in the Matter of J.S.

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
________________________
No. 07-21-00035-CV
________________________
IN THE MATTER OF J.S., A CHILD
On Appeal from the County Court at Law
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11246-1-JV; Honorable Walt Weaver, Presiding
August 11, 2021
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., PIRTLE and DOSS, JJ.
Appellant, J.S., a juvenile at the time of the order at issue, appeals the juvenile
court’s waiver of jurisdiction and order of transfer to criminal court. On appeal, he
contends that the trial court’s denial of counsel’s motion for continuance until such time
as the hearing could be held in-person violated his constitutional rights of confrontation
and of effective assistance of counsel. He also contends the evidence was insufficient to
permit the court to find probable cause that he committed the alleged offense. Finally, he
contends that application of the juvenile justice code to transfer him to criminal court, on
these facts, leads to an absurd result that the Texas Legislature could not have intended.
We affirm.
Background
On December 8, 2019, while J.S. was sixteen years old, he was driving his
mother’s vehicle after drinking with friends. Going approximately seventy-six miles per
hour in a residential neighborhood, he hit a dip, lost control, hit a curb, rolled the car,
crashed into a mobile home, and landed upside down in the yard. Ultimately, one of his
five passengers died from blood loss from blunt force trauma. Another passenger
sustained serious and long-term injuries.
Appellant was taken into the custody of the Youth Center of the High Plains and
remained there unadjudicated for over a year. Approximately three weeks before he
turned eighteen years old, the juvenile court heard the State’s petition for waiver of
jurisdiction and discretionary transfer to criminal court. After a long and detailed hearing
on the matter, the juvenile court ultimately waived its exclusive jurisdiction over J.S. and
transferred jurisdiction to the criminal court.
Applicable Law on Waiver of Jurisdiction and Transfer of Criminal Court
The juvenile court has exclusive, original jurisdiction over all proceedings involving
a defendant who is a “child” when the alleged offense occurred. See TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN. § 51.04(a) (West Supp. 2020). If, however, a juvenile court determines that certain
conditions are met after an evidentiary hearing, it may waive its jurisdiction and transfer
a child to the district court for criminal proceedings. See id. § 54.02(a), (c) (West 2014).
The Texas Family Code provides the following must be proved to support a waiver of
exclusive jurisdiction and transfer of a child to the adult criminal justice system:
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(a) The juvenile court may waive its exclusive original jurisdiction and
transfer a child to the appropriate district court or criminal district court for
criminal proceedings if:
(1) the child is alleged to have violated a penal law of the grade of felony;
(2) the child was:
(A) 14 years of age or older at the time he is alleged to have committed the
offense, if the offense is a capital felony, an aggravated controlled
substance felony, or a felony of the first degree, and no adjudication hearing
has been conducted concerning that offense; or
(B) 15 years of age or older at the time the child is alleged to have committed
the offense, if the offense is a felony of the second or third degree or a state
jail felony, and no adjudication hearing has been conducted concerning that
offense; and
(3) after a full investigation and a hearing, the juvenile court determines that
there is probable cause to believe that the child before the court committed
the offense alleged and that because of the seriousness of the offense
alleged or the background of the child the welfare of the community requires
criminal proceedings.
Id. § 54.02(a). In making the determination required by section 54.02(a)(3), the juvenile
court shall consider, among other matters, the following:
(1) whether the alleged offense was against person or property, with greater
weight in favor of transfer given to offenses against the person;
(2) the sophistication and maturity of the child;
(3) the record and previous history of the child; and
(4) the prospects of adequate protection of the public and the likelihood of
the rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures, services, and facilities
currently available to the juvenile court.
Id. § 54.02(f).
Here, J.S. was charged with delinquent conduct under the Texas Transportation
Code, relating to his failure to stop and render aid to the passenger who sustained fatal
injuries as a consequence of the accident and to the passenger who sustained serious
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bodily injuries, a second- and third-degree felony, respectively. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE
ANN. § 550.021(a), (c)(1)(A)–(B) (West Supp. 2020).
First Issue: Right of Confrontation
In his first issue, J.S. contends that holding the hearing virtually over counsel’s
objections and in the face of his motion to continue until such time as the hearing could
be held in person deprived J.S. of his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. We
overrule the issue.
J.S. relies heavily on United States Supreme Court cases to support his position
that the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause applies to a juvenile transfer hearing.
