DocketNumber： 13-00-00242-CV
Filed Date： 1/17/2002
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 4/17/2021
NUMBER 13-00-242-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
______________________________________________________________
RICHARD COLLINS, Appellant,
v.
TILLIE CASILLAS CANO, Appellee.
______________________________________________________________
On appeal from the 148th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
______________________________________________________________
O P I N I O N
Before Justices Dorsey, Hinojosa, and Castillo
Opinion by Justice Hinojosa
Appellant, Richard Collins, appeals from a post-answer default judgment granted in favor of appellee, Tillie Casillas Cano. In fifteen issues, Collins contends: (1) the trial court erred in rendering the post-answer default judgment against him; (2) the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial; (3) the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction; (4) the judgment is not supported by the pleadings; (5) Cano's causes of action are barred by limitations; (6) Cano's causes of action were not proven; (7) the trial court should not have granted a declaratory judgment that Collins engaged in the unauthorized practice of law; (8) the basis for the counterclaim for declaratory judgment was moot; (8) Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 violations were not proven; (9) the trial court erred in its award of attorney's fees; (10) the trial court erred in awarding damages for the loss of use of money, severe physical suffering, and emotional anguish; and (11) the trial court erred in finding that Collins interfered with the sale of real property allegedly owned by Cano and awarding damages for the interference. We reverse the trial court's judgment and remand for a new trial.
A. Background
1. Cause No. 94-6951-B
On November 18, 1994, Frederica Casillas ("Frederica") sued her husband, Jose Guillermo Casillas ("Jose"), for divorce in Nueces County in Cause No. 94-6951-B. On December 5, 1995, the court granted a divorce and divided the marital estate. In a "Motion for Enforcement and Clarification of Decree of Divorce" filed on January 29, 1996, Frederica asserted that Jose had refused to transfer certain accounts and convey certain property that the divorce court had awarded her. The motion was heard on May 3, 1996, and the court signed an order on May 16, 1996. According to the order, the court found that Jose had violated the divorce decree by:
The court found that Jose was guilty of criminal contempt and "ordered that punishment for each separate violation is assessed at a fine of $500 and confinement in the county jail of Nueces County, Texas for a period of ten (10) days." Jose's commitment was ordered suspended if, by May 16, 1996, he:
By letter dated May 10, 1996, Frederica's attorney advised the court that Jose had complied with all of these conditions.
On October 24, 1996, Frederica filed a second motion for enforcement, asserting that Jose had not executed the necessary transfer forms for certain investment accounts that the divorce court had awarded her. A show cause hearing was set for November 20, 1996. On February 14, 1997, Frederica filed a third motion for enforcement regarding these same investment accounts. In her third motion, Frederica alleged that Jose had concealed and failed to disclose numerous assets, including various Merrill Lynch accounts. On February 25, 1997, Jose filed a general denial to Frederica's second motion for enforcement.
In an amended third motion for enforcement, filed on March 14, 1997, Frederica added claims against Cano, Jose's sister, because she "is the record title holder of certain property that was fraudulently transferred by [Jose] without consideration and/or for less than reasonably equivalent value." Jose and Cano were both served with this motion on April 17, 1997. A hearing on the third amended motion was held on May 22, 1997. Cano filed a general denial on May 27, 1997. On June 3, 1997, Frederica nonsuited her third-party claim against Cano. On the same day, a no-answer default judgment was rendered against Jose for $510,605.00. (1)
On June 18, 1997, Jose filed a motion to vacate the default judgment because he had an answer on file when the default judgment was rendered against him. On June 30, 1997, Jose filed a motion for new trial. On August 14, 1997, the trial court vacated the June 3, 1997 default judgment because Jose had an answer on file at the time the judgment was taken. The court ordered Frederica to "cease and desist from any and all efforts to enforce the judgment of this court signed on June 3, 1997." The court also stated:
this Court finds that the pro se pleadings of Frederica Casillas may be prepared by Richard Collins who signs as "Agent for
Frederica Casillas" and that Richard Collins does not appear to be a licensed attorney. The Court will no longer accept any
such pleadings, and the Clerk of the Court shall accept no pleadings signed by "Richard Collins, Agent."
