Texas Municipal League Intergovernmental Risk Pool v. City of Hidalgo

NUMBER 13-19-00096-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
TEXAS MUNICIPAL LEAGUE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL RISK POOL, Appellant,
v.
CITY OF HIDALGO, Appellee.
On appeal from the 139th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Hinojosa and Tijerina
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras
Appellant Texas Municipal League Intergovernmental Risk Pool (the Risk Pool)
brings this interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order granting a motion filed by the City
of Hidalgo (the City) to compel the parties to participate in a contractual appraisal
proceeding. The Risk Pool contends by one issue that the order constituted an implicit
and erroneous denial of its plea to the jurisdiction. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
The Risk Pool is a governmental self-insurance fund whose members include the
City and nearly 2,800 other Texas political subdivisions. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.
§ 2259.031. The City became a member of the Risk Pool by virtue of a “Liability/Property
Interlocal Agreement” (the Agreement) signed in 1989. The Agreement stated in part:
In consideration of the execution of this Agreement by and between the Pool
Member and the Fund[1] and of the contributions of the Pool Member, the
coverage elected by the Pool Member is afforded according to the terms of
the TML Liability Self-Insurance Plan and the TML Property Self-Insurance
Plan. The affirmative declaration of contributions and limits of liability in the
Declarations of Coverage and Endorsements determines the applicability
of the Self-Insurance Plans.
Each Pool Member agrees to adopt and accept the coverages, provisions,
terms, conditions, exclusions and limitations as further provided for in the
TML Self-Insurance Plans or as specifically modified by the Pool Member’s
Declarations of Coverage.
This Interlocal Agreement shall be construed to incorporate the TML
Liability Self-Insurance Plan and/or the TML Property Self Insurance Plan,
Declarations of Coverage, and Endorsements and addenda whether or not
physically attached hereto.
The Agreement defines “TML Municipal Property Self-Insurance Plan” as “[t]he property
coverage document that sets forth in exact detail the coverages provided as part of the
overall plan.”
Here, the terms and conditions of the coverage provided by the Risk Pool to the
City are set forth in a “Property Coverage Document” (the Coverage Document) dated
October 1, 2014. The Coverage Document provides in relevant part:
IV. IN THE CASE OF LOSS
....
1 The “Fund” refers to the Texas Municipal League Joint Self-Insurance Fund, which was later
combined with other funds and renamed the Risk Pool. Who We Are, TEX. MUN. LEAGUE INTERGOV’TAL RISK
POOL, https://www.tmlirp.org/who-we-are/ (last visited January 6, 2020).
2
D. PROOF OF LOSS
It shall be necessary for the Member to render a signed and
sworn proof of loss to the Fund or its appointed
representative, within 60 days, stating the place, time, and
cause of the loss, damage, or expense, the interest of the
Member and of all others, the value of the property involved
in the loss, and the amount of loss, damage, or expense.
E. APPRAISAL
If the Member and the Fund fail to agree as to the amount of
loss, each shall, upon the written demand either of the
Member or of the Fund made within 60 days after receipt of
proof of loss by the Fund, select a competent and
disinterested appraiser. The appraisers then shall select a
competent and disinterested umpire. If they should fail for 15
days to agree upon such umpire, then upon request of the
Member or of the Fund, such umpire shall be selected by a
judge of a court of record in the county and state in which such
appraisal is pending. Then, at a reasonable time and place,
the appraisers shall appraise the loss, stating separately the
value at the time of loss and the amount of loss. If the
appraisers fail to agree, they shall submit their differences to
the umpire. An award in writing by any two shall determine
the amount of loss. The Member and the Fund shall each pay
its chosen appraiser and shall bear equally the other
expenses of the appraisal and of the umpire.
F. LOSS PAYABLE
Loss, if any, shall be adjusted with and payable to the
Member, whose receipt shall constitute a release in full of all
liability under this Agreement with respect to such loss.
(Emphasis added.)
