University of South Florida Board of Trustees v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 15-1549C
(E-Filed: April 27, 2018)
)
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH )
FLORIDA, BOARD OF )
TRUSTEES, )
)
Plaintiff, )
Claim Construction; Markman
)
Hearing; Preamble Construction.
v. )
)
THE UNITED STATES, )
)
Defendant. )
)
ORDER
In this patent infringement suit, the court has before it the parties’ claim
construction arguments. See ECF Nos. 69, 69-1 (Jt. Claim Construction Statement
and Chart); 75 (plaintiff’s initial brief); 76 (defendant’s initial brief);
83 (plaintiff’s reply brief); 84 (defendant’s reply brief). Also before the court is
the transcript of the claim construction hearing held on January 31, 2018. See
ECF No. 100 (hearing transcript (Tr.)). This order memorializes the court’s
construction of disputed claim terms in United States Patent No. 5,898,094 (’094
patent).
I. Background
Plaintiff University of South Florida, Board of Trustees (USF) holds the
rights to the ’094 patent, which is titled “Transgenic Mice Expressing
APPK670N,M671L and a Mutant Presenilin Transgenes.”1 ECF No. 76-1 at 2.
The invention in the ’094 patent is presented in 14 claims. Id. at 11-12. The
claims all discuss a “transgenic mouse” or the methods for screening transgenes
and/or for preparing the transgenic mice, id., which are also sometimes described
1
The court will not explain any technical terms of the ’094 patent in this
order. The claimed mice are genetically modified, i.e., transgenic, so that they
develop a feature (or features) that is characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease. The
court defers any in-depth discussion of the scientific basis of the ’094 patent for
further proceedings in this matter.
as “doubly transgenic” mice, id. at 8. Such mice are of utility in the research of
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Id. at 5.
The parties’ positions on claim construction focus on two main
controversies, and diverge, as well, as to whether terms in the preambles of the
claims require construction. The first controversy is whether the claim terms
accelerated and enhanced signify that a characteristic of the transgenic mouse
“occurs at least one month earlier in the mouse life span,” or merely occurs
“earlier in the mouse life span.” ECF No. 69-1. The second controversy is
whether the phrase Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology signifies the
development of a three-component cluster of AD characteristics, or less
specifically signifies that at least one characteristic of AD, such as “beta-amyloid
plaques,” is developed in the transgenic mouse. Id. Finally, defendant argues that
the language in the preambles of certain claims needs no construction because the
preamble language is not limiting. Id.
Of the fourteen claims, the parties have proposed a joint construction of
three terms that are found in Claims 1, 3, 5, 7-11, and 13. Id. at 3. The court
accepts the parties’ proposed undisputed construction of those terms, as set forth
in the table attached to this order as Attachment 1. The parties dispute, however,
the construction of other terms in Claims 1, 3, 5, 7-11, and 13. There are,
however, as stated supra, only two principal claim construction disputes regarding
the terms in the fourteen claims in the ’094 patent, accompanied by a third
question as to whether the preambles of certain claims require construction. The
court’s resolution of these disputes is also recorded in the table attached to this
order.
II. Claim Construction
Claim construction “determin[es] the meaning and scope of the patent
claims asserted to be infringed.” Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d
967, 976 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc) (citation omitted), aff’d, 517 U.S. 370 (1996).
“[O]nly those terms need be construed that are in controversy, and only to the
extent necessary to resolve the controversy.” Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. &
Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citation omitted). The court looks
first to intrinsic evidence, as “intrinsic evidence is the most significant source of
the legally operative meaning of disputed claim language.” Vitronics Corp. v.
Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Intrinsic evidence
consists of the “patent itself, including the claims, the specification and, if in
evidence, the prosecution history.” Id. (citing Markman, 52 F.3d at 979). In the
case at bar, there is no need to go beyond the intrinsic evidence of record, which
includes the prosecution history, to construe the claims of the ’094 patent. Cf. Tr.
at 8 (counsel stating that plaintiff relies only on intrinsic evidence), 39-40 (counsel
stating that defendant believes that intrinsic evidence is sufficient to sustain the
government’s claim construction arguments).
2
“[T]he words of a claim are generally given their ordinary and customary
meaning.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312-13 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en
banc) (internal quotations and citations omitted). More precisely, “the ordinary
and customary meaning of a claim term is the meaning that the term would have to
a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the invention, i.e., as
of the effective filing date of the patent application.” Id. at 1313 (citations
omitted). “[T]he person of ordinary skill in the art is deemed to read the claim
term not only in the context of the particular claim in which the disputed term
appears, but in the context of the entire patent, including the specification.” Id.
“Although words in a claim are generally given their ordinary and
customary meaning, a patentee may choose to be his own lexicographer and use
terms in a manner other than their ordinary meaning, as long as the special
definition of the term is clearly stated in the patent specification or file history.”
Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582 (citations omitted). Thus, this court must always
“review the specification to determine whether the inventor has used any terms in
a manner inconsistent with their ordinary meaning.” Id. While the claim is read
in light of the specification, the court must not “read[] limitations from the
specification into the claim.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1323. In addition, the
prosecution history of the patent may also be examined to exclude interpretations
disclaimed by the inventor during prosecution. Chimie v. PPG Indus., Inc., 402
F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing ZMI Corp. v. Cardiac Resuscitator Corp.,
844 F.2d 1576, 1580 (Fed. Cir. 1988); Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582-83 (citations
omitted).
Whether a claim’s preamble limits the claim or merely provides an
introduction to the invention is a common dispute in claim construction. The
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has discerned a number of
general rules governing the construction of terms contained in a claim preamble:
In general, a preamble limits the [claimed] invention if it
recites essential structure or steps, or if it is necessary to give life,
meaning, and vitality to the claim. [A] claim preamble has the import
that the claim as a whole suggests for it. In other words, when the
claim drafter chooses to use both the preamble and the body to define
the subject matter of the claimed invention, the invention so defined,
and not some other, is the one the patent protects. When limitations
in the body of the claim rely upon and derive antecedent basis from
the preamble, then the preamble may act as a necessary component of
the claimed invention. On the other hand, [i]f the body of the claim
sets out the complete invention, then the language of the preamble
may be superfluous.
