DocketNumber： NO. 03-15-00252-CV
Citation Numbers： 497 S.W.3d 169, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 6441, 2016 WL 3391144
Judges： Bourland, Goodwin, Puryear
Filed Date： 6/17/2016
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
OPINION
Our opinion and judgment issued , on February 26, 2016, are withdrawn, and the following opinion is substituted. The Dental Groups’ motion for rehearing is denied.
The State initiated an enforcement action against the Dental Groups under the Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act alleging that the Dental Groups engaged in various unlawful acts and seeking to impose civil penalties. In response, the Dental Groups filed counterclaims against the State and also filed third-party claims against Xerox. Subsequent to the Dental Groups filing their counterclaims and third-party claims, the State filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting that the Dental Groups’ counterclaims against the State were barred by sovereign immunity. In addition, the State filed a motion to dismiss the Dental Groups’ third-party claims against Xerox. After considering the State’s requests along with the Dental Groups’ responses, the district court granted the State’s plea and the State’s motion to dismiss. Shortly after the district court made its rulings, the Dental Groups filed an interlocutory appeal challenging both rulings. Further, although Xerox is an appellee in this case, it also filed appellate briefing challenging the district court’s decision to dismiss the claims against Xerox. We will affirm the portion of the district court’s order dismissing the Dental Groups’ counterclaims against the State, and we will dismiss for want of jurisdiction the Dental Groups’ issue urging that the district court should not have dismissed their third-party claims against Xerox.
GOVERNING LAW
Before delving into the facts underlying this case, we provide a brief overview of the relevant statutes and regulations pertaining to this appeal This appeal stems from orthodontic services that were provided to Texas citizens and paid for by Texas Medicaid. See Tex. Hum. Res.Code § 32.001 (explaining that purpose of Medicaid is to “enable the state to provide medical assistance on. behalf of needy individuals and to enable the state to obtain all benefits for those persons authorized” by federal law); see also Hawkins v. Dallas Cty. Hosp. Dist., 150 S.W.3d 535, 536 (Tex.App.-Austin 2004, no pet.) (stating that “Medicaid is a federal-state assistance program, run by state governments within federal guidelines, that pays for health care services provided to eligible recipients—low-income people of any age—from federal, state, and local tax funds” (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396-1396v)). In general, “[ojrthodontic services for cosmetic reasons only are not a covered Medicaid service,” but Medicaid can be used for the “treatment of severe handicapping malocclusion and other related conditions as described and measured by the” Texas Medicaid Provider Procedures Manual. 25 Tex. Admin. Code § 33.71(a) (2015) (Tex. Dep’t of State Health Servs., Orthodontic Servs., and Prior Authorization); see also id. § 33.2(8) (2015) (Tex. Dep’t of State Health Servs., Definitions) (describing what services are medically necessary and explaining that services are not medically
Moreover, the Provider Manual in effect during the relevant time specified that “[p]roviders are responsible for obtaining authorization' for a complete orthodontic treatment plan.” Id. In addition, the Provider Manual explained that when submitting a claim for reimbursement, “the provider certifies” that, among other things, “[t]he information on the claim form is true, accurate, and complete” and that the treatment is medically necessary. Id. § 2.2.7; see also id. § 2.3 (requiring provider to maintain “a current understanding of the requirements for participation in the Texas Medicaid Program”). Furthermore, the Provider Manual warned that providers who submit “a false statement or misrepresentation, or omit[] pertinent facts” in order to “obtain greater compensation” or “to meet prior authorization requirements” are “subject to review, fraud referral, and/or administrative sanctions.” Id. § 2.3.
To ensure compliance with the various Medicaid requirements and to prevent the improper depletion of Medicaid funds, several enforcement mechanisms have been created. See, e.g., Tex. Penal Code § 35A.02 (criminalizing, among other activities, making false statement or misrepresentation to receive benefit from Medicaid program); 1 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 371.1601-.1719 (2015) (Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Medicaid & Other Health & Human Servs. Fraud & Abuse Program Integrity) (authorizing Office of Inspector General of Health and Human Services Commission to bring administrative enforcement proceeding against service providers). The enforcement mechanisms at issue in this case are found in the Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act (the “Act”). See Tex. Hum. Res.Code §§ 36.001-.132.
