Ryan Lee Young v. the State of Texas

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-22-00230-CR
___________________________
RYAN LEE YOUNG, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Appeal from the 43rd District Court
Parker County, Texas
Trial Court No. CR21-0830
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Womack and Walker, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Womack
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. INTRODUCTION
Appellant Ryan Lee Young appeals his conviction for the offense of “driving
while intoxicated third or more.” See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 49.04(a)–(b),
49.09(b)(2). On appeal, Young argues in a single point that the evidence supporting
his guilty plea was insufficient to comply with Article 1.15 of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. We will affirm.
II. BACKGROUND
On February 13, 2021, Young was involved in a one-vehicle accident on
Interstate 20. According to Officer Jeffery Ivey, the highway patrolman who
responded to the accident, it appeared that Young’s vehicle had gone into the borrow
ditch in the center median, causing it to flip and then land on the other side of the
highway upside down.
Although Officer Ivey believed that Young was intoxicated based on his
observations after arriving at the scene, he did not conduct a field sobriety test
because Young had potentially sustained a head injury and needed to be taken to the
hospital. However, Officer Ivey obtained a warrant for a blood test, and a nurse drew
a blood sample from Young at the hospital. The blood test showed that Young’s
blood alcohol concentration was 0.230, which is almost three times the legal limit.1
1
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.01(2)(B)(“‘Intoxicated’ means . . . having an
alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.”).
2
Young was charged with the felony offense of driving while intoxicated (DWI)
with two previous DWI convictions—one on June 16, 2008, and one on August 16,
2010. The indictment also included an enhancement paragraph alleging that Young
had previously been convicted of the felony offense of “Driving While Intoxicated
and Felony Repetition” on January 13, 2017.
On September 21, 2022, Young, his attorney, the State’s attorney, and the trial
court signed a document entitled “Written Plea Admonishments, Waiver of Rights,
and Judicial Confession of Defendant, Joined by Attorney for Defendant.” This
document contains Young’s signed judicial confession, which provides, immediately
before Young’s signature, that Young “request[s] that the Court consider this
document as [his] judicial confession and as evidence supporting [his] plea in this
cause.” The document contains similar language immediately preceding both Young’s
attorney’s and the State’s attorney’s signatures expressing that they each “request that
the Court consider this document as evidence supporting Defendant’s plea in this
cause.”
That same day, the trial court called Young’s case for a bench trial. At the start
of the proceeding, the trial court stated:
And the State has offered Exhibits 1 through 5, and the Court, I believe,
through agreement of counsel, has reviewed State’s Exhibit 4 and State’s
Exhibit 5, Exhibit 5 being a video from Trooper Ivey. The Court has
also viewed, via agreement of the parties, Exhibits 1 through 5 of
defense, save and except there was one page that was not provided to
the Court.
Neither party raised any objection.
3
The State’s exhibits included a laboratory report showing Young’s blood
alcohol test results; copies of judgments showing Young had previously been
convicted of DWI on June 16, 2008, and January 13, 2017; and Officer Ivey’s
investigative report. Young’s exhibits included a document from a counseling
program that contained the following table of data detailing his prior DWI offenses:
After discussing the exhibits, the parties confirmed that Young intended to
enter an open plea of guilty. Then the following exchange between the trial court and
Young occurred:
The Court: And, Mr. Young, I’m holding a document that
appears to bear your signature and the signature of
your attorney. Do you recall signing these
documents?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: Did you have plenty of time to visit with your
attorney about the document before you signed it?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: Did your attorney explain the document to your
satisfaction?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: Answer any and all questions you have regarding this
document?
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The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: You understand that by signing this document and
going forward today, that you are, in essence,
admitting to engaging in the conduct as alleged by
the State?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: And you wish to go forward; am I correct?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
Young then pleaded guilty to the charged offense and pleaded true to the
enhancement paragraph. Based on Young’s pleas, the trial court found him guilty and
found the enhancement paragraph true.
The State called one witness, Officer Ivey. He described the nature of the
accident and stated that based on his observations after arriving at the scene, he
believed Young had been intoxicated.