In 2016, a storm damaged State Farm Arena, which is owned by the City and
covered by its Risk Pool policy. The City filed a claim with the Risk Pool for roof and
structural damage caused by wind, hail, and water. According to the City, the arena
sustained over $7 million in damages, but after adjustment, the Risk Pool paid out only
$283,666.81 in benefits. In May of 2018, the City filed suit against the Risk Pool alleging
that it breached the policy by wrongfully and negligently denying part of its claim. In
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particular, the City alleged that the Risk Pool failed to perform a thorough investigation of
the damage as required by the policy. The City’s petition contained a section entitled
“Equitable Relief: Demand for Appraisal” which stated: “Pursuant to the Coverage
Document and Tex. Local Gov’t Code § 271.154, [the City] hereby demands Appraisal,
and names the following appraiser: Mark Barber . . . .” In the alternative, the City
requested damages, interest, and attorney’s fees.
The Risk Pool answered the suit and filed a partial plea to the jurisdiction,
contending that its governmental immunity to suit has not been waived with respect to the
City’s claims for equitable relief or attorney’s fees. On August 6, 2018, the City filed a
response to the partial plea to the jurisdiction as well as an amended petition, both
contending that the Risk Pool’s immunity was waived by Texas Local Government Code
§ 271.152 with respect to all of the City’s claims. The amended petition stated: “Plaintiff
names the following appraiser [sic] competent and disinterested appraiser: Don
Staples . . . .”
Two days later, the City filed a “Motion to Compel Appraisal and Stay Proceedings
Pending Appraisal” arguing that “completion of the appraisal process may preclude the
need for further litigation” and that “judicial efficiency would be furthered by appraisal and
staying the litigation pending its completion.” The City noted in its motion that the Risk
Pool had “rejected the City’s invocation of appraisal and refused to participate in the
appraisal process” prior to the City’s initial filing of suit. In response, the Risk Pool filed
an “Objection and Plea to the Jurisdiction” arguing that: (1) local government code
chapter 271 does not waive immunity to suits seeking equitable relief or specific
performance; (2) chapter 271 does not waive immunity as to the City’s breach of contract
claim because the Coverage Document was not “executed” by the Risk Pool; and (3)
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even if immunity was waived, the City is not entitled to appraisal because it did not timely
provide proof of loss or name a disinterested appraiser as required by the policy. The
Risk Pool concurrently filed a separate amended plea to the jurisdiction reiterating the
first two arguments. The City filed a response to the amended plea to the jurisdiction,
and the Risk Pool filed a reply to the response.
On September 28, 2018, the trial court rendered an order granting the City’s motion
to compel appraisal, ordering the Risk Pool to designate its appraiser within seven days,
and staying all further proceedings in the trial court until completion of the appraisal. This
interlocutory appeal followed.
II. APPELLATE JURISDICTION
The City argues that we lack jurisdiction over the appeal because the trial court
never explicitly ruled on the Risk Pool’s pleas to the jurisdiction. We address this issue
first.
Unless an interlocutory appeal is authorized by statute, our jurisdiction extends
only to the review of final judgments. Bison Bldg. Materials, Ltd. v. Aldridge, 422 S.W.3d
582, 585 (Tex. 2012). We strictly apply statutes granting interlocutory appeals because
they are a narrow exception to the general rule that interlocutory orders are not
immediately appealable. CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. 2011).
Under the civil practice and remedies code, a party may appeal an interlocutory
order that “grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit.” TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(8).2 Here, the trial court granted the City’s motion
to compel appraisal but did not explicitly rule on the Risk Pool’s pleas to the jurisdiction.
2 The Risk Pool is a governmental unit. See Tex. Mun. League Intergov’tal Risk Pool v. City of
Abilene, 551 S.W.3d 337, 340 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2018, pet. dism’d).
5
The City points out that there is no statute allowing the interlocutory appeal of an order
compelling appraisal.
