United States v. Porras-Avila

Andrew S. Hanen, United States District Judge *708Juan Angel Porras-Avila ("Porras-Avila" or "Defendant") is charged with illegal reentry into the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(1). He seeks to have his indictment dismissed because the Notice to Appear ("NTA") in his underlying deportation did not specify an exact time and location at which to appear. Despite having attended the hearing in question, Porras-Avila claims that this omission voids not only his initial 2006 deportation, but all of his subsequent removals. Consequently, he claims this flaw in his underlying immigration proceedings deals a fatal blow to the Government's current attempts to prosecute him for illegal reentry.

I. Background Facts

Porras-Avila, a citizen of Mexico, apparently entered the United States at least by 1999 as he was convicted of a misdemeanor Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) and sentenced to 30 days in custody in Hidalgo County, Texas in June of that year. State of Texas v. Juan Angel Porras , No. CR-164783-B, County Court of Law No. Two, Hidalgo County, Texas. He was again convicted of a DWI in 2002 and sentenced to 180 days in custody under the name of David Guerrero, Jr. State of Texas v. David Guerrero, Jr. , No. CR-203939-A, County Court of Law No. One, Hidalgo County, Texas. After this second DWI he was arrested for a third DWI in 2005. This conviction was a felony. He was sentenced to two years in custody. State of Texas v. Juan Angel Avila Porras , No. CR-0087-06-F, 398th Judicial District Court, Hidalgo County, Texas. After being released, he was formally deported through the Brownsville Port of Entry. It was this deportation that is the basis for the Motion to Dismiss, and it will be discussed in more detail below. He was deported on November 2, 2006 and returned illegally on November 10, 2006. He was then arrested on a fourth DWI charge in 2008. Sometime after that fourth DWI arrest, but before those charges were resolved, he was charged with illegal reentry and given 75 days in custody. United States v. Juan Angel Porras-Avila , No. 7:08-po-01790 (S.D. Tex. 2008). He was then deported on June 3, 2008 through the Presidio Port of Entry. He returned illegally on October 29, 2008, was again convicted of illegal reentry, and was sentenced to 100 days in custody. United States v. Juan Angel Porras-Avila , No. 7:08-po-06766 (S.D. Tex. 2008). He was deported on February 14, 2009 through the Hidalgo Port of Entry. He then returned to the United States, but the time and place of that return is not clear from the record. Nevertheless, it is clear that on April 30, 2013 he was actually convicted of the 2008 DWI, his second felony DWI, and was sentenced to two years in custody. State of Texas v. Juan Angela Avila Porras , No. CR-3575-08-F, 332nd Judicial District Court, Hidalgo County, Texas. This led to his return to immigration custody and another deportation in August of 2014 through the Laredo Port of Entry.

The record before this Court does not show how or when he returned to the United States after the 2014 deportation. Nevertheless, in 2017 he was once again in the United States and once again was convicted of a DWI-his third felony DWI-and was sentenced on January 31, 2017 to five years imprisonment. State of Texas v. Juan Angel Avila Porras , No. CR-0207-17-F, 332nd District Court, Hidalgo County, Texas. It is this arrest and imprisonment that concluded with his being turned over to federal authorities for prosecution in this case.

*709II. Basis for the Dismissal Motion

As stated earlier, Porras-Avila's 2006 deportation is the subject matter of this motion. Porras-Avila was in the custody of immigration officials in 2006. It is unclear if he came into custody by virtue of his 2005 arrest for DWI or by some other means. Regardless, on August 23, 2006 he was served with his NTA. Importantly, that notice had the following as to the date and time of the hearing:

The NTA was personally served on the Defendant on October 9, 2006. He waived his 10-day notice period and requested a prompt hearing. He attended the hearing and, based upon his own admissions, he was found to be removable. He voluntarily waived his appeal and was ultimately deported on November 2, 2006 based upon the order of the immigration judge. He was subsequently deported on March 20, 2008; October, 29, 2008; February 5, 2009; and August 5, 2014-all based upon a reinstatement of this 2006 deportation order.

Porras-Avila claims that all his deportations (except for the original one) relate back to or are reinstatements of his 2006 removal and that his original 2006 deportation order was defective due to the lack of a designated date and time on the NTA. He claims that because of this defective notice, the immigration court lacked subject matter jurisdiction and thus his 2006 deportation and all subsequent deportations were invalid and void. Consequently, he argues that there is no valid removal on which to base an illegal reentry indictment.