2. Cause No. 97-2892-E
On June 4, 1997, Frederica filed a pro se "Petition to Set Aside Fraudulent Conveyances of Real Property" in Cause No. 97-2892-E against Jose and Cano. In the petition, Frederica asserted she had obtained a judgment against Jose on June 3, 1997 for $510,605.00. She further asserted that on October 23, 1996, "[Jose], with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud [Frederica] as a judgment creditor, executed quitclaim deeds . . . , by which he quitclaimed to Defendant Tillie Casillas Cano all his right, title, interest and claim to" the property located at (1) 3301 South Staples St. in Corpus Christi and (2) 3305 South Staples St. in Corpus Christi. Cano was served with the petition on June 23, 1997. On July 2, 1997, Cano filed a general denial and a motion to transfer venue.
On July 3, 1997, Frederica filed an "Amended Petition to Set Aside Fraudulent Conveyances of Real Property." (2) In the amended petition, Frederica further asserted that Jose had fraudulently transferred 12.396 acres "situated in the H.C. Kitchen Survey" to Cano. On July 14, 1997, Jose filed a general denial to the petition. On July 29, 1997, Frederica filed an answer to Cano's motion to transfer venue. (3)
On October 14, 1997, Cano filed a counterclaim for declaratory judgment because "no basis in law and fact exists for Frederica Casillas' false allegations that plaintiff is a judgment creditor and that Jose Casillas made fraudulent conveyances to Tillie Cano based on a judgment dated June 3, 1997. . . ." On November 18, 1997, Frederica filed apro se answer to Cano's counterclaim. On December 5, 1997, Frederica filed a fourth motion for enforcement. On November 23, 1998, Frederica nonsuited Cano.
A docket control conference was held on April 20, 1999, and the trial court signed a docket control order on May 14, 1999, setting the case for a jury trial on August 9, 1999. A second docket control conference was held on May 14, 1999, and the trial court signed a docket control order on June 25, 1999, setting the case for a jury trial on November 1, 1999.
On June 25, 1999, Cano filed her Third-Party Plaintiff's Petition Against Third-Party Defendant, Collins. Cano's petition alleged that Collins had: (1) engaged in the unauthorized practice of law by advising, assisting, and participating with Frederica in connection with filing groundless pleadings with false allegations of claims to property owned by Cano; (2) advised, assisted, and participated with Frederica in imposing a cloud on the title owned by Cano as a result of filing the groundless pleadings and notice of lispendens; (3) advised, assisted, and participated with Frederica in tortiously interfering with Cano's rights and ownership of the property and the judicial process and legal rights of Cano; (4) advised, assisted and participated with Frederica in connection with intentional infliction of emotional distress on Cano causing her to suffer aggravation of her poor physical health, physical pain and mental anguish; and (5) failed and refused to advise Frederica to dismiss the groundless pleadings with false allegations and cancel the groundless notice of lis pendens.
Collins was not served with the citation and third-party plaintiff's petition until September 10, 1999. He filed an answer and a motion for summary judgment on October 4, 1999. The trial court rendered a no-answer default judgment on liability on October 5, 1999, and a default judgment on damages on October 7, 1999. On October 12, 1999, Collins filed a motion for new trial on the default judgment. He also filed, on the same day, a letter with the clerk of the court providing the trial court with his correct mailing address. (4) On October 28, 1999, Collins filed a motion for sanctions against Cano for filing a frivolous pleading. On the same date, Frederica nonsuited Jose.
