AES Valves, LLC and IES International Energy Services, Ltd. v. Kobi International, Inc. Dba Kobi Group

Opinion issued April 16, 2020
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-18-00081-CV
———————————
AES VALVES, LLC AND IES INTERNATIONAL ENERGY SERVICES,
LTD., Appellants
V.
KOBI INTERNATIONAL, INC. D/B/A KOBI GROUP, Appellee
On Appeal from the 125th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2016-61999
MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REHEARING
Appellants, AES Valves, LLC and IES International Energy Services, Ltd.
moved for rehearing of our October 31, 2019 opinion and judgment. We deny the
motion for rehearing, but withdraw our opinion and judgment of October 31, 2019
and issue the following opinion and a new judgment in their stead.
In this restricted appeal, appellants, AES Valves, LLC (“AES”) and IES
International Energy Services, Ltd. (“IES”), argue that the trial court improperly
granted a no-answer default judgment in favor of appellee, Kobi International, Inc.
d/b/a Kobi Group (“Kobi”). In three issues, appellants argue that (1) the trial court
improperly granted a default judgment and (2) legally and factually insufficient
evidence supports the award of damages, attorney’s fees, and prejudgment interest.
We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
Background
In 2012, Kobi and AES entered into a $1.25 million purchase order for
custom plug valves for a pipeline project in Peru. Although AES delivered the
plug valves, Kobi alleged that the plug valves were defective and inoperable for
the project. Despite AES and IES’s1 assurances that they would repair the plug
valves, Kobi alleged that the plug valves were never adequately repaired. Kobi
sued appellants for breach of contract, breach of implied warranty of
merchantability, breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose,
fraud, and violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”). As relevant
here, Kobi sought economic damages, treble damages under the DTPA,2
1
IES is the parent company of AES.
2
See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 17.50(b)(1) (providing that trier of fact may award
no more than three times amount of economic damages if it finds conduct of
defendant was committed knowingly).
2
exemplary damages for fraud, and attorney’s fees under section 38.001(8) of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and section 17.50(d) of the DTPA. Kobi
also alleged that AES and IES were jointly and severally liable pursuant to alter
ego theories.
Kobi attempted to serve Robert Schmidt, the president and registered agent
of both AES and IES, multiple times with a private process server and a constable.
When those attempts at service were unsuccessful, Kobi filed a motion for
substituted service.3 Kobi asserted that it used reasonable diligence to find the
registered agent at appellants’ registered office, and Kobi attached the process
server’s affidavit, stating that she could not locate Robert Schmidt. Kobi requested
that the trial court allow Kobi to serve the secretary of state, as appellants’ agent
for service of process.4
3
A party seeking substituted service of process is required by the rules of civil
procedure to file a motion supported “by affidavit stating the location of the
defendant’s usual place of business or usual place of abode or other place where
the defendant can probably be found and stating specifically the facts showing that
service has been attempted under either [TEX. R. CIV. P. 106](a)(1) or (a)(2) at the
location named in such affidavit but has not been successful[.]” TEX. R. CIV. P.
106(b).
4
See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE §§ 5.251 (providing that secretary of state is agent for
entity when registered agent of entity cannot with reasonable diligence be found),
5.252 (providing service on secretary of state is effected by delivering to secretary
duplicate copies of process, notice, or demand).
3
On December 27, 2016, the trial court granted Kobi’s motion for substituted
service, allowing service of process on appellants in one of five ways, including
serving the Texas Secretary of State, as agent for appellants.
After appellants failed to answer, Kobi sought a default judgment on
liability, asserting that it completed substituted service by affixing “a true copy of
the citation and a copy of Plaintiff’s First Amended Petition to the front door of the
usual place of abode of Defendants AES Valves, LLC’s and IES International
Energy Services, Ltd.’s registered agent, Robert Schmidt, 13714 Vinery, Cypress,
TX 77429.” Kobi stated that it received returns of service for both AES and IES
on February 16, 2017. Kobi asserted that because AES and IES had not answered,
it was entitled to a default judgment on liability and a hearing to establish the
amount of damages.
On April 25, 2017, the trial court granted the default judgment on liability.