The attorney general, acting on behalf of the State, initiated an enforcement action under the Act against the Dental Groups who provided services to Medicaid patients over an extended period of time,
In response to the State’s enforcement action, the Dental Groups filed counterclaims against the State as well as third-party claims against Xerox. During the time relevant to this appeal, the State entered into a contract with Xerox under which Xerox had the responsibility to, among other duties, review the prior-authorization requests submitted by providers seeking to perform and to be reimbursed for orthodontic services.
Regarding their third-party claims against Xerox, the Dental Groups alleged that Xerox committed fraud by making false representations to the Dental Groups when it issued the “prior authorization approvals” that the Dental Groups relied on. In addition, the Dental Groups argued that Xerox breached its contract with the State by failing to thoroughly review the prior-authorization requests and that this breach injured the Dental Groups, who were third-party beneficiaries to the contract. Further, the Dental Groups alleged that Xerox’s actions “constitute^] promissory estoppel” because the Dental Groups “reasonably, substantially, and foreseeably relied on Xerox’s promises” that the prior authorizations were proper. Moreover, the Dental Groups urged that Xerox’s “actions constitute^] negligent hiring and/or negligent supervision” because Xerox was required to but did not hire “a licensed dentist to render a diagnosis regarding medical necessity,” The Dental Groups also asserted that Xerox’s failure to hire qualified staff to review the prior-authorization requests was negligent and grossly negligent and that Xerox made negligent misrepresentations to the Dental Groups by representing “that Xerox’s prior authorization approvals were dispositive of medical necessity” even though “Xerox knew or should have known that its representations were false.” Finally, the Dental Groups made a “[c]laim for contribution from Xerox” in the event that the district court awards “damages that represent any ... recovery by the State against” the Dental Groups,
Subsequent to the Dental Groups filing their counterclaims as well as their third-party claims against Xerox, the State filed a joint plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss the third-party claims. Specifically, the State argued that the Dental Groups’ counterclaims against the State are barred by sovereign immunity. In addition, the State urged that the Dental Groups’ third-party claims should be dismissed because the Act “does not authorize a defendant to bring a third party claim” or because the claims “have no basis in law or fact.” Alternatively, the State alleged that even if the Act permitted third-party claims, the Dental Groups’ third-party claims against Xerox are “still barred by sovereign immunity.”
After considering the State’s joint plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss as well as the Dental Groups’ responsive filings, the district court issued an order granting the State’s plea and motion to dismiss. In particular, the district court dismissed with prejudice the Dental Groups’ counterclaims against the State because those counterclaims are barred by sovereign immunity and dismissed the Dental Groups’ third-party claims against Xerox because the Act does not authorize third-party claims. In its order, the district court explained that “the State is
The Dental Groups appeal the district court’s order and argue in two issues that the district court erred by dismissing their counterclaims and their third-party claims.
DISCUSSION
Dismissal of the Dental Groups’ Counterclaims
In their first issue on appeal, the Dental Groups contend that the district court erred by granting the State’s plea to the jurisdiction and by dismissing their counterclaims against the State because those counterclaims are not barred by sovereign immunity.
“Absent legislative waiver, sovereign immunity deprives Texas courts of subject-matter jurisdiction over any suit against” the State. Risk Mgmt. Strategies, Inc. v. Texas Workforce Comm’n, 464 S.W.3d 864, 868 (Tex.App.-Austin 2015, pet. dism’d); see University of Tex. at Austin v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 115 (Tex.2010) (per curiam) (stating that “[i]n general, the State of Texas retains sovereign immunity from suit”). “The Legislature may consent to suits against [it] by statute or by resolution.” Risk Mgrnt. Strategies, 464 S.W.3d at 868. Sovereign immunity is properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction because it deprives a court of subject-matter jurisdiction. Harris Cty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex.2004). Determining “[wjhether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law, which we review de novo, when disputed facts relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry are not presented.” Risk Mgmt. Strategies, 464 S.W.3d at 868.