On November 1, 1999, a non-jury trial was held only on Cano's counterclaim and third-party petition because Frederica had nonsuited both Jose and Cano. Jose, Frederica, and Cano were all present. Collins did not appear. In an order, dated January 13, 2000, the trial court stated:
The Court is of the opinion and finds that the facts and law support the relief requested by plaintiff Tillie Cano. The Court
specifically finds that the default judgment in Cause No. 94-6951-B, the pleadings and other papers filed in this action,
asserting claims against Tillie Cano and Jose Guillermo Casillas, and defendants' other actions were groundless and taken
in bad faith and for the purposes of harassment. . . . It is, therefore, ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the
plaintiff Tillie Cano recover form defendants Frederica Casillas and Richard Collins, jointly and severally, the sum of
$357,040, with interest on the judgment at the maximum legal rate until paid in full.
On February 10, 2000, Collins filed a motion for new trial. On February 14, 2000, Frederica filed a motion for new trial. The trial court heard both motions on March 27, 2000, but did not rule on the motions at that time; the court indicated it was taking the matter under advisement. The motions were subsequently overruled by operation of law. On April 12, 2000, Frederica filed a pro se notice of appeal. On April 20, 2000, Collins filed a motion to set aside or vacate the default judgment entered on January 13, 2000. Collins filed his notice of appeal on April 28, 2000. Collins filed the appellate brief for himself and Frederica. On May 3, 2001, this Court severed and abated Frederica's appeal. This opinion addresses only the appeal of Cano's third-party suit against Collins.
B. Analysis
In his first and second issues, Collins contends the trial court: (1) erred in rendering a post-answer default judgment because he failed to appear at trial, and (2) abused its discretion by overruling his motion for new trial.
A post-answer default judgment is one rendered when a defendant has filed an answer, but then fails to appear at trial. Stoner v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679, 682 (Tex. 1979). In reviewing a motion for new trial after a post-answer default judgment, we apply the following three-part test to determine whether the trial court should have granted a new trial:
See Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, 134 Tex. 388, 133 S.W.2d 124, 126 (1939); Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 779 (Tex. 1987) (the three Craddock requirements apply to post-answer default judgment); Ivy v. Carrell, 407 S.W.2d 212, 213 (Tex. 1966).
To determine whether the trial court erred in failing to set aside the default judgment, we must assess whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Strackbein v. Prewitt, 671 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. 1984). A trial court has wide discretion in granting a new trial, and the trial court's discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing of a manifest abuse of discretion. See Champion Int'l Corp. v. Twelfth Ct. App., 762 S.W.2d 898, 899 (Tex. 1988). In making its determination, the trial court should exercise liberality in favor of a defaulted party. See Sexton v. Sexton, 737 S.W.2d 131, 133 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1987, no writ). A trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, and without reference to any guiding rules and principles. See Goode v. Shoukfeh, 943 S.W.2d 441, 446 (Tex. 1997). A trial court abuses its discretion if it denies a motion for new trial when the defendant satisfies the Craddock standard. Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Scott, 873 S.W.2d 381, 382 (Tex. 1994).
1. Failure to Appear
We must first determine whether Collins established that his failure to appear for trial was not intentional or the result of conscious indifference. In order to make this determination, we must look to the knowledge and acts of the appellant. State v. Sledge, 982 S.W.2d 911, 914 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no writ); Prince v. Prince, 912 S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no writ). To be entitled to a new trial, an appellant need only show a slight excuse for failing to appear. Sledge, 982 S.W.2d at 914. A failure to appear is not intentional or due to conscious indifference merely because it was deliberate; it must also be without adequate justification. See Smith v. Babcock & Wilcox Constr. Co, 913 S.W.2d 467, 468 (Tex. 1995). Proof of such justification - accident, mistake, or other reasonable explanation - negates the intent or conscious indifference for which a new trial can be denied. Id. Conscious indifference means more than mere negligence. Id. It means failing to take some action that would seem indicated to a person of reasonable sensibilities under similar circumstances. Sledge, 982 S.W.2d at 914. Even a slight excuse may justify a new trial. Ivy, 407 S.W.2d at 213. A mistake of law is one of the excuses that may be sufficient to satisfy the first element of the Craddock test. Bank One, Tex., N.A. v. Moody, 830 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex. 1992).