Eaton Corp. v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 323 F.3d 1332, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
(internal quotations and citations omitted). The prosecution history of the patent,
as well, may help the court to determine whether the language in the preamble
3
limits the claim. E.g., Applied Materials, Inc. v. Advanced Semiconductor
Materials Am., Inc., 98 F.3d 1563, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citations omitted).
Although much more could be said on the construction of a claim preamble, these
general rules provide a satisfactory framework for the court’s analysis of the
claims in the ’094 patent.
III. Analysis
A. Accelerated or Enhanced Means “At Least One Month Earlier”
The parties’ first dispute in claim construction is quite straightforward.
Plaintiff argues that the adjectives accelerated and enhanced both signify that a
desired characteristic (or characteristics) appears “at least one month earlier” in
the life span of the transgenic mouse. ECF No. 75 at 42-44. Defendant contends
that the terms accelerated and enhanced do not signify that the desired
characteristic appears at least one month earlier in the life span of the transgenic
mouse, but simply signify that the desired characteristic occurs “earlier” in the life
span of the transgenic mouse.2 ECF No. 76 at 15-20. Plaintiff offers the correct
construction of these two terms.
Plaintiff asserts that the ’094 patent contains a definition of accelerated and
enhanced that falls within the “patentee acting as his own lexicographer” line of
cases. ECF No. 75 at 30-32, 42. The court must agree. One statement in the ’094
patent’s specification, in particular, strongly supports this construction of the terms
accelerated and enhanced:
2
The government’s position as to the meaning of the term enhanced is
variable, where sometimes the term means “earlier,” whereas at other times, the
term means “more.” Compare ECF No. 76 at 33-34, with ECF No. 84 at 11-12,
with Tr. at 40-41. This lack of consistency in the government’s interpretation of
the term enhanced does not strengthen its claim construction arguments. The
court notes, too, that the government’s description of the position of its former
co-defendant regarding the construction of the term enhanced also lacks
consistency. Compare ECF No. 76 at 34 (stating that the former co-defendant did
not agree with the government’s construction of enhanced), with ECF No. 84 at 11
(stating that the former co-defendant agreed with the government’s construction of
enhanced).
4
Where earlier or accelerated, it is meant that the observed phenotype
is seen at least one month earlier in the lifespan than the phenotype in
the parental strain or similarly for later appearance.[3]
ECF No. 76-1 at 7 (’094 patent 5:18-21). Thus, the adjective accelerated has been
given the definition in the ’094 patent of “at least one month earlier in the life
span” of the transgenic mouse. Id.
Although the adjective enhanced is not directly defined in this same section
of the specification of the ’094 patent, the court notes that, in the claims where the
term enhanced occurs, the parallel use of the terms accelerated and enhanced is
striking. Claim 1 announces that the transgenic mouse will have “enhanced
Alzheimer’s Disease related amyloid accumulation in its brain” such that the
“mouse develops accelerated deposition of Aβ in its brain.” Id. at 11. Similarly,
Claim 13 announces that the method for producing this transgenic mouse that has
“enhanced Alzheimer’s Disease related amyloid pathology” will ensure that the
mouse “develops accelerated deposition of AD[4] in its brain.” Id. at 12. As
evidenced by the parallelism within Claims 1 and 13, enhanced and accelerated
are used in the ’094 patent claims as synonyms.
Because accelerated means “at least one month earlier in the life span” of
the transgenic mouse, and because accelerated and enhanced are used as
synonyms, the court finds that both accelerated and enhanced mean “at least one
month earlier in the life span” of the transgenic mouse. This construction is
consistent with the patent specification which places great emphasis on producing
mouse models for AD research where the transgenic mice exhibit desired traits
earlier in their life spans. See ECF No. 76-1 at 6 (’094 patent 3:57-67; 4:1-4), 8
(’094 patent 8:15-26). For these reasons, the court construes accelerated and
enhanced to signify “at least one month earlier in the life span” of the transgenic
mouse.
Defendant proffers a number of arguments against this construction, but
none is sufficient to overcome the most reasonable reading of the text of the
claims and specification of the ’094 patent. First, the government argues that the
definition of accelerated is of limited applicability because it only appears in the
3
For the purposes of this analysis, a phenotype may be considered to be a
characteristic or set of characteristics present in a transgenic mouse. See Tr. at 8,
10-11, 30.
4
The term “AD” is a likely typographic error in the’094 patent replacing
“Aβ.” Cf. ECF No. 69-1 at 6 (where neither party proposes that Claim 13
specifies an earlier deposition of Alzheimer’s Disease, but instead both parties
suggest that Claim 13 specifies an earlier deposition of amyloid plaque features (or
beta-amyloid plaques).
5
Preferred Embodiment section of the ’094 patent. ECF No. 76 at 18; ECF No. 84
at 7-8. Although the court agrees with defendant that it may be error to limit a
claim in light of language found only in a preferred embodiment of the invention,
e.g., Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 904-08 (Fed. Cir. 2004),
the language in a preferred embodiment of a patent may limit a claim if the
limiting language is consistent with the inventor’s general description of the
invention, e.g., Biogen, Inc. v. Berlex Labs., Inc., 318 F.3d 1132, 1139-40 (Fed.
Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). Here, because the definition of accelerated, and, by
extension, of enhanced, is of general applicability to the invention in the ’094
patent, it is not error to utilize that definition which is found in the sole preferred
embodiment described in the ’094 patent.
The government’s second argument makes a distinction between mice of
the “parental strain,” ECF No. 76-1 at 7, which are contrasted with the invented
strain of transgenic mice in the Preferred Embodiment, and other groups of mice
that are contrasted with the transgenic mice of the ’094 patent in the language of
Claims 1, 3, 7-8, 10-11, and 13. ECF No. 76 at 19-20; ECF No. 84 at 8. At oral
argument, counsel for plaintiff took the position that the distinctions between
non-transgenic mice, singly transgenic mice, and parental transgenic mice as
comparators for the claimed doubly transgenic mice are distinctions without a
difference. Tr. at 46-47, 55. Counsel for defendant argued that these distinctions
between parental and non-parental mice must be accorded some significance. Id.
at 53-54. The court agrees with plaintiff. When the descriptors accelerated and
enhanced are construed, the comparative benefit of “at least one month earlier in
the life span” of the transgenic mouse is of equal benefit no matter which
comparison group is selected. The distinctions between non-transgenic mice,
singly transgenic mice, and parental transgenic mice are of no consequence for the
construction of the claim terms accelerated and enhanced.