The United States ("Government") argues that these claims distort the two Supreme Court cases upon which the Defendant relies and that not only was Porras-Avila eventually informed of the date, time, and location of his hearing, but it is beyond dispute that he attended and participated. As a result, the Government contends that whatever ambiguities or defects may have existed in the original notice were cured by subsequent actual notice and that the immigration judge had jurisdiction when Defendant was ordered deported. Further, the Government argues that the motion to dismiss the indictment is an impermissible collateral attack on the order of removal and as such is contrary to 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d).

Both sides cite multiple court decisions which support their respective positions. Consequently, this Court has a number of different opinions from which to seek guidance. (See Appendix "A" for a list of opinions which support the position of the Defendant and Appendix "B" for a list of opinions supporting the Government's position.)

III. Discussion

A. Supreme Court Authority

While this Court has reviewed quite a number of opinions from a wide variety of different jurisdictions and now has authored three of its own, the obvious starting point remains the two Supreme Court cases underlying the Defendant's position:

*710Pereira v. Sessions , --- U.S. ----, 138 S. Ct. 2105, 201 L.Ed.2d 433 (2018) and United States v. Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. 828, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987).

While Pereira is not a criminal case, it is the genesis of the Defendant's arguments. In Pereira , the Supreme Court reviewed a Notice to Appear containing "notice" provisions similar to those cited in the instant case but in a civil context. The exact question the Court answered was framed by Justice Sotomayor, the author of the majority opinion:

Accordingly, the dispositive question in this case is much narrower, but no less vital: Does a "notice to appear" that does not specify the "time and place at which the proceedings will be held," as requested by § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i), trigger the stop-time rule?

Thus, the basic issue was whether "... if the Government serves a noncitizen with a document that is labeled 'notice to appear,' but the document fails to specify either the time or the place of the removal proceedings, does it trigger the stop-time rule [found in 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1) and which stops the time for which an alien might qualify for cancellation of removal]." Id. at 2110. It is important to note that Pereira never received any notice of the time and place of the hearing and as a consequence did not attend the hearing.

The Supreme Court held that:

... common sense compels the conclusion that a notice that does not specify when and where to appear for a removal proceeding is not a "notice to appear" that triggers the stop-time rule. If the three words "notice to appear" mean anything in this context, they must mean that, at a minimum, the Government has to provide noncitizens "notice" of the information, i.e., the "time" and "place," that would enable them "to appear" at the removal hearing in the first place . Conveying such time-and-place information to a noncitizen is an essential function of a notice to appear, for without it, the Government cannot reasonably expect the noncitizen to appear for his removal proceedings. To hold otherwise would empower the Government to trigger the stop-time rule merely by sending noncitizens a barebones document labeled "Notice to Appear," with no mention of the time and place of the removal proceedings, even though such documents would do little if anything to facilitate appearance at those proceedings. " 'We are not willing to impute to Congress ... such [a] contradictory and absurd purpose,' " United States v. Bryan , 339 U.S. 323, 342, 70 S.Ct. 724, 94 L.Ed. 884 (1950), particularly where doing so has no basis in the statutory text.

Pereira v. Sessions , 138 S. Ct. at 2115-2116 (emphasis added). The majority opinion emphasized that the Court was only answering the narrow question posed to it:

It therefore follows that, if a "notice to appear" for purposes of § 1229(b)(1) must include the time-and-place information, a "notice to appear" for purposes of the stop-time rule under § 1229b(d)(1) must as well. After all, "it is a normal rule of statutory construction that identical words used in different parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning." Taniguchi v. Kan Pacific Saipan, Ltd. , 566 U.S. 560, 571, 132 S.Ct. 1997, 182 L.Ed.2d 903 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Id. at 2115. The instant case obviously does not involve the stop-time rule.

Mendoza-Lopez is a criminal case that discusses the very statute under which Porras-Avila is charged. In that case, the Supreme Court addressed whether a defendant *711in a § 1326 case could collaterally attack his prior deportation. In that case it was conceded, for purposes of the appeal, that the group of deportees, including the Respondent, were deported in proceedings that did not comport with due process requirements. Because the prior deportation is an element of a 1326 violation, the Court held that if the prior deportation involved a lack of due process, the Respondent could collaterally attack the current illegal reentry prosecution. Many courts throughout the nation have subsequently reached similar conclusions if there were underlying due process deprivations in the deportation process.

B. The Application of These Supreme Court Decisions to the Instant Case

Defendant's attack on his pending indictment really involves two interrelated questions: 1) Can he collaterally attack his prior removals in this 1326 criminal case; and 2) Are his prior deportations void? The Court will take them in reverse order.