The City directs us to a very similar case involving appraisal under the same
Coverage Document. See Tex. Mun. League Intergov’tal Risk Pool v. City of Abilene,
551 S.W.3d 337 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2018, pet. dism’d). There, the City of Abilene filed
a wind and hailstorm claim with the Risk Pool and later sued, alleging that the Risk Pool
failed to properly investigate and evaluate the damage. Id. at 341. As here, the City of
Abilene moved to compel appraisal under the policy, and the Risk Pool filed a plea to the
jurisdiction. Id. The trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction and granted the motion
to compel appraisal, and the Risk Pool appealed. Id. Prior to its discussion of the issues
in the appeal, the Eastland court of appeals noted that, because there is no statutory
authorization for an interlocutory appeal of an order compelling appraisal, its analysis
would be limited to whether the trial court erred in denying the plea to the jurisdiction. Id.
at 342 n.4.
Unlike in the City of Abilene case, the trial court here did not explicitly deny the
City’s plea to the jurisdiction. Nevertheless, as the Risk Pool notes, the Texas Supreme
Court has held that a trial court’s interlocutory ruling on the merits of a case operates as
an implicit denial of a plea to the jurisdiction and is subject to appeal under § 51.014(a)(8).
Thomas v. Long, 207 S.W.3d 334, 339–40 (Tex. 2006) (“Because a trial court cannot
reach the merits of a case without subject matter jurisdiction, a trial court that rules on the
merits of an issue without explicitly rejecting an asserted jurisdictional attack has implicitly
denied the jurisdictional challenge.”). In Thomas, the trial court reached the merits by
rendering a partial judgment stating that the plaintiff was entitled to be reinstated in his
employment, though it did not explicitly rule on the defendant’s jurisdictional plea. Id. at
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337. Similarly, the trial court in this case reached the merits of the City’s claims by
ordering the parties to participate in appraisal pursuant to the terms of the Coverage
Document.3 Therefore, the trial court implicitly denied the Risk Pool’s plea to the
jurisdiction, and we have jurisdiction over the appeal.4 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 51.014(a)(8).
II. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION
A. Standard of Review
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea used to defeat a cause of action without
regard to whether the asserted claims have merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34
S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. Id.; see Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999).
The plaintiff has the initial burden to plead facts affirmatively showing that the trial
court has jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446
(Tex. 1993). Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction and whether the pleader
has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction
are questions of law that we review de novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). We construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the
pleader, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual allegations in the
pleadings. See id. at 226, 228.
3 As noted, an order compelling appraisal was the City’s primary requested relief in its petition. The
City requested damages only “[i]n the alternative” to the equitable relief claim.
4 As in City of Abilene, we lack jurisdiction to consider the merits of the order compelling appraisal
because there is no statute authorizing an interlocutory appeal of such an order. See id. at 342 n.4. Our
analysis is limited to the question of whether the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to render that
order. See id.
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When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we
consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the
jurisdictional issues raised, even when the evidence implicates the merits of the cause of
action. Id. at 227; Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 555. In considering the evidence, we take as true
all evidence favorable to the non-movant and indulge every reasonable inference and
resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28.
B. Applicable Law
1. Sovereign Immunity
The doctrine of sovereign immunity holds that “no state can be sued in her own
courts without her consent, and then only in the manner indicated by that consent.” Tooke
v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 331 (Tex. 2006) (citing Hosner v. DeYoung, 1 Tex. 764,
769 (1847)); see Nevada v. Hall, 440 U.S. 410, 414 (1979) (“The immunity of a truly
independent sovereign from suit in its own courts has been enjoyed as a matter of
absolute right for centuries. Only the sovereign’s own consent could qualify the absolute
character of that immunity.”). Thus, unless waived by the legislature, sovereign immunity
deprives a Texas court of subject matter jurisdiction over any lawsuit against a Texas
governmental unit such as the Risk Pool. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Sawyer Tr., 354
S.W.3d 384, 388 (Tex. 2011).
For the legislature to validly waive sovereign immunity, it must consent to suit by
“clear and unambiguous” statutory language. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.034; Tooke,
197 S.W.3d at 332–33. Any ambiguity in a statute must be resolved in favor of retaining
immunity. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 330, 342; see Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106
S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tex. 2003).