Third, the government argues, more generally, that the cited definitional
sentence containing the phrase “at least one month earlier in the life span” of the
transgenic mouse is vague, unclear, and not rigorous enough to serve as a
definition for the terms accelerated and enhanced. ECF No. 76 at 17-19; ECF No.
84 at 6-7. The court disagrees. This is not a case where a party urges the court to
pluck one particular definition from a thicket of competing and confused
definitions in the specification of a patent. Here, the term accelerated is precisely
defined in the ’094 patent only by the sentence cited by plaintiff, ECF No. 76-1 at
7 (’094 patent 5:18-21), and the terms accelerated and enhanced take their
definition from this sentence. The language relied upon by plaintiff is clear and is
not vague.
Fourth, the government suggests that its claim construction, one which
equates accelerated with an unspecified “earlier” amount of time, is consistent
with various expressions in the specification and also raises no risk of
indefiniteness. ECF No. 76 at 16; ECF No. 84 at 9-10. Plaintiff strongly
disagrees. ECF No. 75 at 43-44. Plaintiff urges the court to adopt its claim
construction to preserve the validity of the ’094 patent, and to avoid construing
6
accelerated and enhanced in a manner that renders the claims of the ’094 patent
indefinite. Id. at 44 (citing Whittaker Corp. v. UNR Indus., Inc., 911 F.2d 709,
712 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). The court does not believe that the rule set forth in
Whittaker applies here. See 911 F.2d at 712 (stating that “claims are generally
construed so as to sustain their validity, if possible”) (citation omitted).
The rule that patent claims are generally construed to preserve their
validity, if possible, is “a doctrine of limited utility.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1328.
It does not apply when the claim is unambiguous, nor does it apply when a claim
“can be construed without the need to consider whether one possible construction
would render the claim invalid while the other would not.” Id. Here, the meaning
of the claim terms accelerated and enhanced is not ambiguous.
However, the court recognizes that “broad and amorphous” claim terms,
such as accelerated and enhanced, benefit from a close reading of the
specification. See, e.g., Bell Atl. Network Servs., Inc. v. Covad Commc’ns Grp.,
Inc., 262 F.3d 1258, 1269-70 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (Bell Atlantic) (noting, in that case,
that “the ordinary meaning of the non-technical term ‘mode’ is sufficiently broad
and amorphous that the scope of the claim language can be reconciled only with
recourse to the written description” (citing Comark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Harris
Corp., 156 F.3d 1182, 1187 (Fed. Cir. 1998))). Here, following the rule in Bell
Atlantic, the court relies upon the specification to supply the definition of
accelerated and enhanced; that definition renders the patent claims unambiguous.
Thus, the court need not construe the ’094 patent claims to preserve their validity.
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1328.
Alternatively, if the ’094 patent claims could be considered to be
ambiguous, the court would agree with plaintiff that the claims should be
construed to preserve their validity. Under the government’s proposed
construction of accelerated and enhanced, ECF No. 84 at 9-12, the invention is
likely indefinite because there are no objective boundaries to the terms of degree
earlier, or more. See, e.g., Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1364 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (“Our case law is clear that the objective boundaries requirement applies to
terms of degree.”); Liberty Ammunition, Inc. v. United States, 835 F.3d 1388,
1395-96 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“We especially take caution when presented with terms
of degree following the Supreme Court’s decision in Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig
Instruments, Inc., [134 S. Ct. 2120] (2014)”), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1825 (2017).
Thus, if the claims of the ’094 patent could be deemed to be ambiguous in their
use of the terms accelerated and enhanced, the court would adopt plaintiff’s
construction of these terms to preserve the claims’ validity.
Finally, the government argues that plaintiff’s proposed construction of the
term enhanced is flawed, because no sufficient definition of this term in the
specification of the ’094 patent displaces the ordinary meaning of the term
enhanced. ECF No. 76 at 34; ECF No. 84 at 11-12. In the same vein, the
government also relies on a discussion of the term enhanced during the
prosecution history of the ’094 patent. ECF No. 84 at 12. Beyond these two
7
arguments that rely on intrinsic evidence, the government relies, in addition, on a
dictionary definition of the verb “enhance” to suggest that the definitions “more,”
“raise[d]” or increase[d]” capture the meaning of the term enhanced in the claims
of the ’094 patent. Id. at 12; see also ECF No. 76 at 34; Tr. at 41.
Plaintiff argues, and the court has found, that the specification provides a
definition for accelerated and enhanced so that in the claims of the ’094 patent,
enhanced means “at least one month earlier in the life span” of the transgenic
mouse. ECF No. 75 at 30-32. According to plaintiff,
[t]here is nothing in the Specification, nothing in the Prosecution
History or any other aspect of the intrinsic evidence that suggests
[that] the term “accelerated” or “enhanced” can mean anything but at
least one month earlier in the lifespan of the mouse.
Id. at 31. The court agrees with plaintiff that enhanced, as used in Claims 1 and
13, must be construed to indicate that the desired trait (or traits) occurs at least one
month earlier in the life span of the transgenic mouse.
In the court’s view, the extrinsic evidence of the dictionary definition of the
verb “enhance” does not outweigh the specification language relied upon by
plaintiff, and the parallel use of accelerated and enhanced in Claims 1 and 13. See
supra. Further, the unenlightening discussion of the term enhanced which took
place during the prosecution history of the ’094 patent, one which referenced, in
the government’s words, “generic terminology in the prior art,” ECF No. 84 at 12,
also does not replace the clear definition of the term enhanced provided by the
specification and by the parallel use of the terms accelerated and enhanced in
Claims 1 and 13. Ambiguous statements in the prosecution history should be
accorded less weight than the specification language of the patent itself. See, e.g.,
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317 (“[B]ecause the prosecution history represents an
ongoing negotiation between the [United States Patent and Trademark Office
(PTO)] and the applicant, rather than the final product of that negotiation, it often
lacks the clarity of the specification and thus is less useful for claim construction
purposes.”) (citations omitted). Having considered all of defendant’s arguments as
to the construction of the term enhanced in Claims 1 and 13, including those that
rely on extrinsic evidence, not just intrinsic evidence, the court concludes that
plaintiff’s construction of the term enhanced is correct.5
5
Defendant also contends that because the word enhanced appears along
with the word accelerated in some sentences within the specification, this
phenomenon supports the government’s construction of the term enhanced. ECF
No. 84 at 12 (citing ’094 patent 4:3-4; 4:9). As plaintiff’s counsel noted at oral
argument, however, the paramount concern of timing in the ’094 patent supports
plaintiff’s construction of the term enhanced in Claims 1 and 13, i.e., that
8
B. Alzheimer’s Disease Related Pathology
The second claim construction dispute in this case is also straightforward.