Kobi then moved for a default judgment on damages, asserting that it was entitled
to recover damages as stated in its first amended petition. Kobi sought economic
damages of $8,347,015.78 via its DTPA, fraud, and other causes of actions, and it
sought treble damages of $16,694,031.56 pursuant to the DTPA. Alternatively,
Kobi sought exemplary damages of $33,388,063.12 under its fraud cause of action
4
and section 41.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.5 Kobi also
sought attorney’s fees under section 38.001(8) of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code and under section 17.50 of the DTPA.
After a hearing on its motion for default judgment on damages on July 13,
2017,6 Kobi filed a supplement to its motion, asserting that the trial court requested
that Kobi submit a revised proposed order that awarded treble damages but not
punitive damages and awarded attorney’s fees incurred on a contingency basis.
The trial court signed a July 26, 2017 final judgment, which awarded Kobi a lump
sum of $25,041,047.34 in damages, $400,640.00 in attorney’s fees, and
prejudgment interest. The trial court’s final judgment further provided that AES
and IES are jointly and severally liable to Kobi for all amounts in the judgment.
On January 25, 2018, appellants filed a notice of restricted appeal.
Service of Process
In their first issue, appellants argue that the default judgment cannot stand
because they were not properly served.
5
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 41.003 (providing that exemplary damages
may be awarded if claimant proves by clear and convincing evidence that harm
results from fraud, malice, or gross negligence).
6
The hearing was not transcribed.
5
A. Standard of Review
To succeed on a restricted appeal, a party is required, among other things,7
to show that error is apparent on the face of the record. TEX. R. APP. P. 30; Barker
CATV Constr., Inc. v. Ampro, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 789, 791 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, no pet.); see Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152
(Tex. 1994). The face of the record consists of all the papers on file in the appeal,
including any reporter’s record. Osteen v. Osteen, 38 S.W.3d 809, 813 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.). A review of a restricted appeal
includes review of the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, including the
evidence of damages. Norman Commc’ns v. Tex. Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269
270 (Tex. 1997); Regions Bank v. Centerpoint Apartments, 290 S.W.3d 510, 512
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.).
A restricted appeal is a direct attack. Barker CATV, 989 S.W.2d at 792; see
Primate, 884 S.W.2d at 152. The record must affirmatively show strict
compliance with the rules for service of citation in order for a default judgment to
withstand direct attack. Barker CATV, 989 S.W.2d at 792; Primate, 884 S.W.2d at
152. If strict compliance is not affirmatively shown, the service of process is
invalid and has no effect. Barker CATV, 989 S.W.2d at 792. There are no
7
Because the parties only contest whether error is apparent on the face of the
record, we limit our analysis to that issue.
6
presumptions in favor of valid issuance, service, or return of citation in the face of
a restricted appeal attacking a default judgment. See Primate, 884 S.W.2d at 152.
When, as here, the defendants’ registered agent cannot be found at its
registered office with reasonable diligence, the plaintiff is permitted to seek
substituted service on the secretary of state. See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE
§ 5.251(1)(B). Service of process on the secretary of state is accomplished by
delivering duplicate copies of the process and any required fee. See id. § 5.252.
Thereafter, the secretary of state shall forward the process to the entity’s most
recent address on file with the secretary of state by certified mail, return receipt
requested. See id. § 5.253. The secretary may issue a certificate of service known
as a Whitney Certificate. See Wright Bros. Energy, Inc. v. Krough, 67 S.W.3d 271,
n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (stating that “Whitney
certificate” is issued by secretary of state when it has received two copies of
petition and citation and has forwarded one copy of each to defendant) (citing
Whitney v. L & L Realty Corp., 500 S.W.2d 94, 95–96 (Tex. 1973)). “Absent fraud
or mistake, the Secretary of State’s certificate is conclusive evidence that the
Secretary of State, as agent of [the defendant], received service of process for [the
defendant] and forwarded the service as required by the statute.” Capitol Brick,
Inc. v. Fleming Mfg. Co., 722 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. 1986).
7
B. Analysis
Appellants argue that the return of service was improper and that the default
judgment must be set aside. Specifically, appellants argue that the original return
of citation, amended return of citation, and second amended return of citation state
that the process server received the documents before the order for alternative
service was even signed. Appellants argue that although the returns of service
show that the process server stated that he received the documents around
December 14 or December 15, the trial court’s order granting substituted service
was not signed until December 27.
