson to the
other bedroom.
Carson admitted encouraging Milam to do what was necessary to save her baby’s soul
and reminding him that Amora was possessed by a demon so he would not feel bad about hurting
her. She also admitted seeing the marks made when Milam bit Amora—purportedly to stop the
child’s attacks against him with a kitchen knife. Carson testified that she talked to the child at
various points during the exorcism. She stated that she would
try to let her hear my voice. And it would be her for a little while, and then it
would start getting mean again. And then I was like, “Is it coming back?”
And he said “Yeah, it’s coming back,” and so I would just leave again,
and then he would leave, too.
It is clear that Carson agreed to the final round of the exorcism and that she saw the child
before it began—and sat and watched television until Milam was finished.
C. Criminal Responsibility
Carson argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove that she is criminally responsible
for the murder of the child.
“Criminal responsibility” is defined as follows:
(a) A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
conduct of another if:
....
9
(2) acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of
the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the
other person to commit the offense; or
(3) having a legal duty to prevent the commission of the
offense and acting with intent to promote or assist its commission, he fails
to make a reasonable effort to prevent commission of the offense.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a) (2)–(3) (West 2011).
1. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a) (2)
Traditional Criminal Responsibility as a Party
The traditional party responsibility is set out in Section 7.02(a) (2) of the Texas Penal
Code. It is true, as argued by Carson, that mere presence alone is not sufficient to support a
conviction as a party. When a party is not the “primary actor,” the State must prove conduct
constituting an offense, plus an act by the defendant done with the intent to promote or assist
such conduct. Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). But if the evidence
shows the defendant was physically present at the commission of the offense and encouraged its
commission by words or other agreement, the evidence is sufficient. Tarpley v. State, 565
S.W.2d 525, 529 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978); Hoang v. State, 263 S.W.3d 18, 22 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Proof of such an agreement often is by the actions of
the parties, shown by direct or circumstantial evidence to establish a common design to commit
the offense. Tarpley, 565 S.W.2d at 529. But in this case, Carson owed her child a legal duty of
protection, which activates another statutory manner of invoking criminal responsibility for the
conduct of another.
10
2. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a) (3)
Legal Duty Imposing Criminal Responsibility
A person commits capital murder if he or she intentionally or knowingly causes the death
of an individual under ten years of age. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b) (1) (West 2011),
§ 19.03(a) (8) (West Supp. 2012). A person acts knowingly or with knowledge with respect to a
result of his or her conduct when that person is aware that his or her conduct is reasonably
certain to cause the result. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(b) (West 2011).
Traditionally, proof of party responsibility is governed by Section 7.02(a) (2) of the
Texas Penal Code, which requires proof that the party acted with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense and that he or she solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted
to aid the other person to commit the offense. In this case, the jury was additionally charged that
Carson could be criminally responsible for the offense if she, “acting with intent to promote or
assist” the commission of the offense, failed to make a reasonable effort to prevent the
commission of the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a) (3).
The difference in the Section 7.02(a) (3) standard and the traditional party definition in
Section 7.02(a) (2) is that “fails to make a reasonable effort to prevent commission” substitutes
for the “solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid” language. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 7.02(a) (2)–(3). So, where a person has a legal duty to prevent commission of the offense, but
fails to make a reasonable effort to do so, responsibility as a party attaches if the evidence shows
that the person acted with intent to promote or assist in the commission of the offense; however,
it is not necessary to prove that he or she solicited, encouraged, directed, or aided in the
11
commission of the offense. Raspberry v. State, 757 S.W.2d 885, 887 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
1988, pet. ref’d) (“Section 7.02(a) (3) is concerned with situations in which a person may be
criminally responsible for the conduct of another by failing to act.”).
Here, Carson, as the mother of the victimized child, had a statutory duty to care for and
protect the child, which certainly would include preventing the child’s assault and ultimate
murder. The Texas Family Code provides:
(a) A parent of a child has the following rights and duties:
....
(2) the duty of care, control, protection, and reasonable
discipline of the child[.]
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 151.001 (West 2008).
Some evidence shows that Carson requested or at the very least encouraged Milam to
perform the exorcism. During the thirty-hour period of horrendous torment of the child, Carson
was present, and at one time, she saw a photograph of Amora showing abuse to the child’s face
and eye. The door was open at times. Even though Carson heard terrible cries from the child,
she did nothing to aid her. The blood traces revealed that the child had been in several rooms in
the manufactured home. Carson agreed that the child was possessed by the devil and encouraged
Milam not to fall prey to the tricks of the devil.
