Villarreal, Rene Daniel

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0332-13
RENE DANIEL VILLARREAL, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
ZAPATA COUNTY
A LCALA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
OPINION
This case addresses whether a defendant has suffered egregious harm from the
erroneous omission of a jury instruction that would have required the jury to apply a
presumption of reasonableness as to his belief that the use of deadly force was immediately
necessary to protect himself. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b). The State raises this question
in its petition for discretionary review, in which it challenges the court of appeals’s reversal
of the murder conviction of Rene Daniel Villarreal, appellant, based on the conclusion that
Villarreal - 2
he was egregiously harmed by the trial court’s omission of such an instruction. See
Villarreal v. State, 393 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012). We agree with
the State’s contention that the court of appeals erred by concluding that appellant was
egregiously harmed based on the existence of theoretical harm and based on an incomplete
review of the record and the arguments of counsel. We reverse the judgment of the court of
appeals and remand for further proceedings.
I. Background and Procedural History
In September 2010, appellant was arrested and charged with the murder of
Christopher Martinez. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.02(b)(2). Appellant and Martinez were
both guests at a party when a fight broke out between them, and appellant stabbed Martinez
six times, causing his death. At appellant’s murder trial, although there was some conflicting
testimony as to the details of the stabbing, most witnesses testified that Martinez was
unarmed and that appellant was the sole aggressor. The State also introduced into evidence
appellant’s out-of-court statements to police immediately following the stabbing, in which
appellant asserted that Martinez had attempted to “cut” him with a sharp object, after which
appellant disarmed Martinez and stabbed him once with the weapon. Because he did not
testify at trial, appellant’s out-of-court statements to police were the sole evidence giving rise
to a justification defense.
At the close of evidence, the trial court sua sponte instructed the jury on the law of
self-defense as it applies to a defendant’s use of deadly force against another. See T EX.
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P ENAL C ODE §§ 9.31, 9.32(a). Based on that law, the trial court instructed the jury that a
person is justified in using deadly force when the actor reasonably believed that the force was
immediately necessary to protect himself against another person’s use or attempted use of
unlawful deadly force. See id. § 9.32(a)(2)(A). The trial court, however, did not additionally
instruct the jury on the provisions set forth in Texas Penal Code Section 9.32(b), which,
under some circumstances, creates a presumption of reasonableness as to an actor’s belief
under Subsection (a). See id. § 9.32(b). Appellant did not object to the lack of a
presumption-of-reasonableness instruction, nor did he request a separate instruction
describing the provisions in Section 9.32(b). After the charge was submitted, the jury found
appellant guilty of murder and sentenced him to ninety-nine years’ imprisonment.
On direct appeal, appellant contended that the trial court committed reversible error
by omitting a jury instruction on the statutory presumption of reasonableness, and the court
of appeals agreed. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 873.1 With respect to the matter of charge
error, the court reasoned that the Texas Penal Code “requires that a presumption that favors
the defendant be submitted to the jury if there is sufficient evidence of the facts that give rise
to the presumption . . . unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly
precludes a finding beyond a reasonable doubt of the presumed fact.” Id. (citing T EX. P ENAL
C ODE § 2.05(b)(1); Morales v. State, 357 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). It further
1
In addition to his claim that he had been egregiously harmed by an error in the charge,
appellant also raised claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. In light of its holding that appellant
had been egregiously harmed as a result of charge error, the court of appeals did not address
appellant’s ineffective-assistance claims.
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reasoned that, “[w]hen a rule or statute requires an instruction under particular
circumstances, that instruction is the ‘law applicable to the case,’” and the trial court “shall
instruct the jury” regarding what that rule requires. Id. (citing Oursbourn v. State, 259
S.W.3d 159, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). Applying these principles to the present case, the
court concluded that there was “some evidence to support each of the three prongs under
section 9.32(b),” and, therefore, the trial court erred by omitting a presumption-of-
reasonableness instruction. Id. at 874-75.
The court of appeals went on to conclude, under the test set forth in Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g), that appellant had been
egregiously harmed by the omission of the instruction. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 875-76.
Based on its weighing of the relevant considerations under Almanza, the court determined
that the jury charge as a whole, the state of the evidence, and the arguments of counsel all
weighed in favor of a finding of egregious harm because the omission of the instruction
“deprived [appellant] of the benefit of the presumption that he reasonably believed the use
of deadly force was immediately necessary,” and because the matter of the reasonableness
of appellant’s use of deadly force was a hotly contested issue at trial. Id. at 876 (concluding
that the omission of the presumption instruction “impacted the jury’s verdict and vitally
affected Villarreal’s sole defense”).