1. The Validity of The Prior Removals

Defendant essentially claims that Pereira stands for the proposition that an NTA without the exact time and date of the deportation hearing renders the entire hearing process jurisdictionally fatal. He contends that if the notice was flawed, then the Immigration Judge lacked jurisdiction and any subsequent deportation is void and of no effect. Moreover, his argument further suggests that this notice, if initially defective, cannot later be remedied by actual notice. In support of his contentions Defendant cites an array of district court cases from throughout the country including many from this Circuit and this District.¹ As the reasoning in support of Defendant's position is fairly consistent between cases, this Court will address their reasoning generally through the discussion of one or two cases, as well as the applicable statutory and regulatory framework.

Initially, 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a), which sets the requirements for the contents of a NTA, states:

In removal proceedings under section 1229(a) of this title, written notice shall be given in person to the alien ... specifying the following: ...

(G)(i) the time and place at which the proceedings will be held.

Current immigration regulations provide that "jurisdiction [in the immigration court] vests ... when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a). Some courts have concluded that if the initial Notice to Appear is lacking in any manner, it does not constitute a Notice to Appear. If it does not constitute a Notice to Appear, then those courts conclude the immigration judge did not have jurisdiction. Without jurisdiction the removal must be void. If the removal is void, the alien cannot subsequently be prosecuted for illegal reentry. See e.g., United States v. Pedroza-Rocha , No. 3:18-CR-1286, 2018 WL 6629649 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 21, 2018) ; United States v. Virgen-Ponce , 320 F. Supp. 3d 1164 (E.D. Wash. 2018) ; United States v. Leon Gonzales , No. 3:18-CR-2593, Dkt. No. 32 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 20, 2018); United States v. Santiago Tzul , No. 4:18-CR-521, Dkt. No. 35 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2018). These cases necessarily entail a broad reading of Pereira in that they explicitly hold that the Supreme Court found that no jurisdiction exists if a specific time and place is not included on the initial NTA.

This Court cannot agree with that basic proposition because the Supreme Court never made such a holding. In fact, it is *712clear that the majority opinion was purposefully narrow. The word "jurisdiction" does not appear anywhere in the Pereira majority opinion. To read that requirement into the majority's opinion either assumes that the majority of the Supreme Court did not understand the significance of that term or that they were purposefully trying to hide the opinion's real meaning from the rest of the federal judiciary. This Court will not presume either. If the Supreme Court had wanted to reach this result it could have easily held that the failure to include the time and place of a hearing in the NTA is jurisdictional. It did not.

Indeed, the Fifth Circuit has already noted that Pereira is to be narrowly read:

The Supreme Court's recent decision in Pereira v. Sessions , [--- U.S. ----] 138 S. Ct. 2105 [201 L.Ed.2d 433] (2018), does not impact this conclusion. As the Supreme Court emphasized, "[t]he narrow question in [that] case" was whether a NTA that does not specify the time or place of the removal hearing triggers the "stop-time rule" for purposes of a cancellation of removal. Id. at 2109-10 ; see also id. at 2113 ("[T]he dispositive question in this case is much narrower[.]"). But cancellation and reopening are two entirely different proceedings under immigration law with different standards of review. Compare Tula-Rubio v. Lynch , 787 F.3d 288, 290-91 (5th Cir. 2015), with Hernandez-Castillo [v. Sessions] , 875 F.3d [199] at 203-04 [ (5th Cir. 2017) ].

* * *

Because the issues in this case pertain only to reopening, Pereira 's rule regarding cancellation is inapplicable. See, e.g., Ramat v. Nielsen , 317 F. Supp. 3d 1111, 1116-17 (S.D. Cal. 2018) (declining to read Pereira as applying more broadly than in stop-time rule cancellation cases); United States v. Ibarra-Rodriguez , No. CR-18-190-M, 2018 WL 4608503, at *3 (W.D. Okla. Sept. 25, 2018) (finding Pereira distinguishable because "the 'stop-time rule' [was] not at issue" in the case).

Mauricio-Benitez v. Sessions , 908 F.3d 144 n. 1 (5th Cir. 2018).

If Pereira is inapplicable to a motion to reopen removal proceedings-which are factually and legally more similar to Pereira 's cancellation scenario than a § 1326 illegal reentry prosecution-logic dictates Pereira does not control a criminal prosecution wherein the defendant not only had notice, but attended his removal proceeding.