Plaintiff contends that any mention in the claims of the ’094 patent of Alzheimer’s
Disease related pathology, or some variant of that phrase, necessarily refers to a
constellation of three markers for AD pathology, wherein the transgenic mice
manifest: (1) fibrillary deposits of Aß; (2) reactive gliosis; and, (3) a loss of
spontaneous alternation behavior. ECF No. 75 at 53. Defendant, on the other
hand, urges construction of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology --
should the court decide that this language limits any claim in the ’094 patent -- to
mean “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (e.g., beta-amyloid
plaques).” ECF No. 76 at 22, 32-33. In the court’s view, defendant’s construction
of this term hits closer to the mark.
Plaintiff’s proposed construction depends on two foundational premises,
both of which are fundamentally flawed.6 The first premise is that the applicants
acted as their own lexicographer, before the PTO, to substitute a special definition
for Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology that displaces the ordinary and
customary meaning of this term. ECF No. 75 at 10, 45-46; ECF No. 83 at 34-35,
41; Tr. at 16-19. The second premise is that the specification of the ’094 patent
clearly sets forth a definition for Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology that
requires that all three traits -- fibrillary deposits of Aß; reactive gliosis, and the
loss of spontaneous alternation behavior -- occur in the claimed doubly transgenic
mouse. ECF No. 75 at 32-34, 45; ECF No. 83 at 29-32, 40; Tr. at 13-16, 20, 44-
45, 55. Neither of these premises is supported by the intrinsic evidence before the
court.
1. Prosecution History Evidence
enhanced means “at least one month earlier in the life span” of the transgenic
mouse. Tr. at 51.
6
Plaintiff’s proposed claim construction also suffers from an inconsistency.
Plaintiff argues, on one hand, that when a specific AD related pathology is cited in
a claim, this specific reference shows that the claim does not require that the
claimed mouse display all three desirable traits. See ECF No. 75 at 46 n.6. On the
other hand, in its proposed claim constructions, plaintiff specifically proposes a
construction which states that the mice described in Claims 8 and 9 must display
all three desirable traits, notwithstanding the claim language in Claims 8 and 9
citing one specific AD related pathology. ECF No. 69-1 at 8; ECF No. 75 at
58-59. These statements advance fundamentally inconsistent and contradictory
claim construction positions.
9
Plaintiff acknowledges that its reliance on prosecution history is somewhat
distinctive, in that the lexicographer who purportedly replaced the plain meaning
of Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology with a specialized definition was the
patent examiner, not the applicant. Tr. at 19. “The crafter of the claims, which is
often the applicant, but in this case was the Examiner, as a result of discussion and
exchange between the two in prosecution, formulated a specific definition that
applicants attempted to embrace and the Examiner wrote for them.” Id. While the
court does not categorically reject plaintiff’s theory that a patent examiner may, in
certain circumstances, assist the applicant in lexicography, here there is no
evidence that the applicants rewrote the patent to incorporate any specific
definition of Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology provided by the patent
examiner, or that they manifested any type of assent to the definition that might
have been proposed by the patent examiner. Indeed, as defendant argues, the
prosecution history of the ’094 patent shows that the applicants did not expressly
adopt the definition allegedly proposed by the patent examiner, and that the
applicants may have, instead, rejected the examiner’s proposed formulation. ECF
No. 84 at 21-24.
The court has carefully examined the exhibits attached to the parties’ claim
construction briefs relevant to the dialogue between the applicants and the patent
examiner. See ECF Nos. 75-2; 75-3; 75-4; 76-2. While it is true that the patent
examiner noted, on March 12, 1998, that three characteristics of AD were
implicated by traits obtained in the claimed doubly transgenic mice, see ECF No.
75-2 at 3-5, 7, these comments by the examiner did not elicit any affirmative
amendments to the patent reproducing the language employed by the examiner,
nor did the applicants acknowledge that the examiner had provided the specialized
definition that would govern the interpretation of the term Alzheimer’s Disease
related pathology in the ’094 patent. Indeed, on June 15, 1998, the applicants,
instead, referenced “increased levels of amyloidogenic Aß” as the “enhanced AD
phenotype” obtained in the claimed mice. ECF No. 75-3 at 19. In other
statements communicated to the patent examiner on June 15, 1998, the applicants
noted that the “[t]he amyloid pathology is generally increased levels of
amyloidogenic Aß,” and that the claimed mice show “accelerated amyloid
deposition.” Id. at 14-15. On this record, a person of ordinary skill in the art was
not aware from the prosecution history of the ’094 patent that the applicants had
adopted a specialized definition of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology
that originated with the patent examiner.
To the extent that plaintiff asserts that its prosecution history analysis is on
all fours with any of the caselaw cited in plaintiff’s briefs or at oral argument, see
ECF No. 75 at 50; Tr. at 8, the court disagrees. In Biogen Idec, Inc. v.
GlaxoSmithKline LLC, 713 F.3d 1090, 1093-94, 96-97 & n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2013), for
example, the district court adopted a claim construction based on the applicant’s
explicit acknowledgement of a limitation proposed by the patent examiner, and the
Federal Circuit affirmed on this ground. Similarly, in Aptalis Pharmatech, Inc. v.
Apotex Inc., No. 2017-1344, 2018 WL 286123, at *4-5 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 4, 2018), an
unpublished decision cited by plaintiff, the Federal Circuit found support for the
10
appellants’ claim construction position in the language of a declaration submitted
by the applicants during the prosecution of the patent, which summarized a
dialogue between the patent examiner and an expert in the field of the invention.