In its petition for discretionary review, the State presented two grounds challenging
both the appellate court’s error analysis and its determination that appellant was egregiously
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harmed. This Court granted the State’s petition for discretionary review only as to the lower
court’s harm analysis.2 Because we did not grant review of the lower court’s error analysis,
we assume without deciding that the court’s conclusion with respect to that matter was
correct, and we limit our analysis accordingly.
II. Appellant Was Not Egregiously Harmed By Omission of Presumption-of-
Reasonableness Instruction
In its brief on discretionary review, the State contends that the court of appeals erred
in conducting its harm analysis by reviewing the record for hypothetical harm and by placing
undue emphasis on certain evidence in the record—namely, appellant’s recorded statements
to investigators in which he asserted that he acted in self-defense—while failing to afford
adequate weight to other evidence in the record that refuted appellant’s justification defense.
The State additionally contends that the court of appeals incorrectly determined that
appellant’s sole defense was a justification defense because the record indicates that he
instead sought to develop an identity defense. Agreeing with the State’s contentions in part,
we conclude that, for three reasons, the record fails to indicate the existence of egregious
harm as a result of the trial court’s omission of a presumption-of-reasonableness instruction.
First, even had the jury received a correct instruction on that law, the instruction would have
permitted the jury to disregard the presumption of reasonableness based on its determination
2
The State’s second ground for review asks,
If the instructions were required to be given sua sponte, did the court of appeals err
by not considering the arguments of counsel and record as a whole in conducting its
Almanza harm analysis?
Villarreal - 6
either that appellant had no reason to believe that Martinez was attempting to commit murder
or that appellant was otherwise engaged in criminal activity at the time of the offense.
Second, even had the jury received it, a presumption-of-reasonableness instruction would not
likely have resulted in a different verdict because of the weakness of appellant’s defensive
evidence in comparison to other evidence in the record refuting that evidence. Third,
although the trial court sua sponte included language instructing the jury on the law that
governs a defendant’s claim that his use of deadly force was justified in self-defense, the
record indicates that trial counsel did not rely exclusively on that defense. After describing
the applicable standard of review, we discuss each of these considerations below in the
context of analyzing the applicable Almanza factors. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
A. Standard of Review
Based on the court of appeals’s holding below, we assume the existence of charge
error. We next determine whether that error requires reversal based on the test set forth in
Almanza. See id. Under Almanza, the degree of harm required for reversal depends on
whether the error was preserved in the trial court. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. Where, as here, the defendant did not raise
a timely objection to the jury instructions, reversal is required only if the error was
fundamental in the sense that it was so egregious and created such harm that the defendant
was deprived of a fair and impartial trial. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Barrios
v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Because appellant did not raise a
Villarreal - 7
timely objection to the instructions, the court of appeals correctly determined that reversal
here is proper only if the record indicates the existence of egregious harm. See Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171.
Charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the
defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. See id.; see also Allen v.
State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Egregious harm is a “high and difficult
standard” to meet, and such a determination must be “borne out by the trial record.” Reeves
v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citations omitted). On appeal, neither
party bears the burden of showing harm or a lack thereof under this standard. Warner v.
State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We will not reverse a conviction unless
the defendant has suffered “actual rather than theoretical harm.” Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d
766, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In examining the record to determine whether charge error
has resulted in egregious harm to a defendant, we consider (1) the entirety of the jury charge,
(2) the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence,
(3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the trial
record as a whole. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
B. Consideration of Almanza Factors
1. Entirety of the Jury Charge
With respect to the entirety of the charge, we agree with the court of appeals’s overall
assessment that this factor weighs in favor of a finding of egregious harm. See Villarreal,
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393 S.W.3d at 875 (explaining that jury charge, “considered as a whole, weighs in favor” of
egregious harm because “[n]othing in the charge alerted the jury that it must presume
[appellant] had a reasonable belief that the use of deadly force was necessary”). We,
however, afford less weight to this factor than did the court of appeals because that court
failed to consider that a complete jury charge on the presumption, in addition to describing
the legal force of the presumption itself, would have also permitted the jury to conclude that
the presumption was inapplicable based on the facts of this case. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d
at 171; T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b).
In its instructions to the jury after the close of evidence, the trial court’s charge
initially gave an abstract charge on the elements of murder, and, in an application paragraph,
applied those elements to the facts of the charged offense. The trial court additionally sua
sponte included instructions detailing the law that applies to a defendant’s claim that his use
of deadly force was justified by self-defense. See T EX . P ENAL C ODE §§ 9.31(a), 9.32(a).