When resolving the jurisdictional inquiry in this case, we have to construe various provisions of the Act. Statutory construction is a question of law that we review de novo. See Railroad Comm’n v. Texas Citizens for a Safe Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 624 (Tex.2011). When performing that task, “the primary objective is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the statute’s language.” Galbraith Eng’g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex.2009). In addition, legislative intent is determined from the statute as a whole and not from isolated portions. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 396 (Tex.2008). “In order to preserve the legislature’s interest in managing state fiscal matters through the appropriations process, a statute shall not be construed as a waiver of sovereign immunity unless the waiver is effected by clear and unambiguous language.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.034. In other words, “[sovereign] immunity remains intact unless surrendered in express and unequivocal terms by the statute’s clear and unambiguous waiver.” Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500, 512 (Tex.2012).
Nothing in the provisions of the Act can be construed as a waiver of immunity for the claims at issue in this case. In fact, the only provision of the Act seeming to authorize a recovery against the State is found in section 36.112. See Tex. Hum. Res.Code § 36.112. That section is located in the subchapter authorizing private parties to file “a civil action ... for the person and for the state. The action shall be brought in the name of the person and of the state.” Id. § 36.101; see id. §§ 36.101-117. In section 36.112, the legislature explained that the provisions of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code allowing parties to recover fees, expenses, and attorney’s fees against a state agency for frivolous claims, see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code §§ 105.001-.004, apply to Medicaid fraud-prevention claims filed by private parties on behalf of the State, Tex.
When arguing that the district court erred by granting the Dental Groups’ plea to the jurisdiction, the Dental Groups argue that by initiating this enforcement action against the Dental Groups and by “seeking monetary relief,” the State waived its sovereign immunity. Stated differently, the Dental Groups contend that “[bjecause the State initiated this action against the Dental Group[s] in the form of affirmative claims for monetary relief, it should be indisputable that the State has waived its immunity from the Dental Groups’ counterclaims that relate to the subject matter of this lawsuit.” Moreover, the Dental Groups contend that their counterclaims are compulsory counterclaims. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 97(a) (requiring pleading to assert counterclaim, “which at the time of filing the pleading the pleader has against any opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim”).
When making these assertions, the Dental Groups primarily rely on Reata Construction Coloration v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371 (Tex.2006).
On appeal, the supreme court explained that it has “generally deferred to the Legislature to waive immunity because the Legislature is better suited to address the conflieting policy issues involved.” Id. at 375. However, the court also reasoned that because sovereign immunity is a “common-law doctrine,” the judiciary has the responsibility of defining the “boundaries” of the doctrine and determining “under what circumstances sovereign immunity exists in the first instance.” Id. Moreover, the court stated that if a “governmental entity ... chooses to engage in litigation -to assert affirmative claims for monetary damages, the entity will presumably have made a decision to expend resources to pay litigation costs” and that if “the opposing party’s claims can operate only, as an offset to reduce the government’s recovery, no tax resources will be called upon to pay a judgment, and the fiscal planning of the governmental entity should not be disrupted.” Id. (emphasis added). Accordingly, the court explained that “a determination that a governmental entity’s immunity from suit does not extend to a situation where the entity has filed suit is consistent with the policy issues involved with immunity.” Id. In light of this reasoning, the court determined that “where the governmental enti
In light of the supreme court’s decision allowing Reata to pursue claims against the City, the Dental Groups assert that they should similarly be allowed to pursue counterclaims against the State after the State initiated this enforcement action under the Act. However, it is not entirely clear that the recovery sought by the State in this enforcement action qualifies as a suit for damages or 'monetary relief as those terms were used in Reata or that the State was acting as an ordinary litigant when it pursued this enforcement action. In Reata, the City of Dallas was seeking damages stemming from Reata’s alleged negligence. 197 S.W.3d at 373; see also Albert, 354 S.W.3d at 371-72, 375-76 (addressing suit in which firefighters sued City of Dallas alleging that City had underpaid them and in which City filed counterclaim asserting that it had overpaid firefighters and seeking “to recover alleged overpayments” and concluding that City’s decision to nonsuit its counterclaims did not deprive trial court of jurisdiction over firefighters’ claims to extent that claims served as offset to City’s counterclaims but that after nonsuit by City, firefighters’ claims could no longer serve as offset against any recovery by City); Carowest Land, 432 S.W.3d at 510, 527 (de-