Other courts have noted the same hole in the Defendant's argument. For example:

In Pereira , the Supreme Court addressed whether an NTA that does not specify the time and place of the removal hearing triggers the "stop-time rule," which impacts an immigrant's eligibility for certain forms of relief. Id. at 2109-10, 2113. The Supreme Court held that an NTA that lacks this information does not trigger the rule. Id. at 2113. The Supreme Court did not discuss the issue of jurisdiction. Id. at 2107.

Pereira is distinguishable on two grounds. First, it addresses the "narrow question" of whether a defective NTA triggers the "stop-time rule" in determining relief under the immigration laws. Id. at 2109-10. Second, the appellant in that case never received notice of his hearing and never appeared for or participated in that hearing. Here, the "stop-time rule" is not at issue. Moreover, despite the statutory defect in his initial NTA, Defendant appeared for his hearing on October 19, 2000, and at the hearing had an opportunity to be heard. Defendant was then personally served with a Notice of Hearing indicating the date, time, and place for his second and *713third hearings, where he also appeared and had an opportunity to be heard.

In short, given that Defendant appeared for his initial removal hearing on October 19, 2000, along with two subsequent hearings, any statutory defect in the initial NTA was cured. Because the NTA's defect was cured, Defendant's due process rights were not violated.

United States v. Ornelas-Dominguez , Case No. 5:18-CV-00110-CJC (C.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2018) (emphasis added).

This Court finds the opinion in United States v. Cortez , No. 6:18-CR-22, 2018 WL 6004689 (W.D. Vir. Nov. 15, 2018), to be most instructive. Facing similar facts, the court found the NTA failed to specify a time and place of the hearing. It then proceeded to analyze the effect of this failure. Its analysis of the jurisdictional issue concluded that neither the language of the pertinent legislation nor the dictates of the Supreme Court supported the proposition that the deportation of an individual was void for lack of jurisdiction due to the failure to list a time and place in the initial NTA.

Neither Pereira nor 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) control when and how subject matter jurisdiction over a removal proceeding vests in an immigration court.

* * *

Pereira and 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1) concern the required content of notices to appear ... and neither ... address the immigration court's subject matter jurisdiction over the proceeding.

Id. at *3. That court held that "neither Pereira nor 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) control when and how subject matter jurisdiction over a removal proceeding vests in an immigration court. Rather, separate federal regulations promulgated by the Attorney General dictate when and how an immigration court gains subject matter jurisdiction." Id.

Specifically, the court noted that Congress explicitly granted the Attorney General the authority to establish such regulations as he/she determines to be necessary for carrying out the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"). 8 U.S.C. § 1103(g)(2).

For all proceedings "initiated after April 1, 1997," a "charging document" is defined by a separate regulation to "include a Notice to Appear." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13. Yet another regulation- 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15(b) - (c) -lists the specific items that should be included in a notice to appear filed with the immigration court for jurisdictional purposes. But neither § 1003.15(b) nor § 1003.15(c) list the time and date of the removal proceedings as required criteria for a notice to appear filed with the immigration court for jurisdictional purposes. Moreover, neither § 1003.15(b) nor § 1003.15(c) cross-reference 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1).

By contrast to these regulations concerning the required content of notices to appear filed with the immigration court for jurisdictional purposes, Pereira and 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1) concern the required content of notices to appear "given ... to the alien" either in person, by mail, or by delivery to the alien's counsel. Section 1229(a)(1)(A)-(G) lists ten items that must be specified in notices to appear given to the alien, including "[t]he time and place at which the proceedings will be held." 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). Neither § 1229(a)(1) nor Pereira address the immigration court's subject matter jurisdiction over the proceeding.

Id.

This Court agrees. If jurisdiction existed, then Porras-Avila's arguments necessarily collapse.

*714C. Any Statutory Deficiencies Were Cured

While it is a basic proposition of federal jurisprudence that parties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction where none exists, and while it is likewise clear that the initial NTA did not contain a time and date designation, in the instant case the NTA was supplemented and cured by actual notice. Porras-Avila not only had notice, but he appeared and participated. This Court rejects the argument that actual notice cannot cure an initially deficient NTA.

Specifically, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) states that "[j]urisdiction vests, and proceedings before an Immigration Judge commence, when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court by the Service." Charging documents were filed in this case. One cannot draw a hint from this regulation that the lack of a time and date on the initial notice is jurisdictional or fatally defective to subject matter jurisdiction or that actual or subsequent notice cannot cure information the initial NTA lacks.