With respect to the general law of self-defense, the instructions correctly informed the jury
that a person “is justified in using force against another when and to the degree the actor
reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor against the other’s
use or attempted use of unlawful force.” See id. § 9.31(a). Additionally, the instructions
were correct in stating that, in the context of a defendant’s use of deadly force, a person is
justified in using such force “if the actor would be justified in using force against the other
in the first place [under Penal Code 9.31] and when the actor reasonably believes that such
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deadly force is immediately necessary to protect oneself against the other person’s use or
attempted use of unlawful deadly force.” See id. § 9.32(a).3 The instructions also stated,
When a person is attacked with unlawful deadly force, or he reasonably
believes he is under attack or attempted attack with unlawful deadly force by
another, and there is created in the mind of such person a reasonable
expectation or fear of death or serious bodily injury at the hands of such
assailant, then the law excuses or justifies such a person in resorting to deadly
force by any means at his command to the degree that he reasonably believes
immediately necessary, viewed from his standpoint at the time, to protect
himself from such attack or attempted attack.
The application paragraph instructed the jurors that they should acquit appellant of the
offense of murder if they
[found] from the evidence, or [had] a reasonable doubt thereof, that at the time
the defendant was under attack or attempted attack from the victim [Martinez],
and that the defendant reasonably believed, as viewed from his standpoint, that
such deadly force as he used, if any, was immediately necessary to protect
himself against such attack or attempted attack, and so believing, he stabbed
the victim[.]
The court’s charge thus generally instructed the jury on the law of self-defense under Penal
Code Section 9.31, and it included an instruction on the law that applies to a defendant’s use
of deadly force pursuant to Section 9.32(a). See T EX. P ENAL C ODE §§ 9.31, 9.32(a). But the
charge did not additionally ask the jury to decide whether, in light of the circumstances of
the case, appellant was entitled to a presumption of reasonableness as to his asserted belief
that the use of deadly force was immediately necessary. See id. § 9.32(b). Because the
3
The instructions additionally specified that “the use of force against another is not justified
in response to verbal provocation alone,” and the instructions defined the term “reasonable belief”
as one that would be held by an ordinary and prudent person in the same circumstances as the
defendant. See TEX . PENAL CODE §§ 9.31(b)(1), 1.07(a)(42).
Villarreal - 10
ground in this petition for discretionary review is limited to the appellate harm analysis, we
assume that the trial court’s instructions were erroneous by failing to give a presumption
instruction as the law applicable to the case and, therefore, we agree with the court of
appeals’s overall determination that the charge failed to comprehensively and accurately
detail the applicable law. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 875.4
On the other hand, we disagree with the lower court’s assignment of substantial
weight to this factor because its analysis failed to take into account that a complete
instruction on the presumption of reasonableness would have also informed the jury that,
under some circumstances, an actor is not entitled to the benefit of the presumption. See
T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b).5 Had it been properly given to the jury, the omitted instruction
4
The court of appeals further noted the absence of a no-duty-to-retreat instruction, but the
court did not explain how that additional error in the instructions would contribute to a finding of
egregious harm under the circumstances of this case. See Villarreal v. State, 393 S.W.3d 867, 875
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012).
5
The statutory presumption applies only if the actor:
(1) knew or had reason to believe that the person against whom the deadly force was
used:
(A) unlawfully and with force entered, or was attempting to enter unlawfully and
with force, the actor’s occupied habitation, vehicle, or place of business or
employment;
(B) unlawfully and with force removed, or was attempting to remove unlawfully and
with force, the actor from the actor’s habitation, vehicle, or place of business or
employment; or
(C) was committing or attempting to commit [aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual
assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery];
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would have permitted the jury to disregard the presumption if it concluded, among other
things, that appellant had no reason to believe that Martinez was attempting to commit
murder or that appellant was otherwise engaged in criminal activity at the time of the
stabbing. See id. According to the Texas Criminal Pattern Jury Charges, the correct
instructions would have told the jury that it was required to apply the presumption
unless [ ] the [S]tate has proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, at least one of the
following:
1. The defendant neither knew nor had reason to believe that [the
complainant]—
...
c. was committing or attempting to commit aggravated kidnapping, murder,
sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery; or
2. The defendant provoked [the complainant]; or
3. The defendant, at the time the deadly force was used, was engaged in
criminal activity other than a class C misdemeanor that is a violation of a law
or ordinance regulating traffic.
If [the jury finds] that the [S]tate has proved element 1, 2, or 3 listed above, the
presumption does not apply and [the jury is] not required to find that the
defendant’s belief was reasonable.
T EXAS C RIMINAL P ATTERN J URY C HARGES, D EFENSES 246-47 (2013).
