Ex Parte Cresencio Zantos-Cuebas

Opinion issued February 25, 2014
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-13-00958-CR
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EX PARTE CRESENCIO ZANTOS-CUEBAS, Appellant
On Appeal from the County Court
Grimes County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 24,581
DISSENTING OPINION
I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority’s understanding and
application of the appropriate standard of review in this appeal from the denial of
an application for a writ of habeas corpus. Finding no grounds for issuance of a
writ of habeas corpus in this case, no grounds for vacating the underlying order of
the trial court deferring adjudication and placing appellant, Cresencio Zantos-
Cuebas, on community supervision, as sought by appellant, and no legal authority
that supports the ruling of the majority reversing the trial court’s order and
remanding the case for “entry of a written order including findings of fact and
conclusions of law,” I would affirm the trial court’s order denying habeas corpus
relief.
Background
Appellant appeared without counsel before the County Court of Grimes
County and pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor offense of terroristic threat towards
a person with whom he had a dating relationship. The clerk’s record reflects that
the court admonished appellant about his constitutional rights in accordance with
Code of Criminal Procedure article 26.13. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
26.13(a), (d) (Vernon Supp. 2013) (stating required information about which trial
court must admonish defendant, including fact that guilty plea may have
immigration consequences, and providing that admonishments may be made orally
or in writing). The admonishments, printed in English and entitled “Written
Admonishments with Defendant’s Written Waiver of Rights and Stipulation of
Evidence,” recited that, after the case was called to trial, appellant appeared in
person and waived his right to counsel and “[t]he Court proceeded to admonish the
Defendant pursuant to Art. 26.13 T.C.C.P. . . .”
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The admonishments then recited the consequences of a guilty plea, including
the punishment range for a Class A misdemeanor. Critically, the admonishments
included a paragraph that stated:
CITIZENSHIP: If you are not a citizen of the United States of
America, a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to this offense may result
in your deportation, exclusion from entry into this country, or the
denial of naturalization under federal law.
The admonishments also listed appellant’s constitutional rights, including the right
to counsel, the right to appointment of counsel at no cost to him if he could not
afford counsel, the right to a jury trial, the right to confront witnesses, the right not
to incriminate himself, and the right to have time to prepare for trial. The
admonishments were dated and signed by the trial court.
The following document, titled “Stipulations of Evidence, Waiver of Rights
and Judicial Confession,” was signed by appellant. It stated,
Having all the foregoing fully explained by the Court and after having
the Court admonish the Defendant of the consequences of the waiver
and plea, the Defendant hereby waives the above rights and hereby
enters a plea of GUILTY/NOLO CONTENDERE and further makes
the following judicial admissions . . . .
The document identified appellant as the defendant and the charge against him as
“Terroristic Threat-F[amily] V[iolence].” It then stated,
It is my desire to enter a plea of GUILTY/NOLO CONTENDERE
in the foregoing named and numbered cause. In doing so I wish to
waive the following: 1. My right to a trial by jury; 2. The appearance,
cross examination, and confrontation of witnesses . . . .
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The “Stipulations of Evidence, Waiver of Rights and Judicial Confession” recited
appellant’s acknowledgement that he understood his right to counsel and was
waiving it. It also recited his consent to the use of documentary evidence,
including the stipulations, as testimony in support of the judgment of the court.
The document stated, “I have read the foregoing and had the same explained to me
by the Judge of this Court” and “I enter my plea uninfluenced by any consideration
of fear . . . .” The “Stipulations of Evidence, Waiver of Rights and Judicial
Confession” was signed and sworn to by appellant, signed by the prosecutor, and
signed by the trial court.
The trial court accordingly entered an “Order Deferring Adjudication of
Guilt and Placing Defendant on Community Supervision.” This order included the
following recital: “The defendant was admonished by the Court of the
consequences of said plea yet the defendant persisted in pleading as aforesaid.”
The order was signed by both appellant and the trial court. The trial court placed
appellant on deferred adjudication community supervision and imposed a $400
fine.
Appellant is not a United States citizen. After entry of the trial court’s order
imposing community supervision, United States Immigration and Customs
Enforcement officials detained him and initiated removal proceedings.
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He subsequently filed an application for habeas corpus relief in the trial
court. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.072, § 2(a) (Vernon Supp. 2013)
(permitting application for writ of habeas corpus challenging legal validity of order
in which trial court imposes community supervision). He contended that his guilty
plea was involuntary because he does not understand English, and, therefore, his
constitutional rights were not adequately explained to him, and he did not
knowingly and intelligently waive those rights when he pleaded guilty. He sought
to withdraw his guilty plea and prayed that the trial court vacate its order placing
him on community supervision.