The Supreme Court has recognized the waiver of the juvenile court’s jurisdiction as a
“critically important” action and held that the transfer “hearing must measure up to the
essentials of due process and fair treatment.” Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 562,
86 S. Ct. 1045, 1057, 16 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1966). J.S. reads Kent’s language to include the
Sixth Amendment’s right of confrontation. Kent itself, however, limits the breadth of its
holding:
We do not mean by this to indicate that the hearing to be held must conform
with all of the requirements of a criminal trial or even of the usual
administrative hearing; but we do hold that the hearing must measure up to
the essentials of due process and fair treatment. Pee v. United States, 107
U. S. App. D. C. 47, 50, 274 F.2d 556, 559 (1959).
Id.Indeed, Kent goes on to explain that due process in a juvenile transfer hearing
mandates “a hearing, including access to the social records and probation or similar
reports which presumably are considered by the court, and . . . a statement of reasons
for the Juvenile Court’s decision.” Id. at 557. We do not read Kent to mandate that a
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juvenile must have the right of confrontation in a discretionary transfer hearing. 1 To the
contrary, for decades, Texas courts have specifically held that the Sixth Amendment right
of confrontation does not apply to a waiver of jurisdiction hearing in a juvenile case. See
In re A.K., No. 02-20-00410-CV, 2021 Tex. App. LEXIS 3499, at *40 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth May 6, 2021, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (noting that “[t]his court[] . . . has repeatedly
held that a juvenile has no right of confrontation at a discretionary transfer hearing”);
Milligan v. State, No. 03-04-00531-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 1356, at *11 (Tex. App.—
Austin Feb. 16, 2006, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.) (recognizing that it “has been held that neither
the Sixth Amendment nor the hearsay rule applies to a juvenile certification hearing”); In
re S.J.M., 922 S.W.2d 241, 242 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.) (“The Sixth
Amendment right applies specifically to criminal prosecutions and does not apply to a
waiver of jurisdiction hearing.”); Alford v. State, 806 S.W.2d 581, 581 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1991) (stating that, because the limited nature of a transfer hearing is dispositional rather
than adjudicatory, no constitutional right to confrontation exists and hearsay rules do not
apply), aff’d on other grounds, 866 S.W.2d 619 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc); In re
R.G.S., 575 S.W.2d 113, 117–18 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1979, writ ref’d n.r.e.)
(holding that the Sixth Amendment’s right of confrontation was not applicable to a transfer
hearing in juvenile case).
Here, the trial court was authorized, subject only to constitutional limitations, to
order J.S. to participate remotely in the transfer hearing, even without his consent, in order
to avoid the risk associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. See Thirty-Third Emergency
1 To be clear, at an adjudication hearing as opposed to a waiver of jurisdiction or transfer hearing,
“the juvenile is guaranteed the same constitutional rights as an adult in a criminal proceeding.” See In re
P.M., 543 S.W.3d 365, 378 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.) (citing In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 359,
365, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1070, 1073, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970)).
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Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 21-9004, § 3(c) (Tex.
Jan. 14, 2021); In re A.T.M., No. 13-21-00008-CV, 2021 Tex. App. LEXIS 5064, at *26
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi June 24, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). Because J.S. did not
have the right of confrontation at this discretionary transfer hearing, no such right served
as a limitation of the trial court’s authority to hold the hearing remotely. That being so,
the trial court’s denial of a continuance was not an abuse of discretion, and its decision
to hold the hearing remotely did not deprive J.S. of any applicable constitutional
guarantees.
Second Issue: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his second issue, J.S. contends the trial court’s denial of a continuance to permit
an in-person hearing and decision to, instead, conduct a hearing virtually denied J.S.
effective assistance of counsel. We again overrule the issue.
First, we must frame the topic and distinguish it from the more traditional
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims. Here, J.S. maintains that it was the trial court’s
action in denying a continuance that operated in such a way to limit his counsel’s
representation; he does not complain about acts of his counsel being deficient. So,
because the focus actually lies upon the trial court’s action, as opposed to inaction or
mistakes by counsel, we review the complaint to determine if the trial court erred. See
Ruiz v. State, 891 S.W.2d 302, 305–06 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1994, pet. ref’d).
As we have intimated in our disposition of the first issue, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by refusing to delay the hearing to a time when all may appear
physically together. And, to the extent that the trial court’s authority, under the emergency
COVID order, to conduct the hearing remotely was limited by the constitutional right to
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effective assistance of counsel, the record before us fails to establish that the remote
hearing impeded counsel’s representation of appellant in any meaningful way.
We know of no authority holding that a right to effective counsel mandates
perfection. Nor does appellant cite us to any such authority. Glitches and certain
technical issues regarding visibility did occur during the proceeding. Yet, all were
addressed and seemingly remedied by adaptive approaches. The record reveals a
carefully monitored hearing, one tailored to foster communication between all parties and
mindful of the obstacles in a virtual setting.