In these cases cited by plaintiff, the defining language was submitted or
acknowledged by the applicant in the course of prosecution. In this case, in
contrast, plaintiff attempts to leverage a statement of the patent examiner, one that
is unaccompanied by any acknowledgment or adoption on the part of the
applicants, to support plaintiff’s proposed claim construction.
Neither the intrinsic evidence of the prosecution history, nor the caselaw
relied upon by plaintiff, supports plaintiff’s proposed claim construction. The
court concludes that the prosecution history of the ’094 patent does not support
plaintiff’s proposed construction of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related
pathology. The court now turns to plaintiff’s arguments based on the specification
of the ’094 patent.
2. Specification Language
At oral argument, the court asked plaintiff’s counsel to identify “more
specific cites” to the specification that support plaintiff’s proposed construction of
the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology. Tr. at 14. To answer the court’s
question, counsel pointed to Columns 5-8 of the ’094 patent, as well as to
Columns 9-11. Id. at 14-16. According to the court’s calculation, the definition
for Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology, as related by plaintiff, must be distilled
from more than four hundred lines of text of the patent specification,
encompassing the entirety of the “Detailed Description of the Preferred
Embodiment,” as well as almost the entirety of the “Examples” section. See ECF
No. 76-1 at 7-10. There is no summarizing sentence or paragraph in this wide
swath of text that provides the three-component specialized definition that plaintiff
urges the court to adopt. Nor, as defendant points out, does the term “reactive
gliosis,” which is part of plaintiff’s definition of the contested term Alzheimer’s
Disease related pathology, appear anywhere in the ’094 patent.7 See ECF No. 84
at 15 n.12. Thus, plaintiff’s effort to convince the court that its proposed
definition for “Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology” is “clearly stated” in the
specification is completely at odds with the text of the specification. Vitronics, 90
F.3d at 1582.
Plaintiff notes, nonetheless, that the “patent Specification considers the
fibrillary amyloid deposits in the brain, reactive gliosis and loss of spontaneous
alternation behavior.” ECF No. 75 at 45 (citing ’094 patent 10:22 to 11:37). This
is a plausible reading of the specification, but the extended discussion in the
specification of these three desired traits in the claimed mice is unmoored from
7
Plaintiff’s counsel was therefore imprecise when he stated that “the loss of
nerve cells, astrocytes, [was] generally referred to as reactive gliosis in the patent.”
Tr. at 13.
11
any definitional statement that all three of these characteristics must be present for
the phrase Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology to have meaning. Plaintiff thus
invites the court to improperly import a limitation from the specification into the
claims, when the court must, instead, read the claims in light of the specification.
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1323.
In its reply brief, plaintiff urges the court to consider the penultimate
paragraph of the Preferred Embodiment section of the ’094 patent, which contains
a summary, of a sort, of the advantages of the claimed mice. ECF No. 83 at 29-30.
The cited text is as follows:
These results clearly demonstrate that presenilin mutations accelerate
development of the AD phenotype in K670N,M671L mice in a
synergistic manner and provides a modulated phenotype. The data
indicate that mutant presenilin affects the processing of mutant APP
expressed from the K670N,MG71L transgene to enhance Aß
production, fibrillar plaque formation and affect behavior early in the
life-spans of mice. The rapid development of the AD phenotype in
these mice will be advantageous in addressing mechanistic issues of
amyloid toxicity, and testing the efficacy of agents proposed to
interact with select aspects of the AD phenotype.
ECF No. 76-1 at 8 (’094 patent 8:15-26). This section of the patent does not aid
plaintiff. Any three-component definition of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related
pathology that could be derived from this paragraph is captured in the phrase “to
enhance Aß production, fibrillar plaque formation and affect behavior early in the
life-spans of mice.” Id. The three components of any such definition do not
include reactive gliosis or any mention of astrocytes, and any such definition
doubles the emphasis on Aß production and fibrillar Aß deposits/plaques. Again,
the text of the specification contains no support for plaintiff’s proposed
three-component definition of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology.
The court has considered all of the parties’ arguments based on the
specification and the language and structure of the claims which contain the term
Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology. None of these arguments convince the
court that the specification contains the three-component specialized definition of
that term proposed by plaintiff. The court therefore turns to defendant’s proposed
construction of this term.
Defendant argues that the correct construction of the term Alzheimer’s
Disease related pathology is “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (e.g.,
beta-amyloid plaques).” ECF No. 69-1 at 4-5; ECF No. 76 at 22. Plaintiff,
somewhat incongruously, finds the use of the word “plaques” in defendant’s
construction to be inappropriate, on the grounds that the word “plaque” is
“nowhere substantively employed” in the ’094 patent. ECF No. 75 at 47. As
defendant notes, plaintiff’s resistance to the use of the word “plaques” is
undermined by plaintiff’s use of the phrase “plaque features” in one of its
12
proposed constructions of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology. See
ECF No. 69-1 at 4-8; ECF No. 84 at 15 n.12.
The court notes, too, that the word “plaque” is mentioned several times in
the ’094 patent -- in the titles of prior art publications, in the Background of the
Invention section, in the Preferred Embodiment section, in the Examples section,
and in a table of test results comparing the claimed mice to singly transgenic mice.
ECF No. 76-1 at 3, 5, 8-11. The patentee appears to have made substantive
employment of the word “plaque.”8 Defendant suggests, in any case, that the
court might substitute the word “deposition” for “plaques,” in defendant’s
proposed construction, to address plaintiff’s concern. See ECF No. 84 at 15 n.12.
Indeed, in the court’s view, if the occurrence of the words “deposits” or
“deposition” is tracked throughout the ’094 patent, this formulation is more
common than the substantive use of the word “plaque.”
