Derrick Kevin Metcalf v. State

Affirmed and Opinion filed April 16, 2020.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-19-00101-CR
DERRICK KEVIN METCALF, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 230th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1544492
OPINION
Appellant Derrick Metcalf challenges his capital murder conviction in four
issues, contending the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the law of
parties and the lesser included offense of attempted capital murder. Appellant also
asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting extraneous offense
evidence involving a previous attempt to poison the complainant. We affirm.
Background
Appellant had a romantic relationship with Rose Hunt. Hunt became
pregnant and thought appellant was the father. Hunt asked appellant to go to doctor
visits with her, and he refused. Hunt subsequently contacted the mothers of
appellant’s children and told them about the pregnancy. Appellant became annoyed
with Hunt’s persistence. He approached a friend, Justin Odom, and asked if Odom
could help him “make someone disappear.” Odom introduced appellant to David
Galindo.
Galindo told appellant he would kill Hunt for $1,500. Galindo planned to
take Hunt on a “date” and kill her on Tri City Beach Road, a relatively untraveled
road in a secluded area. Appellant made a $500 down payment. Appellant testified
at trial that he called Galindo a week after making the initial payment to call it off.
Galindo killed Hunt anyway, and appellant paid the $1,000 balance. Appellant
testified that he paid the balance because Galindo told him “[i]f you don’t have my
money, something bad can happen to you. . . . I knew he had killed Rose. And so, I
knew that he would have no problem killing me.”
On February 24, 2017, Hunt’s body was discovered on the side of Tri City
Beach Road. She was eight months pregnant and had been shot in the head.
Witnesses linked Galindo to a vehicle that was seen on that road around the time of
the murder. After officers interviewed Galindo, they also interviewed appellant and
arrested him. He was charged with capital murder.
At trial, Galindo’s girlfriend, Daizy Costello, testified that she was present
when Galindo and appellant discussed the plan to kill Hunt. During that meeting,
appellant told Galindo he previously had tried to poison Hunt but she would not
die. Celia Torres was also present during the conversation and testified that
appellant said he used rat poison and antifreeze in his attempts to kill Hunt.
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Discussion
Defendant contends that the trial court should have submitted jury charge
instructions on the law of parties and attempted capital murder. Defendant further
asserts that the trial court erred in admitting evidence that he had attempted to
poison Hunt. We first address the jury charge issues and then turn to the
evidentiary challenges.
I. Jury Charge Instructions Not Required
Appellant contends in issues one and two that the trial court erred in failing
to submit jury charge instructions on the law of parties and the lesser included
offense of attempted capital murder. We review a complaint of jury charge error
under a two step process. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). First, we determine whether error occurred, and then, if we find error, we
evaluate whether harm resulted from the error sufficient to require reversal. Id.
(citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)). Jury
charge error requires reversal when the defendant has properly objected to the
charge and we find “some harm” to his rights. Id. When the defendant fails to
object, reversal is only appropriate if the record shows “egregious harm” to the
defendant. Id. at 743-44.
As relevant in this case, a person commits capital murder if he “commits
murder as defined under” section 19.02(b)(1) of the Penal Code and “the
person . . . employs another to commit the murder for remuneration or the promise
of remuneration.” Tex. Penal Code § 19.03(a)(3). A person commits murder under
section 19.02(b)(1) if he “intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an
individual.” Id. § 19.02(b)(1).
Law of Parties Instruction. Appellant contends that he was “a party to the
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physical act of murder,” not a principal, so the trial court should have submitted a
jury instruction on the law of parties.1 “A person is criminally responsible as a
party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct
of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.” Id. § 7.01(a). A
person is criminally responsible for another’s conduct when he acts “with intent to
promote or assist the commission of the offense” and “solicits, encourages, directs,
aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.” Id. § 7.02(a)(2).