Recently, one of our sister courts of appeals was asked to consider the distinction between when the State acts as a private litigant seeking damages and when the State acts in its sovereign capacity and uses its police powers to impose and recover a civil penalty. See State v. Emeritus Corp., 466 S.W.3d 233 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2015, pet. filed). In Emeritus, the State filed suit against Emeritus and sought civil penalties under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act and the Assisted Living
On appeal, the State argued that the trial court erred because the State was not seeking “damages as required by the statutory definition of a claimant” under the Texas Medical Liability Act. Id. at 247. When deciding that the term -‘“damages’ ... does not include civil penalties sought by the State rather than a private litigant,” id. at 249, our sister court noted that the definition of “‘damages’ means money claimed by, or ordered to be paid to, a person as compensation for loss or injury” and distinguished that from the definitions for “‘penalty’ [as meaning] a punishment imposed on a wrongdoer, usually in the form of imprisonment or a fine” and for “ ‘civil penalty' [as meaning] a fine assessed for a violation of a statute or regulation,” id. at 247 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 355, 981 (9th Ed.2010)). Moreover, our sister court explained that “various federal courts have rejected the proposition that damages, which are compensatory in nature and payable to a private litigant, are congruent with civil penalties, which are punitive in nature and payable to-a governmental entity.” Id. at 247-48; see Gabelli v. Securities & Exch. Comm’n, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 1216, 1223, 185 L.Ed.2d 297 (2013) (stating that “[i]n a civil penalty action, the Government is not only a different kind of plaintiff, it seeks a different kind of relief’ because “penalties ... go beyond compensation [and] are intended to punish[] and label defendants wrongdoers”); Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412, 422, 107 S.Ct. 1831, 95 L.Ed.2d 365 (1987) (providing that penalties are “intended to punish culpable individuals” and not “to extract compensation or restore the status quo”); Ellett Bros., Inc. v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 275 F.3d 384, 388 (4th Cir.2001) (noting that “civil penalties ... are not ‘damages’ payable to the victim, but fines or assessments payable to the government”); see also Brown v. De La Cruz, 156 S.W.3d 560, 561 (Tex.2004) (explaining that statutory penalties are generally “not payable to a private litigant” but that “damages” may be awarded to private litigants). Moreover, our sister court reasoned that “the State, acting in its sovereign capacity seeking civil penalties, rather than damages, is not a claimant subject to the expert report requirement under the” Texas Medical Liability Act and that the Texas Medical Liability Act did “not apply to the case.” Emeritus, 466 S.W.3d at 249; see Malouf v. State ex rel. Ellis, 461 S.W.3d 641, 647 (Tex.App.-Austin 2015, pet. filed) (determining that when State brings enforcement action under Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act, it “is not a ‘person’ within the definition of ‘claimant’ under the [Texas Medical Liability Act] and, thus, not subject to the expert report requirement”).
When reaching this determination, our sister court also relied on the fact that the “fundamental purposes” for the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act and the Assisted Living Facility Licensing Act differ from that of the Texas Medical Liability Act. Emeritus, 466 S.W.3d at 249. In particular, the court noted that the purpose of the Texas Medical Liability Act is to impose tort reform in
Although we recognize that the issues, statutes, and circumstances in Emeritus differ from those in the current case, we believe that the analysis from Emeritus supports a determination that the civil penalties that the State is seeking against the Dental Groups do not qualify as damages or monetary relief as those terms were used, in Reata. Moreover, in light of the fact that the purpose of the Act is to protect the populace and public fisc by punishing service providers who seek compensation through Medicaid that they are not entitled to and to discourage other service providers from behaving similarly, the analysis from Emeritus also persuades us that when the State pursues an enforcement action under the Act, it is not acting as an ordinary or private litigant as described in Reata but is instead acting in its sovereign capacity and exercising its police powers.