Having considered the almost innumerable variations in the description of
amyloid deposits in the mouse brain that are contained in the ’094 patent, the court
believes that the “formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain” captures this
concept. See, e.g., ECF No. 76-1 at 8 (’094 patent 7:57-58), 9 (’094 patent 9:63),
10 (’094 patent 11:9). Thus the court slightly alters defendant’s proposed
construction, and construes the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology in the
following manner: “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease, such as the
formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain.” This formulation is in
accordance with the language of the specification, and also is in accordance with
the phrasing of the invention in a great number of the claims, where the claimed
mouse or mice “develop[s] . . . deposition of Aß in its [or their] brain[s].” ECF
No. 76-1 at 11-12 (Claims 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13).9
Plaintiff invokes the claim differentiation doctrine in an effort to convince
the court that defendant’s proposed claim construction of the term Alzheimer’s
Disease related pathology is infirm. ECF No. 75 at 11-12, 47-48; ECF No. 83 at
36-37; Tr. at 20. Plaintiff argues that if the term Alzheimer’s Disease related
pathology means “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease, such as the
formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain,” this term is too similar to the
term “accelerated or enhanced deposition of Aß in the brain,” another term of art
found in many of the claims of the ’094 patent. The court does not agree.
The preambles of the claims contain the term Alzheimer’s Disease related
pathology, which refers to any one of the characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease,
8
At least as compared to plaintiff’s proposed use of the term “reactive
gliosis,” which is nowhere employed in the ’094 patent, the word “plaque” is
substantively employed in the patent.
9
Correcting for a likely typographic error in Claim 13, substituting Aß for
AD. See supra note 4.
13
such as the formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain, whereas the body of
the claim specifically notes that accelerated or enhanced deposition of Aß occurs
in the brains of the claimed mice. Although these terms are similar, they are easily
distinguished. The court notes, too, that the claim differentiation doctrine is
merely a rule of thumb that does not trump clear indicators of meaning found in
the specification. E.g., Edwards Lifesciences LLC v. Cook Inc., 582 F.3d 1322,
1332 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Netcraft Corp. v. eBay, Inc., 549 F.3d 1394, 1400 n.1
(Fed. Cir. 2008)). Even if defendant’s construction of the term Alzheimer’s
Disease related pathology offended the doctrine of claim differentiation, which it
does not, that doctrine would not outweigh the language of the specification -- and
of the claims themselves -- which provides the proper construction of this term.
Further, the prosecution history of the ’094 patent clearly identifies five
characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease that would be useful in transgenic mice:
fibrillar Aß deposits, reactive gliosis, increased maze activity, neurofibrillary
tangles, and massive neuronal loss. ECF No. 75-2 at 5. The court’s construction
of the term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology takes this fact into account by
stating that “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease, such as the formation
of deposits containing Aß in the brain,” is a feature of the invention in the ’094
patent. The court’s construction of the disputed term reflects both the prosecution
history and the specification of the ’094 patent, and allays any concern that this
term is not sufficiently differentiated from other terms in the claims of the ’094
patent which focus solely on Aß accumulation or deposits.10
Thus, the court adopts a slightly modified form of defendant’s proposed
construction. The term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology in the claims of the
’094 patent means “having a characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease, such as the
formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain.” The court now turns to the
parties’ final dispute, where plaintiff and defendant disagree as to whether the
claims’ preambles limit the claims of the ’094 patent.
C. Preamble Language
There are two facets to this dispute. First, plaintiff appears to suggest that
the court should not decide, during the Markman phase of this litigation, whether
the language of the claim preambles limits the claims. See Tr. at 19 (“This is not
10
The court must disagree with defendant that the word “pathology” excludes
cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. Cf. Tr. at 39. The text of
the specification relied upon by defendant is ambiguous, see ECF No. 76-1 at 6
(’094 patent 3:3-8), and runs counter to the discussion of AD pathology in the
prosecution history, see ECF No. 75-2 at 5. Because the intrinsic evidence is
sufficient to show that cognitive impairments are encompassed in the term
pathology in the ’094 patent, the court need not turn to extrinsic evidence to
construe the word pathology.
14
the time, we submit, that you determine whether the preamble is limiting or not,
although the parties have discussed [this issue] in their briefs.”), 48 (“Our view of
the case law says this is not the time [to determine whether a preamble limits a
claim].”). Second, if the question is properly before the court at this time, plaintiff
suggests that the preamble language is limiting, whereas defendant argues that the
preamble language of the ’094 patent claims is not limiting. The court addresses
each of these questions in turn.
1. Determining Whether the Preamble Is Limiting Is Part of
Claim Construction
Plaintiff’s hypothesis, that claim construction does not include a
determination of whether a preamble limits a claim, was not clearly presented until
oral argument, although a vague precursor of this hypothesis was presented in
plaintiff’s reply brief.11 As such, plaintiff’s argument is not properly before the
court. See, e.g., Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed. Cir.
2002) (finding that a party waived an argument that was first presented to the trial
judge in a reply brief); Cubic Def. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 450, 467
(1999) (finding that a party waived arguments presented for the first time at oral
argument). Nor was plaintiff’s contention at oral argument supported by any
citation to caselaw.12 Even so, plaintiff’s hypothesis is quickly rebutted by
reference to any number of decisions of the Federal Circuit, where that court
addressed the status of a claim preamble, as limiting or not limiting, in the context
of claim construction. See, e.g., Pacing Techs., LLC v. Garmin Int’l, Inc., 778
F.3d 1021, 1023 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (noting that the claim construction dispute in that
case “turn[ed] on whether the preamble to claim 25 is limiting and on the
construction of a ‘repetitive motion pacing system’ as recited in the preamble”);
Bicon, Inc. v. Straumann Co., 441 F.3d 945, 952 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (considering an
appellant’s arguments concerning “the role of preamble language in claim
construction” and finding that certain preamble language limited the claim);
Schumer v. Lab. Comput. Sys., Inc., 308 F.3d 1304, 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(finding error in a district court’s claim construction because that construction
mistakenly found that the preambles limited the claims); Bell Commc’ns
Research, Inc. v. Vitalink Commc’ns Corp., 55 F.3d 615, 621 (Fed. Cir. 1995)
(Bell Communications) (“Preamble construction thus presents no deeper mystery
than the broader task of claim construction, of which it is but a part.”).
11
Plaintiff stated in its reply brief that “claim terms are construed on the basis
of the patent’s file history, not whether they are ‘limiting’ or not.” ECF No. 83 at
26.