Specifically, in his application for habeas corpus relief, appellant alleged for
the first time in the proceedings that he does not “speak or write the English
language.” He provided his sworn declaration stating that, at the time he pleaded
guilty, he was accompanied by a seventeen-year-old friend, Lesli Sanchez, who
acted as his interpreter. However, he alleged that nobody translated the
admonishments about his constitutional rights that he signed and that Sanchez did
not translate anything concerning the immigration consequences of his guilty plea.
He also provided Sanchez’s affidavit, which supported his allegations.
On a filed copy of Sanchez’s affidavit, the trial court wrote, “I do not deal
with anything about citizenship, deportation or anything involving immigration.”
The court signed this statement and entered a separate order denying habeas corpus
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relief upon finding appellant to be “manifestly entitled to no such relief” and his
petition for habeas corpus to be frivolous. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
11.072, § 7(a).
The trial court’s written order denying appellant’s application for writ of
habeas corpus stated,
On this date, the Court considered Defendant’s application for
Writ of Habeas Corpus.
The Court finds that the Applicant is manifestly entitled to no
such relief and that such Application is frivolous and should be
denied.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant’s
Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus is DENIED.
IT IS ORDERED THAT all relief requested in this case not
expressly granted is denied.
The majority now reverses this order and remands the case “for the entry of a
written order including findings of fact and conclusions of law.” I would affirm
the trial court’s order.
Analysis
A. Standard of Review of Habeas Corpus
A trial court’s ruling on an application for habeas corpus is reviewed for a
clear abuse of discretion. Kniatt v. State, 206 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding
rules or principles. Lyles v. State, 850 S.W.2d 497, 502 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993);
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The appellate
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court “must review the record evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling and must uphold that ruling absent an abuse of discretion.” Kniatt,
206 S.W.3d at 664. In reviewing the trial court’s order denying habeas corpus
relief, the appellate court affords “almost total deference to the judge’s
determination of the historical facts that are supported by the record, especially
when the fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Ex
parte Wilson, 171 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.); see also Ex
parte Mello, 355 S.W.3d 827, 832 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. ref’d) (“This
deferential review applies even when the findings are based on affidavits rather
than live testimony.”); Phuong Anh Thi Le v. State, 300 S.W.3d 324, 327 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (holding that, in reviewing trial court’s
ruling on habeas corpus petition, reviewing court must defer to all of trial court’s
implied factual findings supported by record). The appellate court “will sustain the
lower court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any
theory of law applicable to the case.” State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006).
One who seeks habeas corpus relief based on an involuntary guilty plea has
the burden of showing that his plea was involuntary by a preponderance of the
evidence. Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at 664. “Waivers of constitutional rights not only
must be voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent acts done with sufficient
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awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.” Brady v.
United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 1469 (1970). “[T]he record must
affirmatively disclose that a defendant who pleaded guilty entered his plea
understandingly and voluntarily.” Id. at 747 n.4, 90 S. Ct. at 1468 n.4. A person
attacking the validity of his prior guilty plea as that plea is reflected in the written
judgment “bears the burden of defeating the normal presumption that recitals in the
written judgment are correct. Those written recitals are ‘binding in the absence of
direct proof of their falsity.’” State v. Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d 576, 583 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013) (quoting Breazeale v. State, 683 S.W.2d 446, 450 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984)). A defendant’s sworn representation in a plea proceeding that his waiver of
counsel and guilty plea are knowing, intelligent, and voluntary “constitute[s] a
formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceedings,” such as an
application for habeas corpus. Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at 664 (quoting Blackledge v.
Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 73–74, 97 S. Ct. 1621, 1629 (1977)).
B. Application of Standard of Review
Here, appellant signed admonishments at the plea proceeding which stated
that the rights he was waiving had been “fully explained by the Court.” These
included his acknowledgement that he knew that one of the consequences of his
waiver and guilty plea was that his plea could result in his removal from the
country if he was not a citizen. Appellant knew he was not a citizen. He gave no
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indication to anyone that he did not understand what he was signing. To the
contrary, he expressly acknowledged that he understood his rights to counsel and
to a trial by jury, that he had read the stipulations and consented to their use as
evidence against him, that they had been explained to him by the trial court, and
that he had entered his plea without “any consideration of fear.” Appellant swore
to these stipulations and acknowledgements and was placed on community
supervision pursuant to the trial court’s order deferring adjudication. He then
repudiated these acknowledgements in his habeas corpus petition.