Collins received notice of Cano's third-party petition on September 10, 1999. Although he asserts that he did not receive proper notice of the trial date, he admits that on October 1, 1999, while reviewing the district clerk's file, he discovered the June 25th Docket Control Order which set the case for trial on November 1, 1999. In response to Cano's third-party petition, Collins filed an answer on October 4, 1999. (5) On October 5, 1999, the trial court signed a no-answer default judgment as to liability against Collins, apparently unaware of the filing of his answer. On October 7, 1999, the trial court signed a default judgment against Collins for damages.
A default judgment, rendered after an answer was on file with the clerk of the court, is erroneous. Davis v. Jefferies, 764 S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tex. 1989). Upon discovering the default judgment, Collins filed a motion for new trial on October 12th setting forth, through his affidavit and copies of his United States Postal Service receipt and certified mail receipts, that he had filed a timely answer with the clerk of the court and that the default judgment was improper. On October 27, 1999, Collins sent a letter to the trial court manager requesting a setting for his motion for new trial. The trial court failed to set the motion for hearing and did not rule on the motion.
On November 1, 1999, Cano's case against Frederica and Collins went to trial, even though the trial court had already rendered a default judgment against Collins. Collins did not appear at the trial. At the beginning of the trial, Cano's attorney stated:
Your Honor, first of all, if I may approach the Bench, there is a party who is not here present today, and that's the
third-party defendant or now the defendant, one of the defendants, Richard Collins. He filed that paper, and that's just a
copy of the paper that was filed - and I'm sorry I don't have a copy for counsel - but it's the third-party defendant's motion
for summary judgment. That was filed on or about - was served on or about October 4th of this year, and I'm - the reason
I'm showing that to the Court, and I'm going to point out at the bottom of Page 3 of that pleading in the last two or three
lines, I'm quoting, "It is only at the eleventh hour when a trial date has been set and is imminent that such dilatory action is
taken," and he's referring to some other action, but this is a pleading signed by Mr. Collins and filed on his own behalf.
And it indicates that Mr. Collins is aware of the trial setting in this cause, and I'm just asking the Court to take judicial
knowledge of the - or judicial notice of the papers that are in the Court's file and take judicial notice of the admission of Mr.
Collins that he is aware of the trial date, but has once again failed to appear for this trial date.
On January 13, 2000, the trial court signed a judgment against Frederica and Collins, jointly and severally, for $357,040.00. In its findings of fact, filed on January 13, 2000, the trial court found that:
* * * * *
* * * * *
In its conclusions of law, the trial court concluded:
* * * * *
The record contains no order from the trial court setting aside the no-answer default judgment against Collins prior to the trial.
In his second motion for new trial, filed on February 10, 2000, Collins asserts that:
We conclude that while Collins' failure to appear was in fact deliberate, since he was aware of the trial setting, it was not without adequate justification. Although the trial court notes in its January 13th judgment and findings of fact that it recognized the error of the no-answer default judgment against Collins, it did not set it aside prior to the trial date. Thus, at the time of the trial there was a default judgment on file against Collins and it is reasonable he believed he was no longer a party to the trial proceedings. We conclude that Collins' actions were justifiable and not the result of conscious indifference. Thus, Collins has met the first prong of the Craddock test.