12
Indeed, plaintiff’s initial claim construction brief suggested that this is the
time for the court to decide whether language in the preambles is limiting on the
claims of the ’094 patent, because that very topic was addressed at some length.
ECF No. 75 at 12-15.
15
The correct approach to preambles and the claim limitation issue is
supplied, in part, in Schumer. Language in a claim preamble is of no significance
to claim construction where the preamble does not limit the claim. Schumer, 308
F.3d at 1310 (citing Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Ben Venue Labs., Inc., 246 F.3d
1368, 1373-74 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). In such a situation, the preamble language is
superfluous. Id. (citing Manning v. Paradis, 296 F.3d 1098, 1103 (Fed. Cir.
2002)). Where, however, a preamble may limit a claim, the court may need to
construe terms contained in the preamble, and determine whether the preamble is
limiting, to construe the claims of the patent. See, e.g., Seachange Int’l, Inc. v.
C-COR, Inc., 413 F.3d 1361, 1375-77 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (construing terms in a
preamble and finding that the preamble was limiting); Catalina Mktg. Int’l, Inc. v.
Coolsavings.com, Inc., 289 F.3d 801, 811 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (construing a term in
both a preamble and the body of the claim and deciding that the preamble was
limiting). Thus, in this case, the court has first construed the disputed terms in the
claim preambles, and now must determine whether the preamble language limits
the claims in the ’094 patent to complete its claim construction task.13
2. The Preamble Language Is Limiting in This Case
Many of the preamble construction guidelines cited by the parties are of
potential relevance to the question of whether the claim preambles of the ’094
patent are limiting. Unfortunately, these guidelines can prove to be ambiguous
and produce widely varying results at the trial level and upon appeal. For
example, simply because a preamble appears to contain an “antecedent basis” for a
term mentioned in the body of a claim is no guarantee that the preamble is
limiting. See Eaton, 323 F.3d at 1339 (“When limitations in the body of the claim
rely upon and derive antecedent basis from the preamble, then the preamble may
act as a necessary component of the claimed invention.”) (emphasis added)
(citations omitted). The preamble language must still supply some additional,
vital information that is missing from the body of the claim for that particular
guideline to apply. See, e.g., TomTom, Inc. v. Adolph, 790 F.3d 1315, 1322-24
(Fed. Cir. 2015) (ruling that certain preamble terms were not limiting because
these terms were merely duplicative of the terms in the body of the claim, even
though the preamble did provide an antecedent basis for another term in the body
of the claim) (citations omitted); Am. Med. Sys., Inc. v. Biolitec, Inc., 618 F.3d
1354, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“We have held that the preamble has no separate
13
In this particular case, it would have been difficult to determine whether the
preamble language limits the claims in the ’094 patent without first construing the
disputed terms within the preambles. Another approach would be to first
determine whether the preamble contains a claim limitation. See, e.g., Symantec
Corp. v. Comput. Assocs. Int’l, Inc., 522 F.3d 1279, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
(“Because the disputed term appears in the preamble to claim 1, we must first
determine whether it is in fact a separate [claim] limitation.”). In the instant case,
the end result would necessarily be the same.
16
limiting effect if, for example, ‘the preamble merely gives a descriptive name to
the set of limitations in the body of the claim that completely set forth the
invention.’” (quoting IMS Tech., Inc. v. Haas Automation, Inc., 206 F.3d 1422,
1434-35 (Fed. Cir. 2000))).
The court relies, therefore, on one particular guideline that, under the facts
of this case, is dispositive for the construction of the claims in the ’094 patent:
[C]lear reliance on the preamble during prosecution to distinguish the
claimed invention from the prior art transforms the preamble into a
claim limitation because such reliance indicates use of the preamble
to define, in part, the claimed invention.
Catalina, 289 F.3d at 808-09 (citation omitted). When such evidence is found in
the prosecution history of the patent, the drafter has chosen “to use both the
preamble and the body to define the subject matter of the claimed invention, [and]
the invention so defined, and not some other, is the one the patent protects.” Bell
Communications, 55 F.3d at 620 (citations omitted). Because the drafting of each
of the claims of the ’094 patent shows an intent to use the preamble to distinguish
the claimed invention from the prior art, the preamble terms limit the claims.
Both parties in this litigation have acknowledged that the patent examiner’s
concerns about the initial version of the ’094 patent led to extensive revisions of
the language of the claims in the ’094 patent. ECF No. 75 at 38; ECF No. 84 at
20-21. The record shows, and defendant acknowledges, that substantive changes
were made to the claim preambles to address the examiner’s concerns. ECF No.
76-2 at 44-50; ECF No. 76-6 at 2-7; ECF No. 84 at 20-21. According to plaintiff’s
counsel, a key term in the claim preambles was “coined” by the examiner and
“embraced” by the applicants. Tr. at 19. Having studied the prosecution history
and the parties’ interpretation of that history, the court concludes that the claim
preambles were designed to distinguish the claimed invention from the prior art
and to ensure that other concerns, such as enablement, were addressed. This
history satisfies, in the court’s view, the requirement for a “clear reliance on the
preamble during prosecution.” Catalina, 289 F.3d at 808-09 (citation omitted).
In this context, the variation in the preambles among the claims in the ’094
patent has little significance for the inquiry into whether these preambles contain
claim limitations. The prosecution history of the ’094 patent shows that both the
preamble and the body of each claim functioned as coordinated expressions of the
invention. Bell Communications, 55 F.3d at 620 (citations omitted). The court
has considered all of defendant’s arguments to the contrary but finds that these
17
arguments ignore the impact of the patent examiner’s extensive restructuring and
rewriting of the claims in the ’094 patent.14
Finally, even if the court were to ignore the prosecution history of this
patent, which it should not, defendant’s attack on the preambles is based largely
on defendant’s assertion that the preambles are superfluous. ECF 76 at 21-22;
ECF No. 84 at 13. They are not. The claim preambles that include the disputed
term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology, for example, namely the preambles
of Claims 3, 5, and 7, cannot be considered to be superfluous. This disputed term,
as construed here by the court, introduces a broader definition of AD related
characteristics than otherwise is present in each of these claims. The preamble
states that an AD related characteristic, which might or might not be the specific
example of the “formation of deposits containing Aß in the brain,” is accelerated
in the claimed mouse. That is not a superfluous statement of a claim limitation.