J.S.’s complaints relating to assistance of counsel center on communication
between counsel and J.S. He complains that he could not share contemporaneous notes
with counsel, that his notes were “temporarily confiscated,” and that staff in the room
during phone conversations between J.S. and counsel made J.S. “uncomfortable” when
speaking to counsel. Nevertheless, throughout the hearing the trial court took great care
in assuring J.S. that he could consult with counsel at any time. On the occasion that J.S.
did interrupt proceedings to consult with counsel, the trial court met J.S. courteously and
first cautioned him to not mention anything regarding the substance of what he wanted to
discuss with counsel. The trial court then provided a breakout room for J.S. and his
counsel and went into recess. Upon reentering the hearing, the trial court again politely
reminded J.S. that he need not divulge anything discussed and confirmed with both J.S.
and counsel that the two were able to communicate.
As for the “temporarily confiscated” notes, we first observe that it was the trial court
who first inquired into whether J.S. had pen and paper to take notes during the hearing
and, upon hearing that he did not, suggested that he have them available in the event he
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wanted to take notes. Upon the conclusion of the first day of the hearing, the trial court
spoke with J.S. to let him know to fold the notes, place them in an envelope, and mark
them as private attorney-client material. It then enlisted the assistance of a juvenile
probation officer in the meeting to assure that the notes would remain sealed and private.
The trial court also advised J.S. that the notes would be returned to him. The parties
seemed to understand and accept that he would not be able to possess them in his private
living area in the youth center. Furthermore, the trial court offered to contact the facility
to ensure that the notes would remain sealed and private, but the juvenile probation officer
assured the court that she would handle the matter. When the hearing resumed the next
day, the trial court confirmed with J.S. that the notes were returned to him, and that J.S.
had the opportunity to consult with counsel about them. It also reiterated to J.S. that there
was no limit to the number of times he could consult with counsel during the hearing.
And, though the trial court was aware that youth center staff would likely be in the room
with appellant, it mentioned that if the circumstances necessitated, he would try to arrange
an entirely private conversation. The latter offer was never accepted, according to the
record. And, when J.S. did request to speak with counsel during the course of the
proceeding, the court permitted it and often inquired about whether he was sufficiently
able to consult with his attorney. J.S. generally answered in the affirmative.
All of this is to say that the record does not reveal any instance in which the virtual
arrangement hindered attorney-client communication. Perhaps it was not counsel’s
preferred or ideal arrangement, but the trial court and the participants were very attentive
in maintaining an open and communicative atmosphere in which any issues that arose
were carefully considered and addressed. Again, perfection is not the standard but
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reasonably effective is. See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006) (observing that the right to effective assistance of counsel “does not mean errorless
or perfect counsel”). And, we cannot find instances in which J.S. was denied same due
to the virtual arena in which the hearing was held. So, the trial court’s ruling on the
continuance and its decision to conduct the hearing remotely did not deprive J.S. of
effective assistance of counsel.
Third Issue: Sufficiency of the Evidence
As we noted at the outset, one of the determinations the juvenile court must make
in order to waive its exclusive jurisdiction over a child is that “there is probable cause to
believe that the child before the court committed the offense alleged and that because of
the seriousness of the offense alleged or the background of the child the welfare of the
community requires criminal proceedings.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 54.02(a)(3). On
appeal, J.S. challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the probable cause
determination. More specifically, he maintains that the State failed to show he acted with
the requisite intent.
In evaluating a determination of probable cause, we consider whether there are
sufficient facts and circumstances to support a prudent person’s belief that the accused
child committed the alleged offense. See In re J.G., 495 S.W.3d 354, 374 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Probable cause is based on “factual and practical
considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent [people], not legal
technicians, act.” In re C.M.M., 503 S.W.3d 692, 702 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2016, pet. denied) (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)
(en banc)).
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The offense which is commonly referred to as failure to stop and render aid is
governed by the Texas Transportation Code, which provides in pertinent part, as follows:
(a) The operator of a vehicle involved in an accident that results or is
reasonably likely to result in injury to or death of a person shall:
(1) immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close to
the scene as possible;
(2) immediately return to the scene of the accident if the vehicle is not
stopped at the scene of the accident;
(3) immediately determine whether a person is involved in the accident, and
if a person is involved in the accident, whether that person requires aid; and
(4) remain at the scene of the accident until the operator complies with the
requirements of section 550.023.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.021(a) (“Accident Involving Personal Injury or Death”); see
Curry v. State, 622 S.W.3d 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). According to Curry, the culpable
mental state for failure to stop and render aid is established by showing that the accused
had knowledge that an accident occurred, and the accident was reasonably likely to result
in injury or death of a person. Curry, 622 S.W.3d at 309; see Boudreaux v. State, ___
S.W.3d ___, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 3831, at *12–13 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
May 7, 2020, pet. ref’d).
Here, J.S. admitted driving the crashed vehicle, waking up at the scene and
discovering “there had been an accident.” So too did he acknowledge hitting something
and losing control of the vehicle because he “was going too fast.” And, because he did
not know what to do upon discovering “there had been an accident,” he decided to walk
home.