Carson told an investigator:
[T]he demon was trying to come after him and try to kill him or whatever, so he
pushed the demon away that was in Amora’s body, and he started crying
afterwards. He said he felt bad for it, because it was like he was pushing Amora.
I said, “Blaine,” I was like, “That is not Amora. That is somebody -- that is just
12
her body, and that’s some demon in there possessing her.” I was like, “You did
not push Amora. You pushed the demon.”
At some point, Carson and Milam drove to Wal-Mart and Carson was alone with the child, but
Carson did not examine or help the child. Instead, she waited for Milam to return.
The evidence allows the inference that Carson knew what Milam was doing to the child.
She saw a photograph taken by Milam of the child’s distorted head, heard her cries, and saw
some of the twenty-four separable bite marks. Carson knew that Milam had used a rope in his
actions toward the child. The evidence shows that not only did Carson not attempt to stop
Milam, she encouraged him to continue despite obvious physical injuries to her child. Finally,
no immediate call for emergency assistance was made.
After the event, Carson fabricated a story to the police. Investigation revealed a tube of
fake blood in the trailer and red stains on the sheetrock made from the fake blood. Finally,
Milam gave a recorded statement in which he stated that both he and Carson participated in the
acts together.
Carson violated her duty to protect the child by failing to take any action whatsoever to
prevent her murder. It was reasonable for a jury to infer that Carson was aware that her conduct
(failing to prevent commission of the offense) was reasonably certain to cause the result (death).
And, therefore, it is reasonable to conclude Carson acted with intent to promote or assist in the
commission of the offense by her total failure to prevent its commission when: (1) the injuries
were repeatedly inflicted over a long time-period, (2) the injuries were massive and ongoing,
(3) Carson was present for the entire lengthy duration of the torture and saw and heard the great
13
pain and distress of the child, and (4) Carson was alone with the child at times and in a position
to remove the child from the danger but took no action to prevent the commission of her murder.
This death did not occur in a moment of rage, but was a systematic infliction of torment and
suffering lasting over a two-day period. The repeated infliction of such extensive wounds to a
very small child was reasonably certain to cause death. The injuries were such that the forensic
examiner had never seen anything like it before. Almost every part of the child’s body was
abused and injured; the death occurred slowly and with excruciating pain.
A culpable mental state generally can be established only by inferences from the acts,
words, and conduct of the accused. Martin v. State, 246 S.W.3d 246, 263 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). The surrounding circumstances of this case, when viewed in a light
most favorable to the verdict, are legally sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that
Carson intended to promote or assist in the commission of this offense. The jury heard and
disregarded Carson’s testimony that this entire scenario was only an attempt to exorcise a demon
from a thirteen-month-old child. She had repeated opportunities over many hours to attempt to
protect the child, but she made no effort. Based on the entirety of the evidence before the jury,
the conclusion that Carson was responsible as a party is a reasonable deduction from the record
evidence. See Pumphrey v. State, No. 05-06-00726-CR, 2007 WL 2052159 (Tex. App.—Dallas
July 19, 2007, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication). While Pumphrey is not a reported
case and is, therefore, without precedential value, we agree with its reasoning.
The facts of Pumphrey are strikingly similar to those of this case. The victim in that case
was a five-year-old girl, and Pumphrey was married to the child’s mother. Pumphrey and the
14
mother were both convicted of murdering the child. On appeal, Pumphrey claimed that the
evidence established that the mother’s actions had killed the child and argued that the evidence
was insufficient to establish his guilt as a party to the offense. In overruling Pumphrey’s point of
error, the court reasoned as follows:
The evidence showed the child was severely and brutally beaten and whipped all
over her body in the weeks before she was taken to [the] hospital. The child’s
injuries would have been obvious to anyone that saw her. During this same time
period, appellant and Mother were the only people who saw the child. Appellant
admitted awareness of serious abuse inflicted by Mother and also admitted hitting
the child himself. Appellant also attempted to explain some of the child’s injuries
by claiming he had witnessed the child having sexual intercourse with a demon.
Additionally, neighbors had overheard appellant yelling from the apartment and
specifically telling Mother to do something about the child’s misbehavior.
Further, when the child stopped breathing, appellant did not call 911, and instead
waited until the unconscious child was dressed and Mother took a shower before
driving her to the hospital. We conclude there was legally sufficient evidence
from which the jury could infer appellant had the intent to promote or assist
Mother’s commission of the offense.
Id. at *3 (citation omitted).