Appellant was indicted with “unlawfully, intentionally, and knowingly
caus[ing] the death of ROSE HUNT . . . by employing DAVID GALINDO for
remuneration and the promise of remuneration.” The jury charge provided the
following instructions on murder and capital murder:
A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or
knowingly causes the death of an individual.
A person commits the offense of capital murder if he employs another
to commit the murder for remuneration or the promise of
remuneration. . . .
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in
Harris County, Texas, on or about the 24th February, 2017, the
defendant, Derrick Kevin Metcalf, did then and there unlawfully,
intentionally or knowingly cause the death of Rose Hunt, by
employing David Galindo for remuneration or the promise of
remuneration, to-wit: cash money, by shooting Rose Hunt with a
deadly weapon, namely a firearm, then you will find the defendant
guilty as charged in the indictment.
Appellant’s counsel posited during oral argument that the indictment and
charge improperly injected a word into the statute, “by,” thus incorrectly allowing
appellant to be convicted as a principal to capital murder instead of as a party
1
Appellant concedes that he did not ask the trial court to submit a law of parties
instruction to the jury.
4
(“intentionally or knowingly cause the death of Rose Hunt, by employing David
Galindo” (emphasis added)). According to appellant, he would be a party to the
offense only upon a finding that he was criminally responsible for Galindo’s
actions. The State contends that “employ[ing] another to commit . . . murder for
remuneration or the promise of remuneration” is one manner or means of
committing capital murder under the statute as a principal, and thus the inclusion
of the word “by” in the indictment and charge was appropriate. We agree with the
State.
The jury charge gave an instruction on the elements of capital murder under
section 19.03(a)(3) and then applied the facts to the elements of the charged
offense—in short, the charge authorized the jury to convict only upon a finding
beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant “intentionally or knowingly” caused
Hunt’s death as required under the statute. See id. § 19.03(a)(3); see also Lopez v.
State, 493 S.W.3d 126, 137 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d). The
manner and means authorized under the statute by which appellant was charged
with causing Hunt’s death was “employing David Galindo for remuneration or the
promise of remuneration.” See Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 137; cf. Gamez v. State, 665
S.W.2d 124, 127 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983) (noting capital murder statute
enumerates five ways in which one commits capital murder), aff”d, 737 S.W.2d
315 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Our sister court has held that a person commits
capital murder as a principal “if he ‘intentionally or knowingly causes the death of
an individual’ by employing another to commit the murder for remuneration or the
promise of remuneration.” Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 137. We agree. Accordingly, the
trial court properly instructed the jury that it could convict appellant as a principal
to capital murder. See Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 137 (“[W]e conclude that the
application paragraph authorized conviction of Lopez as a principal under the
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correct mens rea element.”).
Appellant cites Gamez v. State in support of his argument that he was
entitled to an instruction on the law of parties. See 665 S.W.2d 124. In that case,
the defendant hired someone to kill a man. Id. at 125. The defendant argued on
appeal that the State was required to prove he “personally shot the deceased”
because the indictment alleged that the defendant “intentionally and knowingly”
caused the complainant’s death by shooting him and by “employ[ing someone] for
remuneration and promise of remuneration . . . to kill the . . . complainant by
shooting [him].” Id. at 126-27. The court of appeals acknowledged that the
defendant was guilty as a party to murder because he was not the shooter. Id. at
127. The court held on this basis that the trial court did not err in including a law of
parties instruction. Id. But the court further noted that the indictment also alleged
an additional fact allowing the jury to convict the defendant: “employing another
to commit murder for remuneration, so that the indictment, when viewed in its
entirety, charge[d] capital murder.” Id. The court concluded, “because of the proof
of the murder contract and the payment of money, [the defendant was] also guilty
of capital murder,” id., which would have been as a principal.
Here, the indictment did not allege that appellant intentionally and
knowingly caused Hunt’s death by shooting her. See id. Instead, the State alleged
only that appellant intentionally and knowingly caused Hunt’s death by employing
David Galindo to kill Hunt, which, if true, made appellant a principal to capital
murder. See Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 137. There is no evidence in this record that
appellant was a party, as opposed to a principal, to capital murder. See id.