Dismissal of the Dental Groups’ Third-Party Claims
In their second issue on appeal, the Dental Groups argue that the district court erred by dismissing their third-party claims against Xerox. When asserting in its motion that the third-party claims should be dismissed, the State argued that the Act does not authorize third-party claims or, alternatively, that the Dental Groups’ claims against Xerox are barred by sovereign immunity. In its order, the district court granted the State’s motion to dismiss and determined that the Act does not authorize third-party claims and that “the State is entitled to bring this action against defendants to the exclusion of other parties.”
When presenting their second issue on appeal, the Dental Groups incorporate their arguments regarding the propriety of dismissing their counterclaims against the State and similarly urge that their third-party claims are permissible,
The portion of the order forming the subject of this issue granted the State’s motion to dismiss the Dental Groups’ third-party claims against Xerox on non-jurisdictional grounds. Moreover, as mentioned above, that order is an interlocutory order because it “fail[ed] to dispose of all issues and parties.” See B.C. v. Rhodes, 116 S.W.3d 878, 881 (Tex.App.—Austin 2003, no pet.). While the order disposed of some of the issues between the parties, it did not resolve the allegations made by the State asserting that the Dental Groups violated the Act, Generally speaking, “[ajppellate courts have jurisdiction over appeals from final judgments and certain interlocutory orders that the legislature has designated appealable.” Id.; see Bally Total Fitness Corp. v. Jackson, 53 S.W.3d 352, 352 (Tex.2001) (explaining that "[a] party may not appeal an interlocutory order unless authorized by statute”). Stated differently, if there is no statute authorizing an appeal of an interlocutory order, “[a]n appellate court lacks jurisdiction to review” the interlocutory order. Qwest Commc’ns Corp. v. AT & T Corp., 24 S.W.3d 334, 336 (Tex.2000). In section 51.014 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, the legislature has identified the types of interlocutory orders that parties may appeal from. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 51.014. That section does authorize an appeal for the Dental Groups’ first issue because that first issue challenged the granting of “a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit.” See id. § 51.014(a)(8). But section 51.014 does not authorize an interlocutory appeal of the granting of a motion filed by a governmental unit seeking to dismiss third-party claims on non-jurisdictional grounds. See id. § 51.014.
In light of the preceding, we must conclude that this Court does not have jurisdiction over the trial court’s ruling regarding the State’s motion to dismiss the Dental Groups’ third-party claims. When a party appeals from two interlocutory rulings, “only one of which is made appeal-able by statute, the proper course is to dismiss that portion which is non-appeal-able, and to rule on the portion from which an appeal may be taken.” Bobbitt v. Cantu, 992 S.W.2d 709, 712 (Tex.App.—Austin 1999, no pet.).
In supplemental briefing, Xerox contends that this Court does have jurisdiction over the district court’s dismissal of the third-party claims under section 51.014 because although the State styled its motion as a motion to dismiss third-party claims, the State also argued in its motion, as mentioned above, that the Dental Groups’ third-party claims were barred by sovereign immunity due to the fact that Xerox was working on behalf of the State during the period of time relevant to this appeal. See Ryland Enters., Inc. v. Weatherspoon, 355 S.W.3d 664, 666 (Tex.2011) (recognizing that “courts should acknowledge the substance of the relief sought despite the formal styling of the pleading”). Moreover, Xerox argues that when seeking to dismiss the Dental Groups’ third-party claims, the State presented similar statutory arguments that it made in its plea to the jurisdiction seeking to dismiss the Dental Groups’ counterclaims. For these reasons, Xerox contends that this Court has jurisdiction to consider the district court’s dismissal of the Dental Groups’ third-party claims.