Obviously, a complete lack of notice, as occurred in Pereira , would trigger due process concerns. Due process requires notice and an opportunity to be heard. Porras-Avila was afforded both. In fact, Defendant waived the notice period, participated in the hearing, and then waived his appeal. See Chambers v. Mukasey , 520 F.3d 445 (5th Cir. 2008) (actual notice and appearance waived any challenge to the NTA). This very argument has been addressed in the context of Pereira in the Ninth Circuit by an Arizona District Court and reached the same conclusion. United States v. Arreola-Zambrano , No. CR-18-01391-001-PHX-OJH, Dkt. No. 40 (D.Ariz. Nov. 16, 2018).

Notably, the Supreme Court did not disturb the well-settled precedent that an original defective notice to appear may be cured by a subsequent notice of hearing. See Popa v. Holder , 571 F.3d 890, 895-96 (9th Cir. 2009) (collecting cases) ("We hold a Notice to Appear that fails to include the date and time of an alien's deportation hearing, but that states that a date and time will be set later, is not defective so long as a notice of the hearing is in fact later sent to the alien"). Notably, in Popa , the Ninth Circuit concurred with the Fifth, Seventh and Eighth Circuits in announcing its holding. ( Id. )

Id. at 4. In the instant case Defendant received actual notice.

D. Compliance with § 1326(d)

Porras-Avila had the right and opportunity to appeal his removal. He concedes he waived these appellate rights and waived his right to appeal any of the respective orders of deportation.

A defendant cannot collaterally attack his/her deportation in a subsequent § 1326 prosecution unless he/she can demonstrate that he/she: 1) exhausted his/her administrative remedies; 2) was improperly deprived of judicial review; and 3) the entry of the removal order was fundamentally unfair. United States v. Cordova-Soto , 804 F.3d 714, 719 (5th Cir. 2015). Defendant must prove all three prongs in order to collaterally attack his removals.

Defendant basically concedes his failure to comply with § 1326(d) ; yet maintains his non-compliance is excused. His contention is based on two overlapping arguments. First, he maintains that because a prior removal is an element of a § 1326(a) offense, he is always entitled to attack an element of the offense of which he is charged: reentry in violation of an existing removal order. Second, he argues that if the immigration court that ordered his removal did not have jurisdiction, then his *715deportations were void ab initio and cannot be the basis for prosecution for illegal entry. This, of course, is based on his expansive reading of Pereira which the Court has already discussed.

Porras-Avila also relies, however, on the Supreme Court's language and holding in United States v. Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. 828, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987). There the Court held that due process requires that a defendant possess "some meaningful review of immigration proceedings." Id. at 838, 107 S.Ct. 2148.

The Supreme Court [in Mendoza ] then stated that "[d]epriving an alien of the right to have the disposition in a deportation hearing reviewed in a judicial forum requires, at a minimum, that review be made available in any subsequent proceeding in which the result of the deportation proceeding is used to establish an element of a criminal offense." Id. at 839 [107 S.Ct. 2148]. The Mendoza decision established three requirements to satisfy this constitutional imperative, and Congress subsequently codified these requirements by amending § 1326 to add subsection (d). See United States v. Lopez-Vasquez , 227 F.3d 476, 483 n.13 (5th Cir. 2000). Importantly, before this amendment, the Supreme Court in Mendoza concluded that § 1326 contained no avenue for reviewing the underlying judicial proceeding. The Mendoza decision established a review process for the first time, and the amendment codifying Mendoza [present day § 1326(d) ] now represents the sole avenue for such a challenge.

United States v. Escobar-Espinosa , No. 1:18-CR-842 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2018) (Rodriguez, J.).

In Mendoza the Supreme Court found that the immigration judge permitted appellate waivers that "were not the result of [the defendant's] considered judgments" and that the defendants "were deprived of judicial review of their deportation hearings." Id. at 840, 107 S.Ct. 2148. Defendant here does not contend that he was so deprived. The facts before this Court support the opposite conclusion.

To avoid the § 1326(d) requirement, Defendant relies on his void ab initio argument again predicated on his overly expansive reading of Pereira . This Court finds that, at best, his argument supports the conclusion that his deportations were voidable, not void. In so holding, this Court finds the reasoning concerning § 1326(d) by Judge Orlando Garza in United States v. Zapata-Cortinas , 351 F.Supp.3d 1006 (W.D. Tex. 2018), to be persuasive. In that decision, the court first addressed the very same argument that is being made here.