Kobi responds that appellants were served with process twice, by posting
and through the secretary of state, both of which were authorized by court order
after appellants’ registered agent, Robert Schmidt, could not be found.
The record reflects that the trial court granted Kobi’s motion for substituted
service of its first amended petition. The trial court’s order allowed process to be
served on appellants, among other ways, by serving the secretary of state, as agent
for service of process of appellants with a true copy of the citation and a copy of
plaintiff’s first amended petition.
The face of the record shows that the secretary of state issued Whitney
Certificates for appellants on March 29, 2017. The certificates state that it received
8
a copy of the citation and plaintiff’s first amended petition8 on January 17, 2017
and that a copy was forwarded on January 23, 2017, by certified mail, return
receipt requested, to AES and IES via Registered Agent Robert Schmidt, 13714
Vinery, Cypress, TX 77429, the address on file with the secretary of state.9
Appellants do not allege fraud or mistake in the issuance of the Whitney
certificates. Instead, appellants argue that service is defective because the citations
and the returns of citations contain an incorrect address. Appellants claim that the
citations for AES and IES list an address at 13714 Vinery Cypress, Texas 77429,
while other affidavits of service include an address at P.O. Box 13375, Austin, TX
78711. Appellants argue that the proper address for service on the Texas Secretary
of State is P.O. Box 12079, Austin, Texas 78711-2079. Because the citations and
the affidavits of certified mailing contain an incorrect address served, appellants
assert that the default judgment cannot stand.
Appellants appear to argue that the address of the Texas Secretary of State is
incorrect, and it asks us to take judicial notice of the correct service address for the
8
Section 5.252 states that service on the secretary of state is effected by “delivering
to the secretary duplicate copies of the process, notice, or demand[.]” TEX. BUS.
ORGS. CODE § 5.252.
9
Section 5.253 provides that, after service in compliance with section 5.252, the
secretary of state shall immediately send one of the copies of the process, notice,
or demand to the named entity with the notice “addressed to the most recent
address of the entity on file with the secretary of state[.]” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE
§ 5.253.
9
Texas Secretary of State. However, appellants have cited no authority that service
is defective when an allegedly incorrect address is used for the secretary of state.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Moreover, in a restricted appeal, we are concerned
with errors apparent on the face of the record. Whether the Texas Secretary of
State’s address is correct or not, the correct address is not apparent from the face of
the record. See Wright Bros. Energy, 67 S.W.3d at 274 (stating that entity’s
correct address is nowhere apparent in trial court’s record). More importantly, the
Whitney certificates are conclusive that the secretary of state received service of
process as agent for appellants, and appellants do not assert fraud or mistake in the
issuance of the Whitney Certificates. See Campus Invs., Inc. v. Cullever, 144
S.W.3d 464, 466 (Tex. 2004) (stating that certificate from secretary of state
conclusively establishes that process was served). Thus, we conclude that the
secretary’s certificates conclusively established service of process, and the trial
court had personal jurisdiction over appellants.
We overrule appellants’ first issue.10
DTPA
10
Appellants assert a number of additional arguments as to why service of process
was not effective. Because we have concluded that the Whitney Certificates are
conclusive, it is unnecessary to address appellants’ remaining complaints about
service of process. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
10
In their second issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting
default judgment on Kobi’s DTPA claim. Specifically, appellants argue that
Kobi’s DTPA claim is legally and factually insufficient to support a default
judgment.