Although we recognize that the supreme court has explained that appellate courts may review under subsection 51.014(a)(8) a ruling by a trial court pertaining to jurisdictional challenges made by a governmental unit even if the document containing
For all of these reasons, we dismiss the Dental Groups’ second issue on appeal for want of jurisdiction and express no opinion regarding the district court’s ruling that dismissed the Dental Groups’ third-party claims. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 51.014(a)(8); see also Art Inst. of Chi. v. Integral Hedging, L.P., 129 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, no pet.) (explaining that permissible appeal of interlocutory order “cannot be used as a vehicle for carrying other non-appealable interlocutory orders to the appellate court”); Bobbitt, 992 S.W.2d at 713 (determining that trial court’s granting of partial summary judgment is not appealable even though grant was in order that also granted relief that could be subject of interlocutory appeal).
Having overruled the Dental Groups’ first issue on appeal and having dismissed their second issue for want of jurisdiction, we affirm the portion of the district court’s order granting the State’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissing the Dental Groups’ counterclaims against the State.
. Unless otherwise necessary, we will refer to the current version of the Act.
. Before initiating this enforcement action, the Health and Human Services Commission pursued administrative remedies against some of the Dental Groups, see Tex. Gov’t Code § 531.102, and this Court previously reviewed the propriety of some of those remedies, see Harlingen Family Dentistry, P.C. v. Health & Human Servs. Comm'n, 452 S.W.3d 479, 481, 488 (Tex.App.-Austin 2014, pet. dism’d) (invalidating agency rule allowing Commission to retain funds that were accumulated during payment hold even after payment hold had been terminated and allowing Commission to use those funds as offset); Janek v. Harlingen Family Dentistry, P.C., 451 S.W.3d 97, 99 (Tex.App.-Austin 2014, no pet.) (affirming trial court’s order directing Commissioner to release funds held under payment hold). Those administrative remedies and the issues, from the prior cases do not bear on the issues in the current appeal.
. The State has filed its own enforcement action against Xerox contending that Xerox made various misrepresentations regarding its prior-authorization-review process while acting as the State’s fiscal intermediary for the Medicaid program. See No. D-1-GV-14-000581, State v. Xerox Corp. (Travis Cty. 53rd
. It is worth noting that the Human Resources Code specifies that "[a] person other than the state may not intervene or bring a related action based on the facts underlying a pending action brought under this subchap-ter” regarding actions brought by private parties. Tex. Hum. Res.Code § 36.106.
. In their briefs, the Dental Groups also refer to a prior decision by the commission of appeals that was adopted by the supreme court. See Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. State ex rel. Allred, 122 Tex. 530, 62 S.W.2d 107 (1933). In Anderson, the State and various officials sought a temporary injunction against Anderson as well as penalties for allegedly operating and "aiding and abetting the operation of trucks over the highways of Texas ... without obtaining permits from the State Railroad Commission.” Id. at 107. Although the trial court denied the relief requested by the State, the State continued to arrest, prosecute, and threaten to arrest Anderson’s truck drivers. Id. In response, Anderson sought and was given a temporary injunction against various State officials to enjoin them "from further arresting, prosecuting, and threatening to arrest the drivers.” Id. Anderson also filed a counterclaim alleging that the officials "were acting in excess of their authority” and seeking "an order enjoining such officers from interfering with the operation of [Anderson's] trucks.” Id. at 108. On the same day that the counterclaim was filed, the State nonsuited its claims, id. at 107, and the State later filed a plea to the jurisdiction seeking to dismiss Anderson's counterclaim, id. at 108. Ultimately, the reviewing court determined that the district court had jurisdiction over the counterclaim. Id. at 110, When making this determination, the court explained that the State’s "immunity from suit does not extend to a suit against state officers to enjoin the enforcement of an invalid law” and that "where a state voluntarily files a suit and submits its rights for judicial determination, it will be bound thereby, and the defense will be entitled to plead and prove all matters properly defensive. This includes the right to make any defense by answer or cross-complaint germane to the matter in controversy.” Id. In light of the language addressing the ability of a defendant to bring
We believe that the Dental Groups' reliance on Anderson is misplaced. Although the supreme court may have indicated that Anderson was free to pursue its counterclaim in response to the State’s suit, those assertions were framed by the type of relief that Anderson was seeking: prospective injunctive relief against state officials who were allegedly exceeding the scope of their authority. In a subsequent opinion, the supreme court later explained that the type of relief sought by Anderson is not barred by sovereign immunity. See City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366 (Tex.2009). In particular, the supreme court explained that "while [sovereign] immunity generally bars suits for retrospective monetary relief, it does not preclude prospective injunctive remedies in official-capacity suits against government actors who violate statutory or constitutional provisions.” Id. at 368-69; see also id. at 372 (explaining that to fall within "th[e] ultra vires exception, a suit must ... allege, and ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority”). Accordingly, we do not believe that the language in Anderson supports the Dental Groups' argument that by pursuing the enforcement action under the Act, the State waived its immunity against the types of counterclaims made by the Dental Groups.