D. Proof of “the Unknown Object”
Carson also argues that the allegations raised in the indictment are so far afield from the
jury charge that a fatal variance exists that requires reversal, citing McIver v. State, 555 S.W.2d
755 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977), as authority. In that case, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
held that when an indictment alleged a victim was killed by an instrument to the grand jury
unknown, the State was required to prove that the grand jury, after efforts to do so, was unable to
find out the type of instrument used. The court further held that the failure to offer such proof
constituted reversible error. Here, the indictment has multiple paragraphs alleging that the child
15
was murdered by striking with hands, with an object (the exact nature of which was unknown),
by striking the child against an object (the exact nature of which was unknown), and by
strangling her.
This theory advanced by Carson is known as the “Hicks” rule based on Hicks v. State,
860 S.W.2d 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). On appeal, Carson briefly argues that the State did not
meet its burden to show what inquiry the grand jury made in attempting to ascertain what object
was used to cause the child’s death. This is a case where the instrument of death was unknown
to the grand jury, and the jury was so charged.
This issue has recently been discussed by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in
Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In that case, the court withdrew a
lengthy opinion previously issued in October 2010 and substituted a new opinion. The newly
released opinion makes it clear that Hicks is no longer valid after Malik, 953 S.W.2d 234. In
Malik, it was determined that the sufficiency of the evidence would be “measured by the
elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.” Id. at
240. The court in Sanchez found that Malik rendered the Hicks rule defunct and expressly
overruled Hicks. Sanchez, 376 S.W.3d at 772. A nonessential element of the charge, an
immaterial variance, such as an allegation that the object used was unknown to the grand jury,
may be properly excluded from the hypothetically correct jury charge, and, therefore, a failure to
16
prove such does not render the evidence insufficient. See Fagan v. State, 89 S.W.3d 245, 249
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d). 5
E. Insufficient Evidence: Cause of Death
Carson next argues the evidence was insufficient to show that the child was strangled.
We disagree. There is evidence of petechial hemorrhages in her eye and hemorrhage or bleeding
in the soft tissue on the right side of her neck, and the forensic examiner testified that these
injuries are typical of strangulation. The evidence shows that strangulation was at least a
component of the general injuries to her body. Because of the extreme nature of the multiple
types of injuries highlighted above, it was not conclusively a cause of her death, but provided the
jury with sufficient evidence to conclude the child was strangled.
Further, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that in a capital murder case, if the
charge authorizes a jury to convict on more than one theory, the guilty verdict should be upheld
if evidence is sufficient on any theory. Martinez v. State, 129 S.W.3d 101, 106 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004). The evidence is without question sufficient to prove that the child was beaten to death in
one of several ways. Thus, even if the evidence of strangulation were insufficient, we would
find the evidence sufficient on other grounds. The contention of error is overruled.
5
Even if the Hicks rule still applied, it would provide Carson no relief. If the allegation is that the manner or means
of inflicting injury was unknown and the evidence at trial does not establish the type of weapon used, a prima facie
showing is made that the weapon was unknown to the grand jury. Hicks, 860 S.W.2d at 424. No allegation is made
that proper notice of the charges was not provided.
17
III. Mistake of Fact Jury Instruction
Carson next contends that the trial court erred by failing to submit her requested
instruction on mistake of fact. Mistake of fact is a statutory defense to prosecution. Section
8.02(a) of the Texas Penal Code states:
(a) It is a defense to prosecution that the actor through mistake formed
a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind of
culpability required for commission of the offense.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.02(a) (West 2011). Carson argues that because she testified Milam
had always acted with loving kindness toward Amora, there was sufficient evidence of a
“mistaken belief” about his behavior that negated her culpability to justify giving her requested
defensive instruction. A trial court must charge the jury fully and affirmatively on the law
applicable to every issue raised by the evidence. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West
2007). If evidence from any source raises a defensive theory, it must be included in the court’s
charge. Ferrel v. State, 55 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). However, the defendant is
only entitled to an instruction on the issue if there is some evidence (viewed in the light most
favorable to appellant) of the defensive theory. Id.; Render v. State, 347 S.W.3d 905, 922 (Tex.
App.—Eastland 2011, pet. ref’d). There is evidence that prior to this occurrence, Carson had no
reason to seriously anticipate Milam would act in such a monstrous fashion toward her child.
Her testimony was that he had always evinced a loving attitude toward Amora. This case,
however, does not consist of a single heinous act during a brief period of time with no reason to
anticipate its occurrence.