Young also called one witness, his mother Gwen Young, who testified in
support of his request to be placed on community supervision. On cross-
examination, Young’s mother testified that she remembered that Young had
previously been convicted of DWI on June 16, 2008; that she was aware Young had a
second DWI conviction approximately two years later in 2010; and that Young had
gone to prison for a third DWI conviction stemming from an arrest that took place in
2015.
At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court sentenced Young to
seventeen years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.
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III. DISCUSSION
In a single point, Young asserts that the evidence was legally insufficient to
support his guilty plea. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.15. We disagree.
While there is no constitutional requirement that the State present evidence to
support a guilty plea, Menefee v. State, 287 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), Article
1.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure imposes an additional procedural
safeguard requiring “the state to introduce evidence into the record showing the guilt
of the defendant” and prohibiting trial courts from convicting a person based on a
guilty plea “without sufficient evidence to support the same.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 1.15; see Taylor v. State, No. 03-14-00300-CR, 2014 WL 5315363, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Austin Oct. 14, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
“The evidence does not have to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt but must embrace every element of the offense charged.” Jones v. State,
373 S.W.3d 790, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Such evidence
“may take many forms,” including a judicial confession, a written proffer, or a
stipulation of what the evidence against the defendant would be. Menefee, 287 S.W.3d
at 13–14.
Young argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his guilty plea
because his written judicial confession—though entered into the clerk’s record—was
not admitted into evidence at trial. Specifically, Young contends that the record
contains no proof that Young had two prior DWI convictions, which is an element of
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his charged offense.2 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. 49.09(b)(2). According to Young,
because the trial court admitted evidence of only one of Young’s prior DWI
convictions and because the State cannot rely upon evidence introduced at the
sentencing hearing to substantiate Young’s guilt, Article 1.15’s requirements were not
met. Young’s argument lacks merit.
Although the trial court never formally admitted Young’s judicial confession
into evidence, neither Young nor the State objected when the trial court treated it as
having been admitted. If the parties do not object when the trial court treats evidence
as having been admitted, such evidence is deemed to be formally admitted and may be
considered to support the trial court’s judgment. See Pitts v. State, 916 S.W.2d 507,
509–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also Thomas v. State, Nos. 02-19-00115-CR, 02-19-
00116-CR, 02-19-00117-CR, 02-19-00118-CR, 2019 WL 6904290, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Dec. 19, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
2
In his briefing, Young only argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove his
two prior DWI convictions; he does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence with
respect to any other elements of his charged offense. Thus, Young has forfeited any
error regarding the sufficiency of the evidence concerning any of these other
elements. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 896 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011) (holding that appellant’s point of error was “inadequately briefed and
presents nothing for review as this Court is under no obligation to make appellant’s
arguments for her”); Jessop v. State, 368 S.W.3d 653, 681, 685 (Tex. App.—Austin
2012, no pet.) (holding that because appellant failed to proffer any argument or
authority with respect to his claims, he waived any error as to claims due to
inadequate briefing); Ochoa v. State, 355 S.W.3d 48, 56 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d) (“An appellant waives an issue on appeal if he fails to
adequately brief that issue by presenting supporting arguments and authorities.”).
Accordingly, we will address the evidence’s sufficiency only with respect to Young’s
prior DWI convictions.
7
(“Evidence that the parties treat as admitted is deemed to have been admitted.” (first
citing Killion v. State, 503 S.W.2d 765, 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); then citing Rexford
v. State, 818 S.W.2d 494, 495–96 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]), pet. ref’d,
823 S.W.2d 296 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); and then citing Pitts, 916 S.W.2d at 509–10)).
Here, as in Thomas, “the trial court referred to documents that in context could have
only been the paperwork containing [Young’s] judicial confession[]” when taking
Young’s guilty plea, and neither party objected. See Thomas, 2019 WL 6904290, at *2.
Thus, Young’s judicial confession is deemed to have been admitted and constitutes
evidence supporting his guilty plea.3 See Pitts, 916 S.W.2d at 509–10; Thomas, 2019 WL
6904290, at *2; see also Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13 (listing a judicial confession as one of
“many forms” of evidence that may support a guilty plea).