. "Sovereign immunity protects the State from lawsuits for money damages,” Texas Nat. Res. Conservation Comm'n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex.2002), and political subdivisions of the State, including cities, have a similar immunity called governmental immunity, see Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n. 3 (Tex.2003). In this opinion, we will refer to both types of immunity as sovereign immunity.
. The Act does mention damages in the provisions authorizing actions by private persons on behalf of the State. In particular, section 36.115 prohibits retaliation against persons who initiate an enforcement action under the Act or assist "in an action” and specifies that if retaliation is taken against the person, the person "is entitled to,” among other things, "not less than two times the amount of back pay, interest on the back pay, and compensation for any special damages sustained as a result of the discrimination, including litigation costs and reasonable attorney's fees.” Tex. Hum. Res.Code § 36.115(a) (emphasis added). When describing the governing standard of proof, the Act also mentions damages in section 36.1021 and provides that "the state or person bringing the action must establish each element of the action, including damages, by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. § 36.1021. Given that section 36.1021 is found in the Subchapter governing enforcement actions brought by private parties on behalf of the State, that damages are only mentioned in the context of retaliation against private parties who bring enforcement actions on behalf of the State or assist in those actions, and that the Act does not refer to the civil penalties in section 36.052 as damages, we do not believe that the use of the word “damages” in section 36.115 and 36.1021 supports the assertion that the State is seeking "damages” or "monetary relief” as those terms were used in Reata.
. As further support for the idea that enforcement actions under the Act are not suits for damages filed by the State in its private capacity, we note that the Act appears to have its origins in criminal rather than civil law. Specifically, most of the unlawful actions listed in section 36.002 of the Act seem to be based on the federal law outlining unlawful acts involving federal health-care programs and setting out criminal penalties for those acts. Compare Tex. Hum. Res.Code § 36.002, with 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b. Moreover, a prior version of section 36.131 of the Human Resources Code criminalized the commission of an unlawful act listed in section 36.002. See Act of June 1, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1153, § 4.09, sec. 36.131, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4324, 4349 (setting out circumstances in which unlawful acts under section 36.002 are punished as misdemeanors or as felonies), repealed by Act of May 23, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 806, § 19, sec. 36.131, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 2778, 2787.