A complete instruction, therefore, would have permitted the jury to decide that the
(2) did not provoke the person against whom the force was used; and
(3) was not otherwise engaged in criminal activity, other than a Class C misdemeanor
that is a violation of a law or ordinance regulating traffic at the time the force was
used.
TEX . PENAL CODE § 9.32(b).
Villarreal - 12
presumption did not apply to the facts of appellant’s case based on the existence of certain
circumstances, such as appellant’s lack of knowledge that Martinez was attempting to
commit murder or appellant’s being engaged in criminal activity at the time of the offense.
See id.; T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b)(1)(C), (b)(3). Because the applicability of the
presumption is dependent upon the evidence that was adduced at trial, we now consider that
evidence and, as explained further below, we conclude that the omitted charge did not
deprive appellant of a fair and impartial trial.
2. State of the Evidence
With respect to the state of the evidence, the court of appeals reasoned that, because
self-defense was the “primary contested issue at trial,” and because none of the witnesses at
trial corroborated appellant’s version of events, this factor weighs in favor of a finding of
egregious harm. Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 875-76 (“Given the conflicting testimony
regarding the circumstances surrounding the stabbing, [the state of the evidence] also weighs
in favor of concluding Villarreal suffered egregious harm.”). We disagree with that
assessment because the mere existence of conflicting testimony surrounding a contested issue
does not necessarily trigger a finding of egregious harm. See Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d
137, 148 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (suggesting that contested evidence may, but does not
necessarily, give rise to finding of egregious harm). Furthermore, the court of appeals erred
by failing to properly consider the plausibility of the evidence raising the defense. See Allen,
253 S.W.3d at 267-68 (observing, with respect to an egregious-harm analysis pertaining to
Villarreal - 13
a defensive theory, that “it is appropriate to consider the plausibility of the evidence raising
the defense” as at least one factor in deciding whether egregious harm exists). We explain
our reasoning by examining (a) the witnesses’ testimony, (b) appellant’s out-of-court
statements to police, (c) the lack of evidence indicating that the statutory presumption would
have applied under the facts in the record, and (d) the relative weakness of the evidence
indicating that appellant acted in self-defense.
a. Witness Testimony Indicated That Appellant Stabbed Unarmed Martinez
The court of appeals erred by failing to consider the strength of the evidence showing
that appellant was the aggressor and that Martinez was unarmed when appellant stabbed him.
Broadly speaking, the State’s evidence at trial indicated that, on the night of the party,
appellant was under the influence of drugs and alcohol, was acting “crazy” and “angry,” and
was challenging others to fight. Prior to the stabbing, one witness, Gonzalo Garza, testified
that appellant and another partygoer, Travis Sweet, were “throwing gang signs” indicating
that they were members of the Texas Syndicate and saying, the “syndicate runs this house.”
Believing that appellant and Sweet “were disrespecting the household,” Garza stated he tried
to talk to them “to calm [them] down,” after which appellant tried to hit Garza. Garza then
hit appellant in the face or the chest. The hostess of the party, Mayra Garcilazo, told
appellant to calm down, and, in order to prevent further fighting, she asked Garza to leave
the house. Garza left.
Several witnesses testified as to what happened next. Appellant and Martinez were
Villarreal - 14
standing inside near the pool table when they started arguing. Martinez “got mad and he took
his shirt off.” According to witness Dolores Oropeza, appellant responded by saying, “This
guy thinks he’s well-built or what?” Although testimony was inconsistent as to who initiated
the physical altercation, witnesses reported that appellant and Martinez began hitting each
other. Several witnesses testified that Martinez then walked outside the house and headed
toward the front gate in an attempt to leave the party. Oropeza stated that, at that moment,
appellant “went at [Martinez] with a knife,” stabbing him “three or four times.” Another
witness, Mario Esquivel, reported that he was walking towards the front gate with Martinez
when appellant came up and started stabbing Martinez “about four times,” including in the
chest “two or three times.” According to Oropeza, Martinez was “trying to put his arms
[up]” to defend himself against the knife. None of the witnesses suggested that Martinez was
holding a knife at any time. Having been stabbed, Martinez ran outside the gate and
collapsed near a police car that had arrived on the scene. Appellant ran towards the back of
the house, where he was later found hiding in the brush by police officers. A knife recovered
from the scene was later identified as belonging to Zaira Villarreal, who was also present at
the party.6 Although the testimony was somewhat inconsistent as to how the knife ultimately
came into appellant’s possession, the general version of events as told by the State’s
witnesses was that Zaira gave her knife to Travis Sweet, who gave the knife to appellant.