There is no indication whatsoever in the record that at any point during the
plea proceedings appellant complained that he did not know what he was signing,
that he did not understand the admonishments he received or the consequences of
his plea, or that he sought the appointment of counsel, a court-appointed
interpreter, or more time to make a decision concerning his plea. Nothing in the
record of appellant’s plea proceedings reflects his purported inability to speak,
read, and understand English; nothing reflects any objection made by appellant to
the proceedings; and appellant’s signature on the plea paperwork acknowledges
that the court “fully explained,” inter alia, that a guilty plea might result in his
deportation, exclusion from entry into this country, or the denial of naturalization
under federal law. To the contrary, the “Stipulations of Evidence, Waiver of
Rights and Judicial Confession” expressly reflect appellant’s understanding at the
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time he entered his plea that he was entitled to counsel, that his plea was not
coerced, and that he understood that, as a result of his guilty plea, he could face
removal from the country. Thus, the record affirmatively reflects that appellant
was fully accorded his rights and, with full understanding of what he was doing,
voluntarily chose to plead guilty to the offense of terroristic threat rather than face
trial before a jury.
The only evidence appellant provided to the trial court to support his claim
that at the time of his guilty plea he did not speak or read English and did not know
what he was signing consisted of the two after-the-fact affidavits attached to his
habeas corpus application: his own self-serving sworn declaration and the affidavit
of a friend, Sanchez, who accompanied him to trial to interpret for him. Appellant
and Sanchez both aver that Sanchez did not translate or explain the admonishments
and waivers appellant signed.
I would hold that appellant entirely failed to overcome the barrier of his
sworn waivers and acknowledgements. The written recitals appellant signed “are
binding in the absence of direct proof of their falsity.” Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d at
583; see also Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at 664 (stating that defendant’s sworn
representation that his waiver of counsel and guilty plea are knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary constitutes “a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral
proceeding”).
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Here, the only evidence that these waivers and stipulations were false was
appellant’s own sworn declaration that he did not and does not understand English
and Sanchez’s affidavit, both of which were attached to his application for habeas
corpus. Trial courts have discretion to discount factual assertions in an affidavit by
an interested party that could not have been readily controverted. See Charles v.
State, 146 S.W.3d 204, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004), superseded by rule on other
grounds as stated in State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Moreover, trial courts generally are not required to believe factual statements
contained within an affidavit, even when those statements are uncontradicted by
other affidavits. See Shanklin v. State, 190 S.W.3d 154, 167 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2005, pet. dism’d) (holding so in motion-for-new-trial context); see also
State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (stating, in motion to
suppress context, “[T]he judge may believe or disbelieve all or any part of a
witness’s testimony, even if that testimony is not controverted”).
Appellant’s and Sanchez’s after-the-fact, out-of-court averrals about
appellant’s ability to understand the proceedings and waivers he signed were
untimely factual statements in appellant’s self-interest. Even though the State did
not offer affidavits to controvert appellant’s and Sanchez’s affidavits, it was within
the trial court’s discretion to disbelieve the assertions contained in those affidavits
that appellant does not read or speak English. See Charles, 146 S.W.3d at 210;
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Shanklin, 190 S.W.3d at 167; see also Phuong Anh Thi Le, 300 S.W.3d at 327
(holding that appellate court must defer to all implied factual findings supported by
record). The trial court, and not this Court, is in the best position to have
determined whether appellant understood what he was signing at the time he
entered his plea. See Ex parte Wilson, 171 S.W.3d at 928 (requiring almost total
deference to trial court’s determination of historical facts); see also Ex parte Mello,
355 S.W.3d at 832 (applying deferential review to findings based on affidavits).
I agree with the trial court that appellant has failed to carry his burden of
showing by a preponderance of the evidence that his guilty plea was involuntary
because he did not understand the admonishments he signed, he did not understand
that his judicial confession could subject him to removal proceedings, and he was
coerced into waiving his constitutional rights and pleading guilty to the offense
with which he was charged. See Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d at 583; Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d
at 664. The record reflects that appellant acknowledged by his signature that he
was warned of the potential for adverse immigration consequences of his plea both
in writing and by the trial court, and he acknowledged that he had an interpreter of
his choice present to translate anything in the admonishments and waivers that he
did not understand. He did not seek to postpone the proceedings because of his
lack of understanding, and he did not request that the trial court appoint a certified
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interpreter to translate the admonishments for him. 1 The record reflects that he did
not indicate his dissatisfaction with Sanchez’s alleged translation of his plea
paperwork until the habeas corpus proceeding. In my view, appellant did not
surmount the barrier posed by his sworn representation that his waiver of counsel
and guilty plea were knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. See Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d
at 664–65. I would, therefore, hold appellant to the statements in the waivers and
stipulations made at the time of his guilty plea as binding. See Guerrero, 400
S.W.3d at 583.