18
This series of events began with Milam telling Carson that Amora was possessed with a
demon. Without any further inquiry into such an unusual claim, Carson allowed Milam to
perform an exorcism. The facts have previously been discussed, but the evidence shows that
Carson was in the small manufactured home at all times during the infliction of injuries to her
child. She saw and heard the child numerous times as the exorcism/torture proceeded, but took
no action to investigate the welfare of her child. Carson and Milam drove to Wal-Mart during
the night, and she was alone with Amora, but did not further investigate the child. Even the
times that she did see Amora, the child’s face appeared stretched, warped, and distorted, which
should have notified Carson of the harm being inflicted. There is nothing to suggest that Carson
had any belief that Milam remained loving and caring in the face of the screams of her child—
for some thirty hours of torture. Entertaining such a belief after hours of abuse, but before death
was inflicted, would have been patently unreasonable. We are not amenable to the notion that
Carson can insulate herself from culpability for Milam’s acts because she believed he was
torturing Amora for the good of her child—to get the demon out of the child. Thus, any belief
Carson might have developed in that context is not reasonable and is, thus, outside the reach of
the defense. We find no evidence that would show a mistake of fact relevant to the actual events
of this case. Accordingly, we also find no error in refusing the requested instruction. The
contention of error is overruled.
IV. Lesser-Included Offense Jury Instructions
Carson next contends that the trial court erred by not providing the jury with requested
lesser-included offense instructions. She requested instructions on criminally negligent
19
homicide, reckless injury to a child, injury to a child through criminal negligence, and injury to a
child through omission. On appeal, she claims error because the court did not submit the
requested instruction on criminally negligent homicide and reckless injury to a child. 6
There is no evidence that Carson injured the child as a principal. Any liability Carson
has for the acts that ended her child’s life stems from her criminal responsibility for the actions
of another.
Carson’s position on appeal is that the lesser charge should have been given to the jury
because her behavior could possibly have been considered reckless or criminally negligent. An
offense is a lesser-included offense if:
(1) it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts
required to establish the commission of the offense charged;
(2) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest
suffices to establish its commission;
(3) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission; or
(4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an
otherwise included offense.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09 (West 2006).
6
The jury was charged on several bases—in each instance as a principal and a party.
• Capital murder: knowingly caused death by striking with hands, a blunt object (unknown) striking victim
against a blunt object (unknown) or strangling.
• Murder: in course of committing a felony, commits act clearly dangerous to human life that causes death.
• Injury to a Child: intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury to a child by one of the four
actions.
20
A defendant is entitled to a charge on a lesser offense if (1) the lesser offense is included
within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged, and (2) there is some evidence that
would permit the jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty, he or she is guilty only of
the lesser offense. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State,
188 S.W.3d 185, 188 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If a defendant either presents evidence that he or
she committed no offense or presents no evidence and there is no evidence otherwise showing
the defendant is guilty only of a lesser-included offense, then a charge on a lesser-included
offense is not required. Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 22–24 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Aguilar
v. State, 682 S.W.2d 556, 558 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). If evidence from any source raises the
issue of a lesser-included offense, a charge on that lesser offense must be included in the jury
charge, whether the evidence is introduced by the State or the defense and whether it is strong,
weak, impeached, or contradicted. Bell v. State, 693 S.W.2d 434, 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
Evidence raising the issue must be considered within the context of the evidence as a whole. See
Ramos v. State, 865 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
Further, the evidence must establish the lesser-included offense as a valid rational
alternative to the charged offense. Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 385 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012); Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 113 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). This means that the
evidence must allow a jury to rationally conclude that the defendant was guilty only of the lesser
offense. Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 385.
Each requested instruction involves the application of a lesser-culpable mental state,
either through criminal negligence or reckless behavior.
21
A person commits the offense of injury to a child by omission by intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly by omission causing a child serious bodily injury when the actor has a
legal or statutory duty to act. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.04(a), (b) (West Supp. 2012). A
person acts recklessly with respect to the result of his or her conduct when that person is aware
of, but consciously disregards, a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the result will occur. The
risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the
standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed
from the actor’s standpoint. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(c) (West 2011). If the offense is
committed recklessly, rather than intentionally or knowingly, it is a felony of the second degree.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.04(e) (West Supp. 2012).