6
Although the reporter’s record refers to this individual as “Saida Villarreal,” the parties
assert that the correct spelling is in fact “Zaira,” and that is also the spelling used by the court of
appeals in its opinion. For conformity’s sake, we also adopt the latter spelling here.
Villarreal - 15
Zaira, however, disputed that she had given the knife to anyone that night and instead told
investigators that she had left the knife in her purse.
The medical examiner, Dr. Corinne Stern, gave testimony that was consistent with the
version of events as told by the State’s witnesses. She reported that Martinez died as a result
of multiple stab wounds, including one chest wound, one abdominal wound, and four arm
wounds. The stab wounds Martinez sustained were consistent with having been inflicted by
the recovered silver butterfly knife. Dr. Stern also viewed a photograph of the wound on
appellant’s hand, which appellant claimed to have been caused by the weapon when he tried
to take it from Martinez. Stern opined that appellant’s wound was “very irregular” and
“jagged,” and she concluded that the wound had not been caused by the smooth blade of the
knife used in Martinez’s stabbing. Her opinion was additionally supported by DNA analysis
of the blood that was on the knife, which revealed that the knife contained Martinez’s DNA
and no one else’s.
At the time that appellant was apprehended while hiding in a brushy area behind the
house, one of the arresting officers, Officer Alvarez, reported that appellant was “shouting
at the deputies,” using “vulgar language,” and telling the officers he “wasn’t gonna move”
and for them to “come and get him.” Alvarez described appellant as “real aggressive” and
“really angry,” and he stated that officers had to “give [appellant] verbal commands to get
down on the [ground] and he was not complying[.]”
b. Appellant’s Statements to Police Asserting Self-Defense
Villarreal - 16
Although it correctly noted that none of the witnesses at trial corroborated appellant’s
version of events, the court of appeals erred by failing to consider the relative weakness of
the defensive evidence in light of the entire record. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 875-76.
Appellant’s statements to investigators, laced with profanity and full of bravado, were largely
incoherent and implausible in providing various explanations for the stabbing of Martinez.
In his statements to investigators on the night of the stabbing, appellant initially stated that
he “[knew] very well that [he was] not the one that started the whole thing,” and pointed to
a wound on his hand indicating that Martinez “did this to [him]” and he was “going to
fucking defend [himself],” otherwise he would be a “fucking pussy.” Appellant explained
that Martinez was “boasting” and was challenging “a lot of guys” to fight. According to
appellant, Martinez “was acting as if he was all fucking that, like very well built.” Appellant,
apparently offended by Martinez’s boasting, told Martinez that he was “no match” for
appellant and that appellant would show Martinez that he “was not scared” of him.
Appellant stated that Martinez “should not have act[ed] as if he was the man.” The
investigator asked whether “the fight was all about that, that the guy was boasting?”
Appellant responded, “Yes, that he was, damn guy. Why are you acting like that if we are
buddies, guy? Why do you think you are all that, guy?” Appellant indicated that at that point
he “got close” to Martinez, Martinez attempted to cut him, and appellant then took the sharp
object away from Martinez and stabbed him once. Specifically, with respect to the moment
of the stabbing, the following exchange occurred between appellant and the investigator:
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Investigator: He took off his shirt and everything.
Appellant: Yes, because the guy is well-built, . . . he took off his shirt and
he was boasting[,] and I told him, “You know what, guy?”
Investigator: And you put him in his place?
Appellant: Yes, I told him you know what man? . . . I am going to fucking
beat you up[.] . . . [W]hen I told him that, I don’t know what the
guy had in his hands. What was it? I don’t fucking know but he
had everybody following him. I told him, I am not one of those
fucking guys, you are not going to scare me if you are well built
or not, . . . I am going to beat you up. No man, the guy cut me
really bad. . . .
In his second statement to police around an hour later, appellant similarly stated that the fight
with Martinez broke out near the pool table after Martinez took off his shirt. Appellant
stated,
The dude is well-built, [ ] he took off his shirt, and no one is good enough for
me. . . . I told him, you know what? I said, look dude, I am loaded dude, you
may hit me with some punches but I don’t fucking care, I am not going to back
up, and he told me what the fuck, and I don’t know what is that he got ahold
of and he charged at me, and I tried to take it from him, and look man, I don’t
fucking know what it was because [the cut] is really deep.
...
Everybody backed out, not me, do you understand me? He is not going to
intimidate me and the guy tried to cut me man, I am going to take it from him
and I am going to fucking cut him back, I am not backing [down], do you
understand? . . . And I did not do that thing just for nothing, I did it because I
can’t cope with someone that tries to show off with me, even my own
brother[.]