Accordingly, a party instruction under these facts would have been superfluous and
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was not required.2 See id. at 137 n.2.
We conclude that the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on the
law of parties because appellant was indicted and charged as a principal to capital
murder. Thus, the trial court did not err in failing to submit the instruction. We
overrule appellant’s first issue.
Attempted Capital Murder Instruction. Appellant contends that the trial
court erred in refusing his request for an instruction on the lesser included offense
of attempted capital murder because he presented evidence that he had changed his
mind before Hunt was killed and no longer had the requisite intent to commit the
offense. He argues, “since renunciation as a legal defense is not permitted by the
statute, the jury was left with no legal avenue to express an opinion if it believed
that appellant no longer had the intent to murder the complainant.”3
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense when
the proof for the offense charged includes the proof necessary to establish the
lesser included offense and there is some evidence in the record that would permit
a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser
included offense. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The
State does not dispute that capital murder includes the proof necessary to establish
attempted capital murder. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.09(4) (“An offense is
a lesser included offense if . . . it consists of an attempt to commit the offense
charged or an otherwise included offense.”). We turn to whether there is some
2
We also note that party liability enlarges criminal responsibility and such an instruction
would have benefitted the State. See Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 127 n.2.
3
The parties agree that renunciation is available as a legal defense only as to criminal
attempt, criminal conspiracy, and criminal solicitation, and renunciation was not an available
defense in this case. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 15.01-.04; see also Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d
103, 121-22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
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evidence in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find appellant guilty
only of attempted capital murder.
“The evidence must establish that the lesser included offense is a valid,
rational alternative to the charged offense.” Bullock v. State, 509 S.W.3d 921, 925
(Tex. Crim. App. 2016). We must examine all the evidence admitted at trial, but
we may not consider the credibility of the evidence and whether it conflicts with
other evidence or is controverted. See id.
Criminal attempt occurs when a person, with specific intent to commit an
offense, does an act amounting to more than mere preparation that tends but fails to
effect commission of the offense intended. Tex. Penal Code § 15.01(a); Bullock,
509 S.W.3d at 925. Thus, to find appellant guilty of attempted capital murder, the
jury would have to find that he (1) intended to murder Hunt by employing Galindo
for remuneration or the promise of remuneration, and (2) did an act that amounted
to more than mere preparation, but (3) failed to effect the completed offense. See
Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 925 (involving attempted theft).
Here, if the jury believed that appellant did not intend to murder Hunt, it
would have been required to acquit appellant because intent is a required element
of both capital murder and attempted capital murder. See Tex. Penal Code
§§ 15.01(a), 19.02(b)(1), 19.03(a)(3). In other words, attempted capital murder and
capital murder both require the same culpable mental state—the specific intent to
murder. Accordingly, to find appellant guilty only of attempted capital murder, the
jury still would have to conclude appellant had the specific intent to murder Hunt
by employing Galindo to kill her but failed to effect commission of the offense.
See Ransier v. State, 594 S.W.3d 1, 21 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no
pet.) (supp. maj. op.) (involving attempted tampering with evidence).
Intentionally or knowingly causing someone’s death by employing another
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to murder someone for remuneration or the promise of remuneration amounts to
capital murder under the statute. See Lopez, 493 S.W.3d at 137; see also Tex. Penal
Code §§ 19.02(b)(1), 19.03(a)(3). Appellant was required to point to some
evidence that he failed to effect commission of the offense. See Ransier, 594
S.W.3d at 21-22.