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2. Chapter 271
Chapter 271, subchapter I of the Texas Local Government Code (the Local
Government Contract Claims Act, or the Act) clearly and unambiguously waives
sovereign immunity for certain contract claims against local governmental entities. See
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151–.160. In particular, § 271.152 provides that a local
governmental entity “that is authorized by statute or the constitution to enter into a contract
and that enters into a contract subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to
suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the terms
and conditions of this subchapter.” Id. § 271.152. As relevant here, a “contract subject
to this subchapter” is “a written contract stating the essential terms of the agreement for
providing goods or services to the local governmental entity that is properly executed on
behalf of the local governmental entity.” Id. § 271.151(2)(A).
In a suit against a local governmental entity under chapter 271, “the total amount
of money” the claimant may recover “is limited to the following”:
(1) the balance due and owed by the local governmental entity under the
contract as it may have been amended, including any amount owed
as compensation for the increased cost to perform the work as a
direct result of owner-caused delays or acceleration;
(2) the amount owed for change orders or additional work the contractor
is directed to perform by a local governmental entity in connection
with the contract;
(3) reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees that are equitable and just;
and
(4) interest as allowed by law, including interest as calculated under
Chapter 2251, Government Code.
Id. § 271.153(a). Damages awarded in such a suit “may not include: (1) consequential
damages, except as expressly allowed under [§ 271.153](a)(1); (2) exemplary damages;
or (3) damages for unabsorbed home office overhead.” Id. § 271.153(b).
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Section 271.154 states:
Adjudication procedures, including requirements for serving notices or
engaging in alternative dispute resolution proceedings before bringing a suit
or an arbitration proceeding, that are stated in the contract subject to this
subchapter or that are established by the local governmental entity and
expressly incorporated into the contract or incorporated by reference are
enforceable except to the extent those procedures conflict with the terms of
this subchapter.
Id. § 271.154.
3. Zachry and Subsequent Cases
The Texas Supreme Court has held that, in order to invoke the chapter 271 waiver
of immunity, the claimant “must plead facts with some evidentiary support that constitute
a claim for which immunity is waived.” Zachry Const. Corp. v. Port of Hous. Auth. of
Harris Cty., 449 S.W.3d 98, 110 (Tex. 2014). Immunity is not waived for claims which
seek monetary damages that are impermissible under the statute. See id.; Tooke, 197
S.W.3d at 346 (finding immunity was not waived where claimants alleged breach of a
contract subject to the Act but requested only consequential damages). That is because
the waiver of immunity in chapter 271 is “subject to the terms and conditions of this
subchapter,” see TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.152, and among those terms and
conditions are the damages limitations in § 271.153. See Zachry, 449 S.W.3d at 109
(“Section 271.153’s limitations on recovery are incorporated into Section 271.152 by its
last ‘subject to’ clause and are thereby conditions on the Act’s waiver of immunity.”).
In City of Abilene, the Eastland court of appeals applied Zachry to determine
whether immunity barred the City of Abilene’s request to compel the Risk Pool to
participate in a contractual appraisal process pursuant to the same Coverage Document
at issue in this case. 551 S.W.3d at 341–46. As here, the Risk Pool cited Zachry in
arguing that immunity was not waived as to the appraisal request because (1) it amounted
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to a request for specific performance, and (2) specific performance is not permitted as a
remedy under § 271.153. See id. The court held that the motion to compel appraisal was
not a request for specific performance; rather, it was a “contractual adjudication
procedure” which is “enforceable” by any party under § 271.154. Id. at 345 (noting that
“there is nothing in the language of Section 271.154 indicating that it can only be invoked
by a governmental defendant”). The court disagreed with the Risk Pool’s argument that,
under Zachry, § 271.154 acts as a “limitation” on chapter 271’s waiver of immunity. See
id. (noting that the Zachry Court characterized § 271.154 as a “preservation of
procedures” that “provides for enforcement of contractual adjudication procedures”).