Appellant said that he stabbed Martinez one time, “in the arm or I don’t fucking know
[where],” and appellant threw the object down and ran. The investigator then asked appellant
how many punctures he thought Martinez had, and, inconsistent with his previous statement
Villarreal - 18
indicating that he had stabbed Martinez once, appellant said four. Appellant described the
object he took from Martinez as being “a sharp piece of metal, it was not a knife, it was like
a sharp point,” but said he did not know what the object was. He asserted that, had he not
taken the weapon from Martinez, Martinez “would have killed” him.
With respect to the relative strength of appellant’s defensive evidence, we observe
that, save for appellant’s own statements to police, none of the other evidence presented at
trial supported a justification defense. This observation is consistent with the court of
appeals’s assessment of the evidence. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 875-76 (observing that
“none of the witnesses at trial stated that Martinez was in possession of a weapon, and all of
the eyewitnesses testified that [appellant] stabbed Martinez more than once”). Appellant’s
version of events was not only in conflict with the testimony of every other witness at trial,
all of whom testified that Martinez was at all times unarmed and that appellant stabbed him
multiple times in an act of aggression, but it was also inconsistent with the physical evidence.
For example, although appellant asserted that Martinez had stabbed him in the hand as
appellant attempted to disarm him, that assertion was rebutted by the DNA evidence, which
revealed only the presence of Martinez’s blood on the knife, and it was further rebutted by
the testimony of Dr. Stern, who reported that appellant’s hand wound had not been caused
by the knife. Additionally, although appellant stated that he stabbed Martinez once, the
physical evidence indicated that Martinez sustained six stab wounds. In light of the entire
record that shows that appellant’s defensive evidence was weak when viewed together with
Villarreal - 19
the other evidence, we cannot conclude that there is a substantial risk that appellant was
harmed as a result of the omission of the instruction, or that the addition of a presumption-of-
reasonableness instruction likely would have altered the outcome as to the question of
whether he acted in self-defense. Compare Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007) (finding existence of egregious harm, in part, because the “risk” of harm
from erroneously omitted unanimity instruction was “substantial” in light of fact that “greater
bulk” of State’s evidence was devoted to establishing one theory of guilt over the other), with
Allen, 253 S.W.3d at 268 (concluding that, even had jury been properly instructed, it was
“not likely” that jury would have found in defendant’s favor as to defensive issue). And, in
light of this determination, we disagree with the court of appeals’s suggestion that the mere
existence of conflicting testimony relating to the details of the stabbing is indicative of
egregious harm. See Olivas, 202 S.W.3d at 148.
c. Statutory Presumption Unsupported by Evidence
The court of appeals also erred in its harm analysis by failing to account for the fact
that the presumption of reasonableness does not apply to an actor who had no reason to
believe that the person against whom deadly force was used was attempting to commit
murder, nor does it apply to one who used deadly force while otherwise engaged in criminal
activity. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b)(1)(C), (b)(3). And, on the facts of this case, the
presumption appears to be inapplicable on either basis.
With respect to the first of these circumstances, the requirement that appellant knew
Villarreal - 20
or had reason to know that Martinez was attempting to commit murder, we note that,
according to appellant’s statements, by the time of the stabbing, appellant had disarmed
Martinez and taken his weapon from him. And according to the testimony of other
witnesses, appellant was at all times armed with a knife, but Martinez was unarmed.
Regardless of which version of events the jury chose to believe, the record conclusively
shows that, as of the moment of the stabbing, Martinez was unarmed. And, although in his
statements to police appellant suggested that Martinez would have killed him if he had not
taken the weapon away from Martinez, appellant at no point expressed fear that Martinez
posed a threat to him after appellant had taken away the weapon. This observation is
consistent with appellant’s additional statements indicating that the primary motivation for
the stabbing was not out of fear that he was about to be murdered by Martinez, but was to
teach Martinez that he was “no match” for appellant. We, therefore, determine that the
record shows that, by the time of the stabbing, appellant had no “reason to believe” that
Martinez was attempting to murder him and, as such, the presumption was inapplicable. See
T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b)(1)(C).
With respect to the second circumstance that would render the presumption
inapplicable, that appellant was otherwise engaged in criminal activity, we observe that,
immediately prior to the stabbing, even according to his own statements, appellant told
Martinez that he was going to “fucking beat [him] up.” This conduct constituted a class C
misdemeanor assault by threat in violation of Texas Penal Code Section 22.01(a)(2). See id.