Appellants argue that Kobi alleged in its first amended petition that it
entered into a contract for $1,250,000 with appellants. Because the DTPA does
not allow a cause of action for a suit involving more than $500,000, appellants
argue that, on the face of Kobi’s petition, its DTPA claim is invalid. In its
appellee’s brief, Kobi does not respond to appellants’ argument that the DTPA
claim is invalid. In their reply brief, appellants note that Kobi did not address the
invalidity of its DTPA claim and that Kobi abandoned all causes of action other
than the DTPA claim.11
A petition is inadequate to support a default judgment when: (1) the petition
does not attempt to state a cause of action within the court’s jurisdiction; (2) the
11
Although we agree that Kobi did not address the invalidity of its DTPA claim on
appeal, appellants do not provide any authority or point to anywhere in the record
showing that Kobi abandoned its breach of contract, fraud, and breach of warranty
causes of action. In a supplement to Kobi’s motion for default judgment, Kobi
stated that, after a hearing on July 13, 2017, the trial court requested that Kobi
submit a revised proposed order that awarded treble damages, but not punitive
damages, and awarded attorney’s fees incurred on a contingency basis, but not on
an hourly basis. Nothing in the record indicates that Kobi abandoned its other
causes of action in its first amended petition. We therefore conclude that Kobi
asserted and continued to assert all of the causes of action referenced in its first
amended petition.
11
petition does not give the defendant fair notice of the claim asserted; or (3) the
petition affirmatively shows the invalidity of the claim. Paramount Pipe & Supply
Co. v. Muhr, 749 S.W.2d 491, 494 (Tex. 1988).
The DTPA contains an exemption if the cause of action arises from a
transaction or set of transactions relating to the same project if the total
consideration by the consumer amounts to more than $500,000. TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE § 17.49(g). The purpose of this exemption is to maintain the DTPA as a
viable source of relief for consumers in small transactions and to remove litigation
between businesses over large transactions from the scope of the DTPA. See
Citizens Nat’l Bank v. Allen Rae Invs., Inc., 142 S.W.3d 459, 473–74 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2004, no pet.).
In its first amended petition, Kobi alleged that it had entered into a contract
for $1,250,000 with appellants for custom plug valves. By its own pleading, Kobi
was statutorily precluded from seeking DTPA damages because Kobi’s transaction
with appellants exceeded the $500,00 limit imposed by the DTPA. See TEX. BUS.
& COM. CODE § 17.49(g) (imposing $500,000 limit on DTPA); East Hill Marine,
Inc. v. Rinker Boat Co., 229 S.W.3d 813, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet.
denied) (holding that trial court did not err in granting summary judgment when
transaction exceeded $500,000 limit of DTPA). We therefore conclude that Kobi
12
could not assert a valid DTPA cause of action and such error is apparent on the
face of the record.12
We sustain appellants’ second issue.13
Unliquidated Damages
In their third issue, appellants argue that the unliquidated damages were not
supported by legally and factually sufficient evidence.14 Appellants also argue that
Kobi sought unliquidated damages pursuant to its prayer in its first amended
12
Appellants raise additional arguments as to why Kobi’s DTPA claim fails.
Because we have concluded that Kobi is precluded from bringing a DTPA claim,
it is unnecessary for us to address appellants’ additional arguments. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 47.1.
13
Although we have held that Kobi’s DTPA claim is invalid and thus cannot support
the trial court’s granting of a default judgment, Kobi also asserted breach of
contract, fraud, and breach of warranty causes of action that are unchallenged on
appeal. Because these additional causes of action are unchallenged on appeal, the
default judgment on liability is proper. See Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56,
58 (Tex. 1993) (“We have held repeatedly that the courts of appeals may not
reverse the judgment of a trial court for a reason not raised in a point of error.”);
Britton v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 95 S.W.3d 676, 681 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (stating that if independent ground fully
supports judgment, but appellant assigns no error to that independent ground, then
court of appeals must accept validity of unchallenged independent ground).
14
Also within its third issue, appellants argue that Kobi did not present legally or
factually sufficient evidence that a misrepresentation caused the problems with the
plug valves. Specifically, appellants argue that Kobi had to show that a DTPA
violation constituted a producing cause of its alleged economic damages. Because
we have already concluded that Kobi’s DTPA cause of action is invalid, it is
unnecessary for us to address appellants’ argument. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
13
petition, but the “prayer does not seek purported delay penalties nor CMGC15-
threatened charges or offsets,” “[t]he alleged delay penalties CMG[C] threatened
charges or offsets are neither pleaded nor may they be recovered,” and “Kobi is not
entitled to relief or damages beyond its pleadings.”
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In conducting a legal-sufficiency review, we credit favorable evidence if a
reasonable factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable
factfinder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).