The record at trial includes evidence that appellant paid Galindo $500 as a
down payment to kill Hunt with the promise of further remuneration after the
offense was completed. Costello testified that appellant urged Galindo, “I already
paid you. Get the job done,” indicating that Galindo was taking too long to kill
Hunt. Appellant also paid the balance “due” after Galindo killed Hunt. Although
appellant testified that he tried to call it off and only paid Galindo because he was
afraid of Galindo, this is not evidence that appellant had the specific intent to
murder Hunt by employing Galindo to kill her but failed to effect commission of
the charged offense. See e.g., Forest v. State, 989 S.W.2d 365, 368 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999) (holding defendant was not entitled to instruction on aggravated assault
when “there was no evidence that [he] was guilty only of anything less than some
form of murder”); Nguyen v. State, No. 14-15-01023-CR, 2017 WL 1540810, at *3
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 27, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (holding defendant was not entitled to lesser included
instruction on aggravated assault when the complainant died); Alphin v. State, No.
06-11-00257-CR, 2012 WL 6060764, at *1, 10 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 6,
2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding defendant,
who was party to capital murder, was not entitled to instruction on attempted
capital murder because the complainant died after being shot by another party to
the offense); Smith v. State, 881 S.W.2d 727, 734 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1994, pet. ref’d) (holding defendant’s intent to cause serious bodily injury resulting
9
in the complainant’s death was murder and there was no evidence defendant was
guilty only of attempted murder).
We conclude the trial court did not err in refusing appellant’s requested
instruction on the lesser included offense of attempted capital murder because there
is no evidence from which a jury could rationally find that appellant had the
specific intent to commit capital murder but failed to do so. We overrule
appellant’s second issue.
II. No Abuse of Discretion in Admitting Evidence
Appellant also challenges in his third and fourth issues the trial court’s
admission of testimony from Costello and Torres that appellant previously had
tried to poison Hunt.4 Appellant objected to the testimony under Rules of Evidence
404(b) and 403.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an
abuse of discretion standard. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). If the trial court’s ruling falls within the zone of reasonable
disagreement, we will affirm that decision. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Extraneous Offense. Under rule 404(b), evidence of a “crime, wrong, or
other act” is not admissible to prove a person’s character. Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(1).
But such evidence may be admissible for another purpose “such as proving motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or
lack of accident.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(2); see also Pena v. State, 554 S.W.3d 242,
248 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d). Appellant concedes that
the challenged testimony was admissible to show intent. Without citing any
4
Appellant contends that the evidence of his poisoning Hunt was also admitted through
Odom, but Odom did not testify about the poisoning.
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authority, appellant argues that this evidence was “not required” and should have
been excluded because the State presented other evidence to prove intent. But the
test is whether the evidence should have been excluded because it was offered to
show appellant’s character, not whether the evidence was required when there was
other evidence of intent.
The State offered the evidence for the proper purpose of establishing intent,
particularly given the fact that appellant’s defense at trial was that he lacked the
intent to murder Hunt. See, e.g., Sorto v. State, 173 S.W.3d 469, 491 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005) (“Evidence of appellant’s participation in [another] murder just four
months earlier, however, served to rebut his argument that he lacked the requisite
intent to promote or assist . . . in the capital murder in the instant case.”); Sifuentes
v. State, 494 S.W.3d 806, 816 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.)
(holding evidence that defendant had committed similar offenses was admissible to
show intent to commit robbery). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the evidence under Rule 404(b). We overrule appellant’s
third issue.
Unfair Prejudice. Appellant also contends that the probative value of the
contested testimony was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. Under Rule 403, in relevant part, a “court may exclude relevant
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair
prejudice.” Tex. R. Evid. 403.
All evidence tends to be prejudicial to one party or the other. Hernandez v.
State, 390 S.W.3d 310, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Only “unfair” prejudice
provides the basis for exclusion of relevant evidence. Montgomery v. State, 810
S.W.2d 372, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Webb v. State, 995 S.W.2d 295, 301
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999). Prejudice is “unfair” if it has an “undue
11
tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not
necessarily, an emotional one.” Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 378. In conducting a
rule 403 analysis, courts must balance (1) the inherent probative force of the
proffered evidence and (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence, against (3) any
tendency of the evidence to suggest a decision on an improper basis, (4) any
tendency to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency to
be given undue weight by the jury, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the
evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or be cumulative of other
evidence. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006);
Ripstra v. State, 514 S.W.3d 305, 318 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet.
ref’d).