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§ 22.01(a)(2). Other witnesses testified that appellant had attempted to hit partygoer Garza
and had taken the first swing at Martinez before stabbing him, which conduct would also
constitute an assault. See id. And the record indicates that, as of the time of this assaultive
conduct by appellant, Martinez had not physically threatened appellant, but had only taken
off his shirt. At the very least, in light of appellant’s own statements indicating that he
intended to start a fight with Martinez because Martinez was “boasting” and had threatened
Martinez with physical harm prior to the stabbing, we conclude that the record shows that
appellant was otherwise engaged in criminal activity at the time of the stabbing and thus was
statutorily ineligible to receive the benefit of the presumption of reasonableness. See id. §
9.32(b)(3).
In sum, even had the jury been properly instructed as to the presumption of
reasonableness under Section 9.32(b), we conclude that the presumption was inapplicable
to the facts of this case based on the lack of evidence to support the presumption.
Furthermore, in the alternative, we conclude that, in light of the fact that appellant’s out-of-
court statements were internally inconsistent with his claim of self-defense and were
contradicted by the entirety of the record, we cannot conclude that the omission of the
instruction deprived appellant of a fair trial. We conclude that this factor weighs
substantially against a finding of egregious harm.
3. Arguments of Counsel
We also decide that the court of appeals erred in its determination that the omission
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of the instruction egregiously harmed appellant by depriving him of his sole defense at trial.
See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 876. Contrary to this suggestion, a close examination of
appellant’s trial counsel’s arguments suggests that a justification defense was presented as
one of two alternatives for the jury, only one of which was affected by the error. Because
the omission of the instruction affected only appellant’s secondary defensive theory, we do
not find that the omitted instruction touched upon a “vital aspect” of his case. See Allen, 253
S.W.3d at 266 (explaining that omission of reasonable-doubt language touched upon “vital
aspect” of defendant’s case because her primary defensive theory was affected by error).
At trial, defense counsel attempted to establish that the State had failed in its burden
to prove appellant’s identity as the person who stabbed Martinez, and he further attempted
to discount appellant’s statements to the police, which were the sole evidence of self-defense
and which had been admitted by the State, as not credible. In his closing arguments to the
jury, rather than advancing appellant’s justification defense, counsel highlighted the
inconsistencies in witness testimony for the purpose of undermining the State’s case against
appellant. See Villarreal, 393 S.W.3d at 876 (observing that counsel “chose not to advance
Villarreal’s theory of self-defense”). In particular, defense counsel told the jury that it was
going to have to “judge the credibility of the witnesses [with respect to] where they were
standing, what they were able to see from where they were standing.” In defense counsel’s
sole reference to appellant’s statements to investigators asserting self-defense, he sought to
downplay the probative value of those statements, stating that they were made “before any
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lawyer, before any judge magistrated him, even before the charges were filed[.]” 7 Because
it is clear from these statements that defense counsel’s alternative assertion was that the State
had failed to establish appellant’s identity and culpability for the stabbing of Martinez, we
disagree with the court of appeals’s determination that appellant’s sole defense was vitally
undermined as a result of the omission of the instruction. See id.
As appellant points out in his brief in this Court, defense counsel did rely somewhat
on the deadly-force defense by arguing to the jury that Martinez was the aggressor. Defense
counsel noted that one witness, Mario Esquivel, had initially failed to mention that he saw
appellant holding a knife, whereas another witness, Travis Sweet, had suggested in his initial
statements to police that Martinez was the one holding the knife. To this extent, we agree
with the court of appeals that defense counsel at least alternatively argued the deadly-force
defensive theory. Contrary to the court of appeals’s suggestion that the deadly-force defense
was appellant’s sole defensive theory, defense counsel relied on that defense as an alternative
to his other defense that the State’s evidence failed to prove appellant’s culpability beyond
a reasonable doubt on the basis of the weakness in the State’s evidence.
7
In light of appellant’s implausible and inconsistent statements to police officers as detailed
above, it appears that defense counsel chose not to rely solely on appellant’s claim of self-defense,
but instead attempted to persuade jurors to acquit appellant on the basis of a reasonable doubt as to
whether he was responsible for the stabbing of Martinez. Regardless of what counsel’s trial strategy
may have been, our role at this stage in conducting an egregious harm analysis is not to determine
whether that strategy was valid, but rather is to determine whether the error vitally affected
appellant’s defense. See Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 820-21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“It is also
relevant to the harm analysis that the erroneous instruction . . . undermined appellant’s sole
defense.”).