Elsewhere in the record, we learn that appellant had been driving with five
passengers, one of which was forced to ride on another passenger’s lap due to seating
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constraints. We learn that the car had been travelling at approximately 76 miles per hour
in a residential area when J.S. lost control, struck a curb and a fence, rolled the vehicle,
and crashed into a mobile home causing serious damage to both the vehicle and the
home. The vehicle came to rest upside down in the yard of the mobile home. Only two
people were found in the car at the time, the passenger who died from blood loss and the
passenger who was severely injured. Two other passengers who had left the scene
returned to the scene to speak with officers.
So we see that an unlicensed driver who had been drinking throughout the hours
preceding the crash was speeding through a residential neighborhood and lost control of
the vehicle which carried passengers beyond its designed capacity. The vehicle rolled
and crashed into a residence. This evidence coupled with practical experience are
sufficient to support the trial court’s belief that J.S. had knowledge of the circumstances
surrounding his conduct, meaning he had knowledge that an accident occurred, and the
accident was reasonably likely to result in injury or death of a person. See Curry, 622
S.W.3d at 309; Boudreaux, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 3831, at *12–13. From this evidence
the trial court could have determined that there was probable cause that J.S. committed
the alleged offense.
Fourth Issue: Statutory Construction and Absurdity
In his fourth and final issue, J.S. contends the trial court’s waiver of jurisdiction and
transfer order should be deemed void as a consequence of the application of the juvenile
discretionary transfer scheme to arrive at an absurd result. J.S. invites us to construe the
relevant statute to exclude waiver and transfer on these facts. We decline his invitation
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to hold, in effect, that only minors are immature enough to drive while intoxicated and
injure others.
J.S. relies on extrajudicial sources to characterize his conduct as inherently
juvenile and, that being so, to subject a juvenile to the adult criminal justice system for
conduct that is characteristic of a juvenile is an absurd result that the Texas Legislature
could not have intended. Yet, it is not the job of the courts to rewrite statutes or “to choose
between competing policies addressed by legislative drafting.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family
& Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). “We apply the
mandates in the statute as written.” Id.Only when the application of the plain language of the statute produces an absurd
result, would the court system intervene in such a way as to deviate from application of
the plain language of the statute. See generally In re Acad., Ltd., No-19-0497, 2021 Tex.
LEXIS 623, at *7 (Tex. June 25, 2021) (orig. proceeding); Stahmann v. State, 602 S.W.3d
573, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020). However, the bar to reach “absurdity” in this context is
a high one, as it should be. See City of Forth Worth v. Rylie, 602 S.W.3d 459, 467 (Tex.
2020) (quoting Combs v. Health Care Servs. Corp., 401 S.W.3d 623, 630 (Tex. 2013)).
Even if the result seems to us to be unreasonable, “reasonableness is not the standard
for eschewing plain statutory language.” Jaster v. Comet II Constr., Inc., 438 S.W.3d 556,
570 (Tex. 2014) (quoting In re Blair, 408 S.W.3d 843, 859 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding)
(Boyd, J., concurring)).
Analyzing a particular outcome that, to some, may seem unanticipated, perplexing,
or even unfair, is thorny business, as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has noted:
But determining whether a particular result is absurd is a dangerously
subjective endeavor. Our sister court has observed that the bar for
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concluding a plain-faced interpretation of a statute would lead to absurd
results is, and should be, high. It should be reserved for truly exceptional
cases, and mere oddity does not equal absurdity. Even if a consequence
is unintended, improvident, or inequitable, it may still fall short of being
unthinkable or unfathomable. The focus should be on whether it is quite
impossible that a rational legislature could have intended it.
Ritz v. State, 533 S.W.3d 302, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (citing Combs, 401 S.W.3d at
630–31).
Here, “[w]ithout regard to the wisdom or desirability” of the application of the
transfer statute to this set of circumstance, we cannot agree that it is absurd. See
Anadarko Petrol. Corp. v. Houston Cas. Co., 573 S.W.3d 187, 197 (Tex. 2019). J.S.
presents the matter in such a way as to suggest that transfer on these facts is somewhat
paradoxical. Even were we to adopt his presentation as our own, however, we cannot
agree that application of the juvenile jurisdictional waiver and transfer statutory scheme
on these facts rises to the level of absurdity such that we would be authorized to re-write
the plain language of the statute. Simply put, adults too drink and drive. To treat a minor
as an adult when engaging in activities performed by adults is not absurd when all other
statutory prerequisites are met. We overrule J.S.’s fourth and final issue.
Having overruled the issues presented to us on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s
waiver of jurisdiction and discretionary transfer order.
Brian Quinn
Chief Justice
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