In Mission Consolidated Independent School District v. ERO International, LLP,
579 S.W.3d 123, 127 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2019, no pet.), we declined
to follow City of Abilene. In ERO, the defendant school district argued that chapter 271
did not waive its immunity to the claimant’s breach of contract suit because the claimant
did not timely comply with contractual adjudication procedures before filing suit. Id. at
126. We agreed that the claimant did not comply with the contract’s adjudication
procedures; therefore, the claimant did not show “a substantial claim that meets the Act’s
conditions” and the chapter 271 waiver of immunity did not apply. Id. at 127–28. Relying
on Zachry, we held that § 271.154, regarding the enforceability of contractual adjudication
procedures, operates as a “limitation” on the chapter 271 waiver:
We acknowledge that Zachry’s specific holding concerned section 271.153;
however, we find that the court’s reasoning is equally applicable to section
271.154. The court in Zachry stated that it was “obvious” that the “terms
and conditions” of the Act serve as “limitations on the waiver of immunity.”
Zachry’s analysis and conclusion specifically concerned section 271.153,
but it is heavily implied that all of the Act’s subchapters serve as limitations
on the waiver of immunity. For example, in categorizing the sections of the
Act, the court in Zachry noted that sections 271.156, 271.157, 271.158, and
271.160 dealt specifically with the “scope of immunity,” whereas sections
271.153, 271.154, and 271.155 dealt with the “litigation and adjudication of
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a claim.” Nevertheless, despite only dealing with the “litigation and
adjudication of a claim,” the court ultimately held that section 271.153 was
a “limitation” on the waiver of immunity and that immunity was not waived
for claims that failed to meet the conditions of that section. In other words,
a plaintiff must plead damages satisfying section 271.153 to invoke the Act’s
waiver of immunity. The court continued by observing that the Act only
waives immunity for contract claims “that meet certain conditions: the
existence of a specific type of contract, a demand for certain kinds of
damages, a state forum, etc. The waiver does not depend on the outcome,
though it does require a showing of a substantial claim that meets the Act’s
conditions.” We find the same analysis applicable to section 271.154: even
though section 271.154 is only related to “the litigation and adjudication of
a claim,” it is one of the Act’s “conditions,” and as such, serves as a limitation
on the waiver of immunity. Accordingly, to show waiver of immunity, a
claimant must plead facts showing that the conditions of section 271.154
have been met.
Id. at 127–28 (citations omitted). We observed that a contrary conclusion had been
reached by the Eastland court of appeals in City of Abilene and by the Dallas court of
appeals in Romulus Group, Inc. v. City of Dallas, No. 05-16-00088-CV, 2017 WL
1684631, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 2, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding that “the
waiver of immunity is not dependent on compliance with section 271.154”). We
explained, though, that both City of Abilene and Romulus were based on the holdings in
City of Mesquite v. PKG Contracting, Inc., 263 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008,
pet. denied), and Santa Rosa Independent School District v. Rigney Construction &
Development, LLC, No. 13-12-00627-CV, 2013 WL 2949566 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg June 13, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.), both of which were later disapproved
of in Zachry. See ERO, 579 S.W.3d at 127. We elaborated:
It is true that only section 271.153 was at issue in Zachry, not section
271.154. Thus, Zachry only directly repudiated Santa Rosa and City of
Mesquite to the extent they concluded that compliance with section 271.153
does not affect waiver of immunity. However, it is important to note that the
courts in Santa Rosa and City of Mesquite used the same analysis that was
disapproved of in Zachry to conclude that section 271.154 also does not
affect waiver of immunity. For this reason, we find Zachry controlling on the
proper analysis. . . .
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. . . Romulus implies that sections 271.153, 271.156, and 271.157 are the
only conditions on the waiver of immunity under the Act. However, Zachry
stated, “[t]he Act waives immunity for contract claims that meet certain
conditions: the existence of a specific type of contract [referring to section
271.157], a demand for certain kinds of damages [referring to section
271.153], a state forum [referring to section 271.156], etc.” By adding “etc.,”
Zachry indicated that sections 271.153, 271.156, and 271.157 are not the
only conditions on the waiver of immunity. In fact, Zachry specifically
rejected interpretations of section 271.152 that would only incorporate some
of, but not all, of the other sections in the Act. Just like section 271.153,
section 271.154 is incorporated into section 271.152 by its last “subject to”
clause; thus, section 271.154 is a “condition[] on the Act’s waiver of
immunity.”