2. Meritorious Defense
We must next determine whether Collins' motion for new trial set up a meritorious defense. Ivy, 407 S.W.2d at 214. The defendant is not required to prove a meritorious defense; he is merely required to set up a meritorious defense. Director v. Evans, 889 S.W.2d 266, 270 (Tex. 1994). A meritorious defense is one that, if proved, would cause a different result on retrial, although not necessarily the opposite result. Liepelt v. Oliviera, 818 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1991, no writ). Collins asserts that (1) Frederica had rights to the property under the divorce decree, (2) the conveyances were subject to her property rights, and (3) it was proper for her to file suit to determine ownership of the property. Although Collins links his arguments to the legitimacy of Frederica's rights to the property, we will not address the merits of Frederica's ownership because this appeal involves Collins and not Frederica. Rather, we need only address Collins' further assertions that his actions were based on his role as an employee, hired to assist Frederica in collecting the assets awarded her in the divorce decree and to identify undisclosed assets. Frederica was the party asserting ownership of the questioned property, not Collins. While he signed some petitions as "agent for Frederica Casillas," Collins presented evidence that he was employed to find assets belonging to Frederica and that the assistance he rendered to Frederica was within the scope of his employment. After reviewing the record, we conclude that Collins has set up a meritorious defense that he was nothing more than Frederica's employee. Therefore, Collins has met the second prong of the Craddock test.
3. Delay
Finally, we must determine whether granting a new trial will cause delay or otherwise work injury to Cano. Dir., State Employees Workers' Comp. Div. v. Evans, 889 S.W.2d 266, 270 (Tex. 1994). Courts approach this issue on a case-by-case basis with the goal of protecting the plaintiff against the sort of undue delay or injury that would disadvantage her in presenting the merits of her case at a new trial, such as a loss of witnesses or other valuable evidence. Id.
We note that while this case has been on appeal, this Court received notice that Frederica is now deceased. However, Frederica's death should not hinder a new trial. In fact, Frederica was not present at the November 1, 1999 trial; she was represented at trial by counsel. At the trial Frederica's attorney stated:
Your Honor, on the subject of - Mrs. Casillas is not here today in the same - for the same reason that Dr. Casillas. They are
both elderly persons who are not in good health and not able to be present here today in court. And we do have Mrs.
Casillas' daughter, Jeanette Low, who does have a valid power of attorney for Mrs. Casillas, and she is going to testify at
some time. But we wanted to bring up the issue of why Mrs. Casillas is not here, and we do have someone with proper
authority to be acting.
After reviewing the record, we conclude that a new trial will not cause unnecessary delay or work an injury to Cano. Thus, Collins has met the third prong of the Craddock test.
4. Conclusion
Because we have concluded that Collins has met his burden under Craddock, we hold the trial judge abused her discretion by failing to grant a new trial.
We sustain Collins' first and second issues. Because these issues are dispositive, we need not address Collins' remaining issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
We reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case to the trial court for a new trial.
FEDERICO G. HINOJOSA
Justice
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.3.
Opinion delivered and filed this the
17th day of January, 2002.
1. At the hearing, Collins testified that he was a management consultant providing forensic accounting services and was employed to assist Frederica collect the assets awarded her and to identify undisclosed assets.
2. The petition is signed by Richard Collins as Agent for Frederica Casillas. Collins attached an affidavit in which he described his research and discovery of the quitclaim deeds.
3. The answer is signed by Richard Collins as Agent for Frederica Casillas.
4. We note that Collins provided his proper address on his answer, but the certificate of last known address filed by Cano's attorney shows a wrong address for Collins.
5. Although the district clerk's office "file stamped" the answer on October 5th, Collins established that he mailed the
answer at 9:46 a.m. on October 4th. Collins timely filed his answer because Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 5 provides in
pertinent part:
If any document is sent to the proper clerk by first-class United States mail in an envelope or wrapper properly addressed
and is deposited in the mail on or before the last day for filing same, the same, if received by the clerk not more than ten
days tardily, shall be filed by the clerk and deemed filed in time. A legible postmark affixed by the United States Postal
Service shall be prima facie evidence of the date of mailing.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 5. Once the provisions of Rule 5 are met, the post office becomes a branch of the district clerk's office for purposes of filing pleadings. Milam v. Miller, 891 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 1994, writ ref'd).