It is not sufficient to raise the lesser offense if the jury may have simply disbelieved
crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense. There must be some evidence directly
germane to the lesser-included offense to warrant such an instruction. Skinner v. State, 956
S.W.2d 532, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). This standard is satisfied if some evidence refutes or
negates other evidence establishing the greater offense or if the evidence presented is subject to
different interpretations. Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recently reaffirmed that there are two ways that
evidence may indicate that a defendant is guilty of only the lesser offense. “First, evidence may
have been raised that refutes or negates other evidence establishing the greater offense. Second,
the evidence presented regarding the defendant’s awareness of the risk may be subject to two
different interpretations, in which case the jury should be instructed on both inferences.”
22
Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 385. This standard is couched in the alternatives, and both alternatives
are present here.
A primary issue here was whether Carson acted with an intention to promote or assist in
the death of the child or whether she was a supremely inferior mother who, being aware of the
danger to the child, recklessly abdicated her responsibility and, for whatever reason (such as total
dominance by Milam), merely stood by while her child was being assaulted. Under the jury
charge given, the jury was not allowed to consider if Carson acted recklessly, but was only asked
whether Carson, individually or as a party, knowingly killed her child or acted intentionally or
knowingly to seriously injure her.
Without question, Carson, as the mother of the child, had a legal duty to act to protect her
child. She did nothing to prevent the murder of the child; thus, the only remaining question is
whether there is any evidence that Carson acted recklessly rather than intentionally or
knowingly. In other words, was she aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk of injury to her
child (a risk so substantial that to disregard it would be a gross deviation from the standard of
care) that she consciously disregarded. The State argues that the requested instructions were not
necessary because no rational jury could have determined that she should have been aware of the
risk but consciously disregarded it. Carson did not admit that she consciously disregarded a
substantial risk to the child, but other evidence raises that issue:
• Carson had become submissive to Milam and professed an unwarranted belief
that he loved both her and her child and would not harm them;
• Milam controlled Carson and insisted that she cut all ties with her family and
friends;
23
• Carson testified she thought the “exorcism” would be helpful to and heal her
child; and
• Carson admitted she knew Milam was a registered sex offender, heard horrible
cries from the child, saw the child’s face in a deformed condition, and still
allowed Milam to continue with the exorcism. Traces of the child’s blood were
found in various parts of the house.
From this evidence, the jury could have concluded that even though Carson originally
thought that the exorcism would be helpful to the child, after she heard the cries and saw the
distorted face of her child, she became aware that Milam posed a substantial and unjustifiable
risk of injury to the child, but instead of confronting Milam, she consciously disregarded that risk
and allowed Milam to proceed. She omitted taking any action that could have prevented further
assault of the child. A jury could have rationally concluded that Carson acted recklessly by
omission when she had a legal duty to act.
The nature of Carson’s culpability cannot conclusively be established––whether she acted
intentionally or knowingly or whether she recklessly disregarded the substantial risk that Milam
had become to her daughter. It is not our role to determine the credibility of this evidence, but
neither is it the role of the trial court—that is reserved for the jury. Since this issue was raised by
the evidence, it was error to refuse the lesser charge of reckless injury to a child by omission.
V. Error Analysis
In an Almanza analysis, as the claim of error was preserved, we look only to see if there
is some harm to Carson as a result of the error. Having found error in the trial court’s jury
charge, we evaluate the record to determine whether Carson was harmed. Hamel v. State, 916
S.W.2d 491, 494 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim.
24
Ohio App. 1984)). When the defendant raises a proper objection at trial, reversal is required if the
error is reasonably expected to harm the defendant. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171
(Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g); Aguilar v. State, 914 S.W.2d 649, 651 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 1996, no pet.). The presence of any harm, regardless of degree, is sufficient to
require reversal. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). With no burden
of proof, our determination is made simply from a review of the record. See Warner v. State,
245 S.W.3d 458, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 750 n.48 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005). The defendant must have suffered some actual, rather than theoretical, harm
from the error. Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
The jury was instructed on the law of capital murder (knowingly caused the death of
Amora, a child under six years of age); murder (intentionally or knowingly attempted to commit
a felony, to-wit: injury to a child—an act clearly dangerous to human life that caused the death
of Amora); and injury to a child (knowingly caused serious bodily injury to Amora). The capital
murder charge requires a finding that Carson acted knowingly; the murder charge requires that
Carson acted intentionally or knowingly; the injury to a child charge requires a finding that her
action was done knowingly. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that an error in
failing to submit a lesser-included charge may not be harmful if an intervening lesser-offense
instruction was given to the jury and the jury rejected it. Masterson v. State, 155 S.W.3d 167,
171–72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (court can conclude intervening offense instruction renders
charge error harmless if jury’s rejection of intervening offense indicates jury legitimately
believed defendant guilty of greater, charged offense).