Thus, according to Defendant, jurisdiction did not vest in the immigration court because no valid charging document was filed in this case. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) ; DeLeon-Holguin v. Ashcroft , 253 F.3d 811, 815 (5th Cir. 2001) ("[R]emoval proceedings commence when the [Department of Homeland Security] files the appropriate charging document with the immigration court."). Because orders exceeding a court's jurisdiction may be void, Defendant contends that § 1326(d) need not necessarily be satisfied in order to collaterally attack the prior Removal Order. See docket no. 40 p. 9; see also Matter of Reitnauer , 152 F.3d 341, 344 n.12 (5th Cir. 1998) ("It is true that (1) jurisdictional defects render a judgment void, and (2) void judgments are subject to collateral attack."); Puc-Ruiz v. Holder , 629 F.3d 771, 782 (8th Cir. 2010) ("When the [immigration judge] lacks jurisdiction, [the judge's] decisions are nullities.") Multiple district courts (including at least two in this District) have adopted this line of reasoning in the *716period since Pereira , and those courts have exempted defendants from satisfying § 1326(d)'s requirements because "an element of illegal reentry under § 1326" is not satisfied when the underlying removal order is void. Alfredo-Valladares , No. 1:17-CR-156-SS, docket no. 44 p. 17; Pedroza-Rocha , No. EP-18-CR-1286-DB, docket no. 53 p. 9 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1) ) (holding that a "void removal means [defendant] was not 'removed' as a matter of law" and "the Government cannot satisfy the plain language of § 1326, which applies only to noncitizens who reenter the United States after having been 'denied admission, excluded, deported, or removed.' "); [United States v.] Ortiz , 347 F.Supp.3d [402] at 407, 2018 WL 6012390, at *3-4 [ (D.N.D. 2018) ] (holding that the Government cannot prove the "removal" element of the offense and stating that "[d]efendant need not satisfy section 1326(d)'s strict requirements because the Immigration Judge lacked jurisdiction from the outset.").

Having considered both lines of arguments and the numerous decisions that have come out in the period since Pereira, the Court concludes that (i) a removal order that suffers jurisdictional defects may serve as the basis for a § 1326(a) prosecution, and (ii) a § 1326 defendant must satisfy the requirements of § 1326(d) in order to collaterally attack the underlying removal order .

By enumerating the specific requirements that must be satisfied in order for a defendant to collaterally attack a prior removal order, § 1326(d) necessarily contemplates that flawed or invalid removal proceedings may still serve as the basis of a "prior removal" in a § 1326(a) prosecution if the requirements are not met. Indeed, in United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, the Supreme Court noted that the language chosen by Congress when drafting § 1326 does not limit § 1326(a) prosecutions only to those cases in which the underlying removal was "lawful." 481 U.S. 828, 834-35, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987). Instead, the Supreme Court held that the constitutional requirement of due process requires that, "at the very least, where the defects in an administrative proceeding foreclose judicial review of that proceeding, an alternative means of obtaining judicial review must be made available before the administrative order may be used to establish conclusively an element of a criminal offense." Id. at 838, 107 S.Ct. 2148 .

* * *

Accordingly, there is no constitutional, statutory or judicial doctrine that mandates that all collateral attacks on subject-matter jurisdiction must be entertained, and in fact, the express statutory language of § 1326(d) limits the exact scope of collateral attacks that are permissible. See Lira-Ramirez , 2018 WL 5013523 at *7 ("Congress made clear by adopting § 1326(d) that knowingly giving up the opportunity for judicial review in a removal proceeding precludes an alien from challenging the validity of the removal order in a § 1326 prosecution.") Notably, in [United States v.] Castelan-Jaimes , the Fifth Circuit affirmed a district court decision that had determined that a jurisdictional defect in the removal proceedings rendered the decision "voidable but not void." 575 Fed. App'x [253] at 254 [ (5th Cir. 2014) ]. Because the defendant in Castelan-Jaimes had not challenged the BIA's non-authorized issuance of his removal order on direct appeal [as opposed to an order of an Immigration Judge], both the district court and the Fifth Circuit held that the defendant had not satisfied the requirements of § 1326(d) and his *717indictment should not be dismissed. Id.; United States v. Castelan-Jaimes , No. A-13-CR-111-SS, docket no. 27 p. 4 (W.D. Tex. May 13, 2013) ("[T]he BIA's removal order appears to the Court to have been voidable, not void, and it was incumbent upon [defendant] to appeal to the Fifth Circuit.") .