Id. at 128–29 (citations omitted).
The day after we handed down ERO, the Texas Supreme Court specifically held
in Hays Street Bridge Restoration Group v. City of San Antonio that § 271.152 waives
immunity for a claim for specific performance of a chapter 271 contract. 570 S.W.3d 697,
699 (Tex. 2019). That case involved a 2002 agreement executed by the City of San
Antonio and a group of residents aiming to restore and preserve the landmark Hays Street
Bridge. Id. at 700. Ten years later, the group sued, alleging that the city breached the
agreement by failing to apply certain funds to the bridge project, and requesting only
specific performance as a remedy. Id. at 700–01. Citing Zachry, the San Antonio court
of appeals held that chapter 271 did not waive the city’s immunity from a suit for specific
performance, and it dismissed the case. Id. at 701 (citing City of San Antonio v. Hays St.
Bridge Restoration Gp., 551 S.W.3d 755, 762–63 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017), rev’d,
570 S.W.3d at 706–708).
The Texas Supreme Court reversed, observing that § 271.153 “limits damages,
not remedies,” and “damages” means “money.” Id. Though the § 271.152 waiver applies
only to claims that request relief permitted by chapter 271—and though § 271.153 permits
only certain types of damages—the statute does not purport to restrict the recovery of
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non-monetary forms of relief such as specific performance. See id. (holding that to read
§ 271.153 “as impliedly prohibiting every suit seeking an equitable remedy against a local
governmental entity would too greatly restrict the general waiver of immunity” in
§ 271.152). Thus, the Act waived the city’s immunity from suit on the claim for specific
performance. Id.
C. Analysis
On appeal, the Risk Pool contends that the trial court “ignored” the framework
established in Zachry and “created” a waiver of immunity beyond the scope of what was
intended by the legislature. It argues that, by granting the City’s motion to compel
appraisal, the trial court granted the equitable relief of specific performance, and it
contends that specific performance is not among the remedies permitted by chapter 271.
Therefore, according to the Risk Pool, it retains immunity with respect to the City’s motion
to compel appraisal.
The Risk Pool acknowledges the ruling in Hays Street but contends that case is
distinguishable because a different version of the statute applies. Because the contract
at issue in Hays Street was executed in 2002, the Court in that case applied the original
2005 version of chapter 271. See id. at 699 n.2 (citing Act of May 23, 2005, 79th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 604, § 1, sec. 271.151(2), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1548, 1548 (current version at
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151(2)(A))). In 2013, the Texas Legislature amended
§ 271.153 to add subsection (c), which states: “Actual damages, specific performance,
or injunctive relief may be granted in an adjudication brought against a local governmental
entity for breach of a contract described by Section 271.151(2)(B).” Act of May 24, 2013,
83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 1138, § 3, 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 2756, 2758 (codified at TEX. LOC.
GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.153(c)). Section 271.151(2)(B), enacted in the same law,
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expands the definition of “contract subject to this subchapter” to include “a written
contract, including a right of first refusal, regarding the sale or delivery of not less than
1,000 acre-feet of reclaimed water by a local governmental entity intended for industrial
use.” Id. § 2 (codified at TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151(2)(B)). We assume but
do not decide that these amendments apply here.5
It is undisputed that the contract at issue in this case is not of the type described
in § 271.151(2)(B). Thus, § 271.153(c) does not serve to explicitly authorize the award
of specific performance. But Hays Street held that the § 271.152 waiver—which has not
been amended—extends to claims for specific performance of a chapter 271 contract.