We will sustain a legal sufficiency challenge if the record shows (1) a complete
absence of a vital fact; (2) rules of law or evidence bar the court from giving
weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to
prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively
establishes the opposite of a vital fact. Id. at 810. We consider the evidence in the
light most favorable to the finding and indulge every reasonable inference that
would support it. Id. at 822. In reviewing a factual-sufficiency challenge, we
examine all the evidence. Castanon v. Monsevais, 703 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ). We will reverse only if the finding is against
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Id.
15
CGMC is the abbreviated name for GyM-Conciviles, the consortium that ran the
Peruvian project.
14
When a no-answer default judgment is rendered, the defendant’s liability for
all causes of action pled is conclusively established and all allegations of fact in the
petition, except the amount of unliquidated damages, are deemed admitted.
Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 731 (Tex. 1984). The plaintiff
must prove by competent evidence the amount of his unliquidated damages and
must prove that the injury for which damages are sought was proximately caused
by the event for which liability has been established. Id. at 732. “The damages
must be ascertainable in some manner other than by mere speculation or
conjecture, and by reference to some fairly definite standard, established
experience, or direct inference from known facts.” A.B.F. Freight Sys., Inc. v.
Austrian Imp. Serv., Inc., 798 S.W.2d 606, 615 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, writ
denied). During a default-judgment proceeding, affidavit testimony will support
the award of unliquidated damages if the affidavit avers personal knowledge of the
facts, describes the circumstances that resulted in the loss, and identifies the total
amount owed as a result. See Tex. Commerce Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. New, 3 S.W.3d
515, 517 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam).
Special damages must be pled. TEX. R. CIV. P. 56. Whether particular
damages must be specifically pled depends on whether they constitute general
damages (also known as “direct damages”) or special damages (also known as
“consequential damages”). See id. (“When items of special damage are claimed,
15
they shall be specifically stated.”); Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp.,
945 S.W.2d 812, 816 (Tex. 1997) (sub. op.) (using the terms “direct damages” and
“consequential damages”); Anderson Dev. Corp. v. Coastal States Crude
Gathering Co., 543 S.W.2d 402, 405 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, writ
ref’d n.r.e.) (using terms “general damages” and “special damages”). The
distinction turns on whether the damages “usually” or “necessarily” flow from the
wrongful act. See Arthur Andersen & Co., 945 S.W.2d at 816 (explaining that
“[d]irect damages are the necessary and usual result of the defendant’s wrongful
act,” whereas consequential damages “result naturally, but not necessarily, from
the defendant’s wrongful acts”); Anderson Dev. Corp., 543 S.W.2d at 405 (stating
that “[g]eneral damages are those which naturally and necessarily flow from a
wrongful act,” whereas “[s]pecial damages arise naturally but not necessarily from
the wrongful act”). General damages need not be pleaded because they “are so
usual an accompaniment of the kind of breach alleged that the mere allegation of
the breach gives sufficient notice” that such damages were sustained. Hess Die
Mold, Inc. v. Am. Plasti–Plate Corp., 653 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. App.—Tyler
1983, no writ). Special damages, on the other hand, “are so unusual as to normally
vary with the circumstances of each individual case, and must be shown to have
been contemplated or foreseen by the parties.” Id. A default judgment, like all
16
judgments, must conform to the pleadings. TEX. R. CIV. P. 301; Mullen v. Roberts,
423 S.W.2d 576, 578 (Tex. 1968).
B. Analysis
In its motion for default judgment on damages, Kobi asked to be awarded
unliquidated damages as previously requested in its prayer of its first amended
petition. Kobi’s prayer of its first amended petition asked that it be awarded
judgment against defendants, jointly and severally, for the following:
(a) The $1.25 million that Kobi paid under the purchase order;
(b) Damages and loss caused by the Defendants’ contractual and
tortious breaches, including costs incurred by KOBI to purchase
replacement plug valves for the pipeline in Peru, to air freight
the plug valves to Peru because they were delivered late to
KOBI by AES, on plane tickets and hotel rooms for AES repair
people to travel to Peru to attempt to fix the defects in the field,
to warehouse the defective plug valves in Peru, and to
otherwise investigate the cause and potential solutions to the
defective plug valves;
...