The Court believes the present circumstances closely parallel those found in Castelan-Jaimes . Here, Defendant received a deficient NTA, and thus, it appears the immigration judge issued a removal order that was outside of her authority and for which there was no formal, vested jurisdiction. However, prior to Pereira , the immigration judge certainly had an "arguable basis" for believing she had jurisdiction over Defendant's removal proceedings, and there was no "clear usurpation of power" in issuing the underlying Removal Order. Thus, the legislative history and plain language of § 1326 and relevant Fifth Circuit demonstrate that Defendant is not automatically permitted to collaterally attack his Removal Order for want of jurisdiction. Instead, Defendant may only collaterally attack his Removal Order if he can satisfy the elements of § 1326(d). As discussed below, Defendant cannot do so in this case .

United States v. Zapata-Cortinas , 351 F.Supp.3d 1006, 1018-23 (W.D. Tex. 2018) (emphasis added).

This Court agrees. In the instant case Defendant cannot prevail on any of the prongs of § 1326(d), despite the requirement that he must prevail on all three. The Defendant's sole argument in the instant case is that the immigration judge did not have jurisdiction because of the lack of specificity in the initial NTA. Defendant was subsequently given adequate notice. He appeared and participated. He also had more than adequate opportunities for judicial reviews which he rejected. He both knowingly waived his appellate rights and did not pursue either administrative or judicial remedies. He even admitted the allegations supporting his removal. Consequently, there was nothing fundamentally unfair about Porras-Avila's deportations.

IV. Conclusion

This Court denies the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 11) the indictment. Neither the legislation passed by Congress nor the dictates of the Supreme Court suggest that the Immigration Judge in question lacked jurisdiction. The Defendant had actual notice, appeared and participated in his hearing, and admitted his removability. At most, Pereira suggests that the removals in some circumstances might be voidable if the NTA lacked times and locations and if, as in Pereira , the immigrant did not get notice and could not appear. These defenses might be the basis of a conclusion that the removals were voidable, but they do not render the proceedings in question here void. This Court holds that the lack of specificity in the NTA in question does not render the proceedings to be void per se due to lack of jurisdiction. Even if the lack of a time and date rendered the notice deficient, such that it was open to challenge, these deficiencies were cured by actual notice.

This Court further holds that Porras-Avila cannot collaterally attack his removal as he has not met the requirements of § 1326(d). He has not even tried to show that he exhausted his administrative remedies or that he was deprived of his judicial appellate rights. Aside from his theoretical jurisdiction argument, the Defendant has not tried to demonstrate that any aspect of the removal proceedings or the subsequent entry of the removal order was fundamentally *718unfair. Therefore, the Motion to Dismiss the indictment is denied.

Appendix A

Cases Supporting the Dismissal of the Indictment

United States v. Alfredo Valladares , No. A:17-cr-156-SS, Dkt. No. 44 at 8 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 30, 2018)

United States v. Erazo-Diaz , 353 F.Supp.3d 867, 873 (D.Ariz. 2018)

United States v. Leon-Gonzalez , No. 3:18-cr-2593, Dkt. No. 32 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 20, 2018)

United States v. Lopez-Urgel , No. 1:18-cr-0310-RP, Dkt. No. 30 at 6-8 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 14, 2018)

United States v. Ochoa-Oregel , 904 F.3d 682, 685 (9th Cir. 2018)

United States v. Ortiz , No. 3:18-cr-00071-RWG, Dkt. No. 55 at 4-5 (D.N.D. Nov. 7, 2018)

United States v. Pedroza-Rocha , 3:18-cr-01286-DB, 2018 WL 6629649 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 21, 2018)

United States v. Santiago Tzul , Case 4:18-cr-00521 Dkt. No. 35 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2018)

United States v. Vargas-Osorio , No. 1:18-CR-289-RP, 2018 WL 6201957 (W.D. Tex. Nov 28, 2018)

United States v. Virgen-Ponce , 320 F. Supp. 3d 1164 (E.D. Wash. 2018)

Appendix B

Cases Supporting the Denial of the Motion to Dismiss

In re Bermudez-Cota , 27 I. & N. Dec. 441, 443 (BIA 2018)

United States v. Aguirre-Tello , 353 F.3d 1199, 1208 (10th Cir. 2004)

United States v. Fernandez , No. 7:18-CR-11-BO-1, 2018 WL 4976804 (E.D.N.C. Oct. 15, 2018)