. As authority for their arguments attacking the district court’s ruling, the Dental Groups cite federal cases stating that counterclaims are permitted under the federal False Claims Act. See Texas v. Caremark, Inc., 584 F.3d 655, 657 (5th Cir.2009) (explaining that False Claims Act is analogous to Texas Medicaid Fraud Prevention Act). In particular, federal courts have determined that sovereign immunity is not a bar to compulsory counterclaims under the False Claims Act. See id. at 659. Compulsory counterclaims are "those ‘arising out of the same transaction or occurrence which is the subject matter of the government's suit.’ ” Id. (quoting Frederick v. United States, 386 F.2d 481, 488 (5th Cir.1967)). Moreover, " ‘the relief sought must be of the same land or nature as the [government’s] requested relief,’ " and " ‘any damages sought cannot exceed the amount sought by the government's claim.’ ” United States v. Intrados/Int’l Mgmt. Grp., 277 F.Supp.2d 55, 62 (D.D.C.2003) (quoting United States v. Ownbey Enters., Inc., 780 F.Supp. 817, 820 (N.D.Ga.1991)) (alteration in Intrados). Not all counterclaims are allowed; on the contrary, "[c]ounterclaims ... that are based on damages which are independent claims may be permitted, so long as the claims do not 'have the effect of providing for indemnification or contribution,' ” but counterclaims that
Having determined that the district court properly dismissed the Dental Groups' counterclaims under Texas law, we need not consider federal case law addressing the False Claims Act. However, we do note that it is not entirely clear that all of the Dental Groups’ counterclaims would be permissible under the reasoning of the cited federal cases. At least some of the Dental Groups’ counterclaims seem to be premised, in part, on the idea that the State and Xerox were also responsible for misrepresentations that the Dental Groups may have made when seeking prior authorization and when seeking and obtaining payment for services that they provided. In other words, it is not entirely clear that all of the Dental Groups’ counterclaims are independent of their liability under the Act,
. Having determined that the district court correctly granted the State’s plea to the jurisdiction on the ground discussed above, we need not address the State’s other jurisdictional arguments contained in its plea,
. As an alternative form of relief, the Dental Groups ask this Court to "reverse the trial court's grant of the Motion to Dismiss [their] third party claims, and instruct the [district] court to sever [their] third party claims against Xerox into a different cause.” Given our ultimate resolution of this issue, we need not address this alternative request, but we do note that it does not appear that the Dental Groups made any request to sever their claims to the district court.
. In its order, the district court explained that its ruling was consistent with its other “rulings in the State's litigation against Xerox.” When explaining one of those prior rulings granting the State’s motion to strike Xerox’s third-party petition in the enforcement action against Xerox, the district court determined that the Act does not authorize those types of claims.
. As mentioned earlier, the State also filed an enforcement action against Xerox under the Act. In that proceeding, Xerox asserted third-party claims and sought to designate service providers as responsible third parties, and the district court granted the State’s motion to strike the third-party claims and denied Xerox’s motion to designate responsible third parties. Xerox challenged those rulings by filing a petition for writ of mandamus in this Court. In its mandamus petition, Xerox presented similar arguments regarding the propriety of third-party claims that it makes in its appellee’s brief in this case. Previously, this Court denied Xerox's petition for writ of
In its supplemental briefing in this case, Xerox also argues that in the event that this Court determines that it does not have jurisdiction over the district court’s ruling dismissing the Dental Groups’ third-party claims, this Court should treat the Dental Groups’ second appellate issue as invoking our original jurisdiction and determine whether mandamus relief is warranted regarding the district court's ruling dismissing the Dental Groups' third-party claims. Moreover, Xerox purports to incorporate its analysis from its own petition for writ of mandamus in which it challenged the district court’s ruling striking Xerox’s third-party petition seeking recovery from various service providers. See id. Assuming without deciding that Xerox's purported invocation of our original jurisdiction is proper despite the fact that the Dental Groups have not made the request at issue and despite Xerox’s role in this appeal, see CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 452-54 (Tex.2011) (treating appellant’s briefing as petition for writ of mandamus where appellant asked that appeal be treated as mandamus petition and where policy reasons compelled treatment as mandamus petition); Waste Mgmt. of Tex., Inc. v. Blackwell, 130 S.W.3d 337, 342-43 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (addressing whether mandamus relief was appropriate when appellant filed purported interlocutory appeal as well as petition for writ of mandamus raising same issues and when appellate court determined that it did not have jurisdiction over interlocutory appeal), we note as set out above that we denied Xerox's petition for writ of mandamus. Accordingly, were we to treat the Dental Groups’ second appellate issue as seeking mandamus relief, we would similarly deny the request.