25
The State argues that if error occurred, it is harmless based on this rationale. The
Masterson case recognized that harm might result from denying lesser-offense instructions if the
jury is placed in the dilemma of either convicting the defendant of the greater charge or
acquitting her. Id. at 171. The intervening lesser charge serves as a possible compromise which
would hold the defendant accountable even if the jury rejected the greater offense. This is not
true in every instance since the charged intervening offense may be the least plausible
alternative, but if the court concludes that the rejection of an intervening charge demonstrates the
jury legitimately believed the defendant was guilty of the greater charge, the failure to instruct
the jury on the additional lesser charge may be harmless error. Id.
In most of the cited cases, the lesser offense that was rejected by the jury involved a
lesser mens rea requirement. Saunders v. State, 913 S.W.2d 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (jury
rejected lesser offense of involuntary manslaughter (recklessness) so unnecessary to submit
negligent homicide); see also Orona v. State, 341 S.W.3d 452 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no
pet.); Stafford v. State, 248 S.W.3d 400 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, pet. ref’d); Levan v. State,
93 S.W.3d 581 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2002, pet. ref’d).
But not always. In Partida v. State, 279 S.W.3d 801 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2007, pet.
ref’d), the defendant was charged with aggravated assault of a public servant. TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 22.02(b) (2) (A) (West 2011). Partida requested a charge of recklessly committing
deadly conduct, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.05(a) (West 2011), but was only given the
lesser charge of knowingly committing deadly conduct, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.05(b)
(1)–(2) (West 2011). Partida, 279 S.W.3d at 804. The Amarillo court found that the jury’s
26
rejection of the lesser offense showed that the jury had no reservation about Partida’s guilt of the
greater offense.
Here, the jury had three options:
(1) Capital murder–knowingly cause death–(being reasonably certain her conduct
would result in death of the child)
(2) Murder–by knowingly committing or attempting to commit the felony offense of
Injury to a Child and in such action committing or attempting to commit an act clearly
dangerous to human life.
(3) Injury to a child–knowingly causing serious bodily injury
Carson testified that she had no intention to harm the child and did not think Milam
would do so. The jury was not placed in a position of either convicting Carson of capital murder
or acquiting her. If Carson’s testimony had been believed by the jury, she would not have been
guilty of intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly committing any offense whatsoever. Here, the
jury had the opportunity to consider whether her conduct was something less than a showing that
Carson was reasonably certain her conduct would cause the death of the child. As suggested in
Masterson, a compromise was available had the jury had an inclination that the evidence did not
rise to the level required for capital murder. Had the jury thought Carson was not reasonably
certain her actions would result in the death of the child, it could have found that she only
intended to commit an injury to the child and that her action was clearly dangerous to life and
found her guilty of murder only. Further, if the jury had been convinced that the only offense
was injury to a child without the added element of committing a clearly dangerous act, it could
have found her guilty of the lesser offense of injury to a child, a first degree felony.
27
When the jury was selected, it was made abundantly clear that murder was an offense the
law considered to be lesser than capital murder. This being a capital murder case where the State
had waived the death penalty possibility, the jury was informed by the trial judge that if Carson
was convicted, the only punishment option was life without parole. The trial judge also
explained that a conviction for murder did not involve the possibility of life without parole. The
jury was informed that the offense of murder had a punishment range of five years to ninety-nine
years or life imprisonment. By its verdict in rejecting consideration of either of the lesser-
included charges, the jury manifested its clear and legitimate belief that Carson was guilty of the
greater offense, capital murder. Under such circumstances, we find the error was harmless.
VI. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Carson next contends that her assessed punishment of life without possibility of parole
violates the United States and Texas Constitutions as cruel and unusual punishment—violative of
the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses.
To preserve error for appellate review, a defendant must make a timely, specific
objection and obtain a ruling from the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. This requirement applies
even to assertions that a sentence is cruel and unusual. Richardson v. State, 328 S.W.3d 61, 72
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Solis v. State, 945 S.W.2d 300, 301 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d); Jackson v. State, 989 S.W.2d 842, 844 n.3 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.); Henderson v. State, 962 S.W.2d 544, 558 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997)).
28
In this case, there was no objection on that basis at trial, and it was not raised by motion
for new trial. In such a case, the issue is not preserved for our review. The contention of error is
overruled.
The trial court erred in failing to submit a properly raised lesser-included charge.
However, we find the error harmless.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: May 15, 2012
Date Decided: February 1, 2013
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