3
Young relies on two of our prior cases to support his argument that his judicial
confession cannot be used to support his guilty plea. See Collins v. State, No. 02-20-
00115-CR, 2021 WL 1323427, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 8, 2021, pet. ref’d)
(per curiam) (mem. op., not designated for publication); McDougal v. State, 105 S.W.3d
119, 120–21 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d). In both of these cases, we
stated in dicta that “[t]he contents of the clerk’s record are not evidence unless the
trial court takes judicial notice of them or they are offered into evidence.” McDougal,
105 S.W.3d at 120–21; accord Collins, 2021 WL 1323427, at *1. However, these cases
are distinguishable. In both Collins and McDougal, the appellant failed to provide us
with a reporter’s record of the plea proceedings, so we were unable to determine
whether the trial court had admitted the judicial confessions into evidence, had taken
judicial notice of them, or—like the trial court in the present case—had treated them
as having been admitted without objection. See Collins, 2021 WL 1323427, at *1;
McDougal, 105 S.W.3d at 121. Here, unlike Collins and McDougal, the record clearly
demonstrates that the trial court treated Young’s judicial confession as having been
admitted and that neither party objected; thus, the confession is deemed to be
admitted. See Pitts, 916 S.W.2d at 509–10; Thomas, 2019 WL 6904290, at *2.
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While Young’s judicial confession alone would be enough to satisfy Article
1.15’s requirements, see Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13, the record contains other evidence
of his prior DWI convictions. Just after calling the case, the trial court admitted the
State’s and Young’s exhibits, including Young’s Exhibit 1, which as shown above,
contains a table detailing all of his prior DWI offenses.4 Moreover, Young’s mother
testified on cross-examination that she remembered that Young had previously been
convicted of DWI in 2008 and 2010 and had gone to prison for a third DWI
conviction stemming from an arrest that took place in 2015.5 Thus, the record
contains more than sufficient evidence of Young’s prior convictions to satisfy Article
4
We note that while the table’s caption reflects that it contains Young’s
reported “arrest info,” see supra p. 4, the third column of the table shows that Young
served jail terms for the September 2007 and January 2010 DWIs and reflects
“Tarrant County: TDCJ” for his third DWI in 2016, suggesting that Young served
prison time for that offense. Thus, the table contains information from which a
factfinder could reasonably infer that Young had been convicted of these three prior
DWI offenses. See Saenzpardo v. State, No. 05-03-01518-CR, 2005 WL 941339, at *3
(Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 25, 2005, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (“In
determining sufficiency under [A]rticle 1.15, we look to the evidence and reasonable
inferences or logical deductions therefrom . . . .”).
5
In his brief, Young asserts—without citing any authority—that “[t]he State
cannot rely upon the evidence introduced in the sentencing hearing to substantiate
Young’s guilt.” However, when—as here—the defendant pleads guilty, “the
procedure becomes a ‘unitary trial’ to determine the remaining issue of punishment,”
Carroll v. State, 975 S.W.2d 630, 631 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), and in such a unitary trial,
“evidence that is introduced at the ‘punishment’ stage of trial is considered in deciding
the sufficiency of the evidence to prove guilt,” Barfield v. State, 63 S.W.3d 446, 450
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Jones, 373 S.W.3d at 793 (“Evidence adduced at a
sentencing hearing may also suffice to substantiate a guilty plea.”). Thus, while we
need not strictly rely upon Young’s mother’s testimony given the other evidence of
Young’s prior convictions, her testimony may nonetheless be considered as additional
evidence substantiating Young’s guilty plea. See Jones, 373 S.W.3d at 793.
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1.15’s requirements. See Staggs v. State, 314 S.W.3d 155, 159 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (clarifying that for purposes of Article 1.15, “[t]he State . . . is not
required to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; the supporting
evidence must simply embrace every essential element of the charged offense”); see
also Jones, 373 S.W.3d at 793 (same).
Because the record contains ample evidence to support Young’s guilty plea, we
overrule his sole point.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having overruled Young’s sole point, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ Dana Womack
Dana Womack
Justice
Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered: May 25, 2023
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