I would also hold that the trial court correctly denied appellant’s petition for
habeas corpus relief on the ground that he was “manifestly entitled to no such
relief” and found it frivolous. I would overrule appellant’s sole issue.
C. Majority’s “De Novo” Standard of Review
The majority, however, applies a different understanding of the appropriate
standard of review of habeas corpus orders and, accordingly, discounts the effect
of the waivers and stipulations signed by appellant. The majority opines,
“If the court determines from the face of an application [for habeas
corpus] or documents attached to the application that the applicant is
manifestly entitled to no relief, the court shall enter a written order
denying the application as frivolous.” Otherwise, a second procedure
1
The majority opines that Sanchez is not a licensed court interpreter. Slip Op. at 5
(citing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 57.001 (Vernon 2013) (defining “licensed court
interpreter”)). Neither appellant nor the majority makes any legal argument that a
licensed court interpreter is required to translate for a criminal defendant.
Therefore, this issue is not properly before the Court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
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applies, and the trial court cannot rule on the application without
entering findings of fact and conclusions of law . . . .
Slip Op. at 8 (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.072, §7(a)). In the
majority’s view, this case falls in the “other” category because, upon conducting its
own de novo review of the application—rather than reviewing the trial court’s
order for an abuse of discretion, as required by Texas law—it disagrees with the
trial court’s finding that appellant was manifestly not entitled to habeas corpus
relief and that his application was frivolous.
In applying its de novo standard of review and reaching its conclusion, the
majority does not address whether the trial court abused its discretion in light of
evidence in the record. See Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at 664 (setting out discretionary
standard of review of order denying habeas corpus). Nor does the majority give
weight to the trial court’s statutory right to rely on its own personal recollection of
the prior proceedings in making its determination of whether habeas corpus relief
should be granted. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.072 § 6(b). Thus, the
majority fails to consider the stipulations and waivers in the record, or any of the
documents in the record other than appellant’s and Sanchez’s affidavits, which
appellant attached to his application for writ of habeas corpus. Cf. Kniatt, 206
S.W.3d at 664 (holding that appellate court reviewing trial court’s habeas corpus
ruling must review record evidence in light most favorable to ruling and uphold
ruling absent abuse of discretion); Phuong Anh Thi Le, 300 S.W.3d at 327
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(requiring that reviewing court defer to all of trial court’s implied factual findings
supported by record); Ex parte Wilson, 171 S.W.3d at 928 (requiring almost total
deference to judge’s determination of historical facts supported by record).
Consequently, the majority fails to consider the trial court’s factual determinations
made at the time appellant pleaded guilty.
The majority assumes that determining that appellant was “manifestly
entitled to no relief” did not involve evaluating the credibility of witnesses, the
record of the plea proceedings, or the trial court’s personal recollection of the case.
See Slip Op. at 8. But, in analyzing appellant’s habeas corpus application and the
supporting documents, including appellant’s and Sanchez’s affidavits, in reviewing
the record, and in determining that appellant’s application was frivolous, the trial
court necessarily had to make implied credibility determinations. Reviewing
courts afford great deference to trial court findings based on credibility and
demeanor. Ex parte Roberts, 409 S.W.3d 759, 762 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2013, no pet.); see also Ex parte Peterson, 117 S.W.3d 804, 819 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003) (“[R]eviewing courts should also grant deference to ‘implicit factual
findings’ that support the trial court’s ultimate ruling . . . .”), overruled on other
grounds by Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The majority
affords no deference to these necessarily implied findings. Rather, it requires the
trial court’s findings to be made in writing on remand.
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I disagree with the majority’s opinion that neither this Court nor the trial
court was required “to determine the truth or falsity of factual allegations made [in
the application for a writ of habeas corpus] but only to apply the law to the facts as
depicted in the application and accompanying documents.” Slip Op. at 8–9. Nor
do I agree with its opinion that both the trial court and this Court are required to
assume the veracity of the facts as stated in the application and to determine
whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Slip Op. at 8–9. Nor
do I agree with the majority’s ruling that the trial court erred in concluding that
appellant was manifestly entitled to no habeas corpus relief and that his application
was frivolous. Slip Op. at 14.
In sum, I cannot agree with the majority’s understanding of the standard of
review of an application for writ of habeas corpus, its reasoning in this case, or its
holding reversing the trial court’s order and remanding the case for “entry of a
written order including findings of fact and conclusions of law.”
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Conclusion
I would review the trial court’s order denying appellant’s application for a
writ of habeas corpus under the standard of review set out in this dissenting
opinion, and I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Evelyn V. Keyes
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.
Justice Keyes, dissenting.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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