United States v. Arreola Zambrano , No. CR-18-01391-001-PHX-DJH, Dkt. No. 40 (D. Ariz. Nov. 16, 2018)

United States v. Briones-Herrera , No. CR-18-214-D, 2018 WL 5315211 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 26, 2018)

United States v. Chavez , No. 2:17-CR-40106-01-HLT, 2018 WL 6079513 (D. Kan. Nov. 21, 2018)

United States v. Cortez , No. 6:18-CR-22, 2018 WL 6004689 (W.D. Va. Nov. 15, 2018)

United States v. Escobar-Espinosa , 1:18-CR-842 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2018)

United States v. Flores-Mora , No. 18-CR-160-JL, 2018 WL 6050907 (D.N.H. Nov. 19, 2018)

United States v. Garcia-Alvarez , 2:18-cr-00142-FtM, 29CM (M.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2018)

United States v. Guerra-Flores , 4:18-CR-704 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 6, 2019)

United States v. Hernandez Lozano , 4:18-cr-598-1 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 6, 2019)

United States v. Hernandez-Ruiz , No. 1:17-cr-226-ELR (N.D. Ga. Sept. 21, 2018)

United States v. Hernandez-Velasco , No. CR-18-82-D, 2018 WL 5622285 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 30, 2018)

United States v. Ibarra-Rodriguez , No. CR-18-190-M, 2018 WL 4608503 (W.D. Okla. Sept. 25, 2018)

United States v. Fernandez , 350 F.Supp.3d 457 (E.D. Vir. 2018)

United States v. Larios-Ajualat , No. 18-10076-JWB, 2018 WL 5013522 (D. Kan. Oct. 15, 2018)

United States v. Lira-Ramirez , No. 18-10102-JWB, 2018 WL 5013523 (D. Kan. Oct. 15, 2018)

*719United States v. Malagamba-De Leon , 5:18-cr-691 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 14, 2018)

United States v. Maldonado-Abarca , 18-cr-82-J (D. Wy. Oct. 31, 2018)

United States v. Mendoza-Sanchez , No. 17-cr-189-JD, 2018 WL 5816346 (D.N.H. Nov. 5, 2018)

United States v. Morales-Hernandez , No. CR-18-00365-TUC-RCC (JR), 2018 WL 4492377 (D. Ariz. Sept. 18, 2018)

United States v. Munoz-Alvarado , No. CR-18-171-C, 2018 WL 4762134 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 2, 2018)

United States v. Ornelas-Dominguez , No. 5:18-cr-00110-CJG, Dkt. No. 42 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2018)

United States v. Ramirez , No. 3:18-CR-00026, 2018 WL 6037540 (W.D. Va. Nov. 16, 2018)

United States v. Rodriguez , No. 18CR2911W0H, 2018 WL 6064861 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2018)

United States v. Romero-Caceres , 356 F.Supp.3d 541 (E.D. Va. 2018)

United States v. Romero-Colindres , No. 1:18-CR-00415, 2018 WL 5084877 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 18, 2018)

United States v. Sandoval-Cordero , 342 F.Supp.3d 722 (W.D. Tex. 2018)

United States v. Saravia-Chavez , 349 F.Supp.3d 526 (W.D. Va. 2018)

United States v. Veloz-Alonzo , 1:18-cr-202 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 18, 2018)

United States v. Vigniero Mejia , 18-cr-133-01-JL, 2018 WL 6050905 (D.N.H. Nov. 19, 2018)

United States v. Zapata-Cortinas , 351 F.Supp.3d 1006 (W.D. Tex. 2018)

Some courts which denied the motions to dismiss the illegal reentry indictments either found or assumed the NTAs were defective and that the defects in question were jurisdiction, but denied the motions to dismiss for failure to satisfy the requirements of § 1326(d). See e.g., United States v. Sandoval-Cordero , 342 F.Supp.3d 722 (W.D. Tex. 2018) ; United States v. Briones-Herrera , No. CR-18-214-D, 2018 WL 5315211 (W.D. Okla. Oct. 26, 2018), United States v. Larios-Ajualat , No. 18-10076-JWB, 2018 WL 5013522 (D. Kan. Oct. 15, 2018) ; United States v. Lira-Ramirez , No. 18-10102-JWB, 2018 WL 5013523 (D. Kan. Oct. 15, 2018), United States v. Malagamba-De Leon , 5:18-cr-691 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 14, 2018), United States v. Zapata-Cortinas , 351 F.Supp.3d 1006 (W.D. Tex. 2018).

1 See Appendix "A".