Appellant contends that the balancing test weighed in favor of excluding the
evidence because (1) it permitted the jury to convict him of an extraneous offense,
(2) developing the evidence was moderately time consuming, and (3) the State had
other evidence to establish intent. The State argues the balancing test weighs in
favor of admission because (1) the evidence was highly relevant to establishing
knowledge and intent to commit capital murder and rebut appellant’s testimony
that he changed his mind and paid Galindo under duress, (2) the need for the
evidence was high, given that appellant was challenging intent and it rebutted
appellant’s evidence that his desire to kill Hunt was impulsive, (3) it was unlikely
that the evidence would have suggested a decision on an improper basis, given the
trial court’s limiting instructions, and (4) the chance that the evidence would
confuse or distract the jurors was low because abundant evidence was introduced
demonstrating appellant’s guilt and the State spent little time developing the
testimony.
Turning to the factors, the probative force of the evidence was considerable.
12
Appellant testified that he did not intend to kill Hunt. Costello and Torres testified
that in fact appellant stated he had tried unsuccessfully to kill Hunt himself.
Accordingly, this evidence supports the inference that appellant had been plotting
to murder Hunt before meeting Galindo. The trial court also reasonably could have
concluded that the State’s need for the evidence was great because appellant hotly
challenged intent at trial. See Sorto, 173 S.W.3d at 491.
The trial court similarly could have concluded that the evidence did not have
a tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis. First, the trial court
instructed the jury during trial and in the charge as follows:
You are instructed that if there is any evidence before you in this case
regarding the defendant’s committing an alleged offense or offenses
other than the offense alleged against him in the indictment in this
case, you cannot consider such evidence for any purpose unless you
find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
committed such other offense or offenses, if any, and even then you
may only consider the same in determining the motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or
accident of the defendant, if any, in connection with the offense, if
any, alleged against him in the indictment and for no other purpose.
We presume the jury followed this instruction. See Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221,
224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Second, the testimony related directly to the charged
offense because it shows that appellant wanted Hunt to die and tried unsuccessfully
to kill her once before.
The trial court likewise reasonably could have concluded that the evidence
did not tend to confuse or distract the jury from the main issue in the case—
whether appellant intended to kill Hunt. The State presented other evidence of
intent, including appellant’s testimony, Costello’s testimony that appellant urged
Galindo to “[g]et the job done,” and proof of appellant’s payments to Galindo
before and after the crime.
13
The trial court further reasonably could have concluded that the jury would
not tend to give the evidence undue weight—appellant’s counsel cross-examined
Costello about her involvement in the crime and her agreement with the State to
reduce her charge from capital murder to murder.5 Defense counsel also confronted
Torres regarding whether she had previously told police that appellant attempted to
poison Hunt. Moreover, defense counsel vigorously challenged Torres’s
credibility.
Finally, the trial court reasonably could have concluded that presentation of
the evidence would not consume an inordinate amount of time or be needlessly
cumulative—the State spent a comparatively small amount of time developing this
evidence at trial, and the evidence was presented only through Costello and Torres.
The State mentioned the evidence in its closing argument only briefly.
The trial court, after balancing the Rule 403 factors, reasonably could have
concluded that the probative value of the challenged testimony was not
substantially outweighed by the countervailing factors specified in the rule. See
Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at 642-43; Sorto, 173 S.W.3d at 491 & n.91 (concluding
probative value of extraneous offense evidence was not substantially outweighed
by danger of unfair prejudice when evidence was relevant to intent as “an essential
disputed issue in the case” and jury was given instruction to limit its consideration
of evidence to proper purpose). We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
5
Costello had been charged with capital murder for her involvement in the offense, and
the charge was reduced to murder because she agreed to testify against appellant and plead guilty
to murder.
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Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Frances Bourliot
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Bourliot, Hassan, and Poissant.
Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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