(e) Exemplary damages.
Kobi’s motion for default judgment on damages also requested additional
economic damages, consisting of $1,106,048 in lost income, “when CMGC
refused to pay Kobi Group this amount for the plug valves,” and $3,450,247.81 for
“Contugas’s16 intent ‘to purchase and install at its own expense the valves and
16
Contugas is a company that distributes and markets natural gas in the Ica region of
Peru, and CGMC’s client on the pipeline project.
17
deduct that expense . . . from the outstanding balance due to CGMC,’ which
expense CGMC will pass on to Kobi Group.”
In its first amended petition, the live pleading, Kobi did not request damages
for (1) Kobi’s lost income of $1,106,048.00 and (2) “Contugas’s intent ‘to
purchase and install at its own expense the valves and deduct that expense. . . from
the outstanding balance due to CGMC,’ which expense CGMC will pass on to
Kobi Group” of $3,450,247.81. These damages were consequential damages
because they result naturally, but not necessarily, from the acts complained of. See
Arthur Andersen & Co., 945 S.W.2d at 816; Mood v. Kronos Prods., Inc., 245
S.W.3d 8, 12 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied) (stating that profits lost on
other contracts or relationships resulting from breach are consequential damages);
Boat Superstore, Inc. v. Haner, 877 S.W.2d 376, (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1994, no pet.); Harper v. Wellbeing Genomics Pty. Ltd., No. 03-17-00035-CV,
2018 WL 6318876, at *11 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 4, 2018, pet. filed) (stating
that profits lost on other contracts or relationships resulting from breach are
indirect or consequential damages). As these are consequential or special
damages, they must be specifically pled. TEX. R. CIV. P. 56 (special damages shall
be specifically stated), 301 (judgment must conform to pleadings); Henry S. Miller
Co. v. Bynum, 836 S.W.2d 160, 164 (Tex. 1992) (Phillips, J., concurring) (stating
that “consequential damages must be specifically pled”). By failing to specifically
18
plead for these consequential damages, the trial court committed error by awarding
at least some damages that did not conform to the pleadings. Therefore, the
evidence was legally insufficient to support $4,556,295.81 out of the
$25,041,047.34 in unliquidated damages awarded by the trial court, and error is
apparent on the face of the record.
We sustain appellants’ third issue.17
Because of our conclusion in appellants’ third issue, this court must reverse
all of the damages awarded and remand the claims for a new trial on unliquidated
damages. See Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 86 (Tex. 1992)
(holding that when appellate court sustains no evidence point after an uncontested
hearing on unliquidated damages following no-answer default judgment,
appropriate disposition is to remand for trial on issue of unliquidated damages); see
also Argyle Mech., Inc. v. Unigus Steel, Inc., 156 S.W.3d 685, 688 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2005, no pet.) (if no-evidence point sustained as to unliquidated damages
17
In a subpoint to its third issue, appellants argue that the trial court erred in finding
that AES and IES are alter egos because Kobi’s petition on its face did not state a
claim of alter ego. Despite appellant’s assertion, the trial court did not specifically
find that AES and IES were alter egos. Because appellants assert that the trial
court erroneously found that AES and IES were alter egos and the final judgment
does not contain an alter ego finding, nothing is presented for review. See Carlson
v. Carlson, 983 S.W.2d 304, 309 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.)
(holding that nothing presented for review when complained-of finding not made);
Contreras v. Henkle, No. 04-95-00136-CV, 1996 WL 743815, at *1 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio Dec. 31, 1996, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding that
because record did not reflect that trial court made finding about which appellant
complained, nothing was presented for review).
19
resulting from no-answer default judgment, appropriate disposition is remand for
new trial on issue of unliquidated damages). We therefore reverse the trial court’s
award of damages, prejudgment interest, and attorney’s fees. See Holt Atherton
Indus., 835 S.W.2d at 86; see, e.g., Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 315 (Tex.
2006) (remanding for new trial on attorney’s fees when damages were reduced
significantly).
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s default judgment as to liability. We reverse the
remainder of the portion of the default judgment awarding unliquidated damages
and remand for a new trial on the issue of unliquidated damages only.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Goodman and Countiss.
20