See 570 S.W.3d at 708. The question we must answer, therefore, is whether the
enactment of §§ 271.151(2)(B) and 271.153(c) abrogates this ruling. The Hays Street
Court explicitly declined to address this question. See id. at 708 n.65 (noting that the City
of San Antonio argued “that 2013 amendments to the Act waiving immunity for specific
performance of one type of contract indicates that immunity is not waived for any other,”
but not addressing the argument because the 2013 amendments apply “only
prospectively”).
5 It is unclear which version of the statute applies in this case. The 2013 amendments apply only
to “a claim that arises under a contract executed on or after the effective date of this Act,” i.e., May 24,
2013. Act of May 24, 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 1138, § 4(c), 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 2756, 2758. “A claim
that arises under a contract executed before the effective date of this Act is governed by the law in effect
on the date the contract was executed, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.” Id. Here,
the only contract in the record that was signed on behalf of the City was the original 1989 Agreement. See
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.151(2)(A) (stating that a “contract subject to this subchapter” must be,
among other things, “properly executed on behalf of the local governmental entity”); Hous. Auth. of City of
Dallas v. Killingsworth, 331 S.W.3d 806, 811 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied) (noting that a contract
is “properly executed” when it is “signed in accordance with the requirements for making it correct or valid”).
In its response to the Risk Pool’s plea to the jurisdiction, filed before Hays Street was handed down, the
City acknowledged that “it was the intent of the parties that the signature attached [to the 1989 Agreement]
would be given a new effect each Fund Year” and, therefore, “a new contract was executed on October 1,
2015.” In its appellee’s brief, the City neither cites Hays Street nor addresses whether the 2013
amendments apply.
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The Risk Pool observes that § 271.153(c) is the “only place where the Legislature
has chosen to expressly waive governmental immunity from claims for equitable relief
and, particularly, specific performance.” It argues that, under rules of statutory
construction, the enactment of § 271.153(c) “reflects an express legislative decision to
waive that government immunity for only a defined and very limited set of claims for
equitable relief, and that equitable relief remains unavailable in any other cases, like this
one, which do not involve a water reclamation contract specified in Section 271.153(c).”
See ConocoPhillips Co. v. Koopmann, 547 S.W.3d 858, 876 (Tex. 2018) (discussing the
interpretative canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, i.e., “the express mention of
one thing excludes another”). In response, the City argues that its request to compel
appraisal was not a demand for specific performance—instead, it is a “contractual
adjudication procedure,” which is “enforceable” under § 271.154.
Even assuming the order on appeal constitutes an award of specific performance,
we nevertheless find that the 2013 amendments to chapter 271 do not abrogate the
holding in Hays Street. The only section of the Act which waives immunity is § 271.152,
and that section has not been amended. Zachry held that, because the chapter 271
waiver is “subject to the terms and conditions of the Act,” immunity is not waived for claims
which request damages that are impermissible under § 271.153. See Zachry, 449
S.W.3d at 109. But the 2013 amendments do not explicitly restrict the availability of
equitable relief or specific performance. Had the legislature intended to restrict the
availability of equitable relief or specific performance to cases involving water contracts
under § 271.152(2)(B), it could have easily done so using the unambiguous, unmistakable
language which the statute already employs to limit the availability of money damages.
Compare TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 271.153(a) (stating that “the total amount of
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money awarded . . . is limited to the following . . .”) and id. § 271.153(b) (“Damages
awarded . . . may not include . . .”) with id. § 271.153(c) (“Actual damages, specific
performance, or injunctive relief may be granted . . . .”).
Moreover, “the force of any negative implication” based on the expressio unius
canon “depends on context.” Forest Oil Corp. v. El Rucio Land & Cattle Co., 518 S.W.3d
422, 429 (Tex. 2017) (citing Marx v. Gen. Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 381 (2013)).