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To the extent that the court of appeals characterized counsel’s arguments as
highlighting “the reasonableness, or lack thereof, of Villarreal’s actions,” see id., it appears
that the court was referring to the arguments by the State’s prosecutor, who challenged the
notion that appellant’s actions could be justified by self-defense. But even those arguments
focused primarily on appellant’s lack of credibility in his global assertion to investigators that
he had acted in self-defense. The arguments did not appear to urge the jury to reject the
justification defense on the narrower basis that appellant was unreasonable in his belief that
deadly force was immediately necessary. Because the omitted presumption-of-
reasonableness instruction pertains only to the question of the reasonableness of an actor’s
belief that the use of deadly force was immediately necessary, and because the
reasonableness of appellant’s belief was not at the center of either defense counsel’s or the
State’s arguments, we conclude that this factor weighs against a finding of egregious harm.
See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
4. Entirety of the Record, Including Any Other Relevant Information
In addition to the matters raised above, we observe that, at the punishment stage, the
jury rejected a sudden-passion special issue, which, on the facts of this case, constitutes an
additional circumstance suggesting that appellant was not egregiously harmed by the
omission of the instruction. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.02(a), (d). Although we recognize
that sudden passion and self-defense are distinct inquiries for which a jury’s verdict will not
always overlap, we note that we have previously gleaned information as to a jury’s likely
Villarreal - 25
treatment of a sudden-passion special issue based on the jury’s rejection of a self-defense
question. See Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601, 608-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). And we
think, given the circumstances of the present case, that a parallel inference can also be drawn
here.
In Wooten, this Court considered the question whether the defendant had been harmed
by the omission of a requested sudden-passion special issue at the punishment phase. Id. at
608. In holding that he had not, the Court observed that, given that the jury had rejected
Wooten’s claim that his use of deadly force was justified, it was, on the facts of that record,
“highly unlikely” that the jury would have nevertheless found that he acted under the
immediate influence of sudden passion. Id. at 609. The Court’s holding in Wooten was based
on the rationale that, by its verdict of guilty, the jury had indicated that it “simply did not
believe” Wooten’s self-defense claim, which was premised on a factual assertion that the
complainant had fired upon Wooten first. Id. Had the jury believed Wooten’s version of
events, the jury “almost certainly” would have acquitted him based on self-defense, but it did
not. Id. The Court accordingly concluded that Wooten had not suffered “some harm” as a
result of the omitted sudden passion special issue. Id. at 610.
Here, similarly, the jury’s rejection of a sudden-passion special issue suggests that the
jury very likely would have rejected the assertion that appellant’s use of deadly force was
justified, regardless of whether it had received a presumption-of-reasonableness instruction.
In support of this observation, we note that, had the jury believed that Martinez in fact
Villarreal - 26
attempted to stab appellant with a knife, then it would have almost certainly found in
appellant’s favor on the issue of whether he acted under the immediate influence of sudden
passion arising from an adequate cause. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.02(a)(1), (a)(2).8 But,
because the jury answered the sudden-passion special issue in the negative, we can infer that
the jury did not believe appellant’s version of events, and we, therefore, decide that it is
exceedingly unlikely that a presumption-of-reasonableness instruction would have had any
bearing on the jury’s answer as to whether appellant acted in self-defense. See Wooten, 400
S.W.3d at 609.
In sum, we observe that a charge on the presumption of reasonableness would have
authorized the jury not to apply the presumption if it determined that the State had proved
beyond a reasonable doubt either that appellant had no reason to know that Martinez was
attempting to commit murder or that appellant was otherwise engaged in criminal activity.
See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 9.32(b). And, in light of the relative strength of the evidence in the
record indicating that appellant was the aggressor and stabbed the unarmed Martinez as
compared to the weaker evidence giving rise to appellant’s justification defense, and
considering that appellant’s defensive strategy relied upon two theories, only one of which
would have been affected by the error, we are persuaded that there is no substantial risk of
8
The Texas Penal Code defines “adequate cause” as “cause that would commonly produce
a degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to render the
mind incapable of cool reflection.” See TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.02(a)(1). “Sudden passion,” in turn,
is defined as “passion directly caused by and arising out of provocation by the individual killed or
another acting with the person killed which passion arises at the time of the offense and is not solely
the result of former provocation.” See id. § 19.02(a)(2).
 Villarreal - 27
harm to appellant as a result of the omission of the instruction. See Stuhler, 218 S.W.3d at
719-20; Allen, 253 S.W.3d at 267-68. In light of these considerations, we, therefore,
conclude that the record fails to indicate the existence of egregious harm.
III. Conclusion
We hold that the court of appeals erred by concluding that appellant was egregiously
harmed by the omission of a presumption-of-reasonableness instruction. We reverse the
judgment of the court of appeals and remand this case to that court for consideration of
appellant’s remaining points of error raised on appeal.
Delivered: February 4, 2015
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