The canon “does not apply unless it is fair to suppose that [the legislature] considered the
unnamed possibility and meant to say no to it.” Id. The intent of the legislature “must be
expressed clearly, either explicitly or by necessary implication.” Id. We cannot conclude
that the legislature intended to restrict the availability of equitable relief or specific
performance by enacting the 2013 amendments. The amendments do not explicitly do
so, and such restriction is not necessarily implied. Instead, as set forth in Hays Street,
the waiver of immunity in chapter 271 extends to claims for specific performance of a
contract subject to the Act.6
The Risk Pool emphasizes that, as we held in ERO, § 271.154 serves as a
“condition[] on the Act’s waiver of immunity” and does not create an additional waiver of
immunity. See ERO, 579 S.W.3d at 129. That is true, and we continue to disavow City
6 We note that, unlike here, the award of specific performance in Hays Street was made after a full
trial on the merits. See Hays St. Bridge Restoration Gp. v. City of San Antonio, 570 S.W.3d 697, 701 (Tex.
2019). The Risk Pool does not argue in its brief that Hays Street is distinguishable for this reason. In any
event, we note that contractual appraisal provisions in insurance policies are treated like arbitration clauses
and may generally be enforced prior to trial as a means to resolve disputes about the amount of loss for a
covered claim. See City of Abilene, 551 S.W.3d at 344 (“In the context of an insurance contract, appraisal
is not sought in equity as a substitute for inadequate monetary damages, but rather it is a procedural vehicle
provided by the contract to determine the amount of loss.”); Vanguard Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Smith, 999
S.W.2d 448, 451 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.) (holding that insurance policy appraisal clause was
“in its essence, one requiring arbitration” and applying caselaw relating to arbitration clauses); see also In
re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d 404, 407 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding) (noting that
“[a]ppraisals can provide a less expensive, more efficient alternative to litigation” and “should generally go
forward without preemptive intervention by the courts”).
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of Abilene’s implications to the contrary. But our decision here does not assume or rely
on the notion that an additional waiver is created under § 271.154; instead, our holding is
based on the clear and unambiguous general waiver in § 271.152 combined with the lack
of any provision elsewhere in the Act explicitly limiting or restricting the availability of
equitable relief or specific performance.
The Risk Pool finally argues that the City did not establish its entitlement to
appraisal under the Coverage Document because it did not timely (1) file a sworn proof
of loss, (2) demand appraisal, or (3) designate a disinterested appraiser. It contends that,
because of this, the City failed to comply with “contractual adjudication procedures” and
therefore it cannot invoke the chapter 271 waiver. See id. Assuming but not deciding
that the Risk Pool’s factual allegations are true, we disagree that this deprives the trial
court of subject matter jurisdiction here. Section IV.D of the Coverage Document states
that “[i]t shall be necessary for the Member to render a signed and sworn proof of loss to
the Fund or its appointed representative, within 60 days . . . .” Section IV.E provides: “If
the Member and the Fund fail to agree as to the amount of loss, each shall, upon the
written demand either of the Member or of the Fund made within 60 days after receipt of
proof of loss by the Fund, select a competent and disinterested appraiser.” But nowhere
does the Coverage Document explain what happens in the event that the parties disagree
on the amount of loss but (1) the claimant fails to timely file a sworn proof of loss, (2)
either party fails to timely file a demand for appraisal, or (3) either party fails to timely
name a competent and disinterested appraiser. This stands in contrast to ERO, where
the applicable contractual provision explicitly stated that “[c]omplaints that are not filed in
accordance with the time lines shall be dismissed.” Id. at 125. Because the Coverage
Document does not contain similar language, we cannot conclude that the City’s alleged
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failures to comply with these provisions would mean that it has not shown a “substantial
claim that meets the Act’s conditions.” See Zachry, 449 S.W.3d 98, 109 (holding that the
chapter 271 waiver “require[s] a showing of a substantial claim that meets the Act's
conditions”).
III. CONCLUSION
In light of the Texas Supreme Court’s ruling in Hays Street, and for the other
reasons set forth above, we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying the Risk
Pool’s plea to the jurisdiction.7 We overrule its issue on appeal and affirm the judgment
of the trial court.
DORI CONTRERAS
Chief Justice
Delivered and filed the 9th
day of January, 2020.
7 We express no opinion on the merits of whether the City is entitled to appraisal. Rather, as noted,
this opinion is limited to whether the trial court had jurisdiction to order it in this case.
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