For the above reasons, the court finds that the preambles of the ’094 patent
are limiting and that the disputed terms within those preambles must be construed
as part of the claim construction task before the court. Catalina, 289 F.3d at
808-09.
IV. Conclusion
The court sets forth its construction of disputed claim terms in the table that
is attached to this order (Attachment 1). The court construes accelerated and
enhanced to signify “at least one month earlier in the life span” of the transgenic
mouse. The term Alzheimer’s Disease related pathology means “having a
characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease, such as the formation of deposits containing
Aß in the brain.” The table also includes the parties’ joint constructions of claim
terms proposed in the Joint Claim Construction Chart, ECF No. 69-1 at 3. In
addition, certain minor irregularities in proposed claim construction language for
which the resolution was self-evident in light of the actual text of the claims, the
parties’ filings, their presentations at oral argument, and the analysis contained in
this order, are also included within this table.15
14
This rewriting of the claims fundamentally altered their text, as evidenced
by a serious flaw in Claims 4 and 6 -- those claims did not survive the rewriting
process with any logical coherence. See ECF No. 75 at 38 n.5.
15
Plaintiff’s positions on claim construction are inconsistent, as shown by a
comparison of the Joint Claim Construction Chart, ECF No. 69-1, and its initial
brief, ECF No. 75 at 51-53, 55-62. The court has reconciled the inconsistencies by
relying on both proposed constructions proffered by plaintiff. In addition, the
court confirmed with plaintiff’s counsel at oral argument that the joint
constructions contained in the Joint Claim Construction Chart were acceptable to
plaintiff. Tr. at 43. Finally, as to Claim 13’s preamble, the court finds that no
construction is needed for the term “Alzheimer’s Disease related amyloid
18
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ Patricia E. Campbell-Smith
PATRICIA E. CAMPBELL-SMITH
Judge
pathology,” as is the case for the term “Alzheimer’s Disease related amyloid
accumulation” in Claim 1’s preamble.
19
ATTACHMENT 1: CLAIM CONSTRUCTION TABLE
Claim # Passage to be Construed Construction
#1 A transgenic mouse with A transgenic mouse with
Preamble “enhanced Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease related
related amyloid accumulation” in amyloid accumulation in its
its brain brain at least one month
earlier in its life span than a
mouse expressing one or no
transgenes
#1 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter
Body sequence, which allows the
transgene to be expressed by
the mouse
#1 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of Aß” in its brain as Aß in its brain at least one
compared to non-transgenic mice month earlier in the mouse’s
or either parental mouse life span as compared to
non-transgenic mice or either
parental mouse
#3 A transgenic mouse with A transgenic mouse having a
Preamble “accelerated Alzheimer’s Disease characteristic of Alzheimer’s
related pathology” Disease, such as the formation
of deposits containing Aß in
the brain, that occurs at least
one month earlier in the
mouse’s life span than in a
corresponding mouse
expressing only one or none
of the transgenes
#3 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter
Body sequence, which allows the
transgene to be expressed by
the mouse
#3 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of Aß” in their brains as Aß in their brains at least one
compared to non-transgenic mice month earlier in the mouse’s
or transgenic mice expressing life span as compared to
either transgene non-transgenic mice or
transgenic mice expressing
either transgene
20
#5 A transgenic mouse with A transgenic mouse having a
Preamble “accelerated Alzheimer’s Disease characteristic of Alzheimer’s
related pathology” Disease, such as the formation
of deposits containing Aß in
the brain, that occurs at least
one month earlier in the
mouse’s life span than in a
corresponding mouse
expressing only one or none
of the transgenes
#5 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
#5 “mouse develops accelerated mouse has increased
Body deposition of Aß in its brain within deposition of Aß in its brain
six months of birth as compared to by its sixth month of life as
non-transgenic mice or transgenic compared to deposits typically
mice expressing either transgene” found in non-transgenic mice
or as compared to deposits
typically found in transgenic
mice expressing either
transgene
#7 A transgenic mouse with A transgenic mouse having a
Preamble “accelerated Alzheimer’s Disease characteristic of Alzheimer’s
related pathology” Disease, such as the formation
of deposits containing Aß in
the brain, that occurs at least
one month earlier in the
mouse’s life span than in a
corresponding mouse
expressing only one or none
of the transgenes
#7 “DNA sequence encoding mutant any DNA sequence that, if
Body presenilin” made part of a mouse genome,
can be caused to express a
mutant form of a presenilin
protein
#7 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
21
#7 “accelerated pathology develop” mouse develops (appears to be
Body a typographic error, compare
Claims 5, 8, 10, 11)
#7 “accelerated deposition of Aß” in deposition of Aß in its brain at
Body its brain as compared to least one month earlier in the
non-transgenic mice or transgenic mouse’s life span as compared
mice expressing either transgene to non-transgenic mice or
transgenic mice expressing
either transgene
#8 “elevated levels of amyloidogenic No construction needed
Preamble Aß (Aß42(43)) as a pathology for
Alzheimer’s Disease”
#8 “DNA sequence encoding mutant any DNA sequence that, if
Body presenilin” made part of a mouse genome,
can be caused to express a
mutant form of a presenilin
protein
#8 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
#8 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of Aß (Aß42(43))” in its Aß (Aß42(43)) in its brain at
brain as compared to least one month earlier in the
non-transgenic mice or transgenic mouse’s life span as compared
mice expressing either transgene to non-transgenic mice or
transgenic mice expressing
either transgene
#9 “elevated levels of amyloidogenic No construction needed
Preamble Aß (Aß42(43)) as a pathology for
Alzheimer’s Disease”
#9 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
22
#10 “DNA sequence encoding mutant any DNA sequence that, if
Body presenilin” made part of a mouse genome,
can be caused to express a
mutant form of a presenilin
protein
#10 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
#10 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of Aß” in its brain as Aß in its brain at least one
compared to non-transgenic mice month earlier in the mouse’s
or either parental mouse life span as compared to
non-transgenic mice or either
parental mouse
#11 “elevated levels of amyloidogenic No construction needed
Preamble Aß (Aß42(43)) as a pathology for
Alzheimer’s Disease”
#11 “DNA sequence encoding mutant any DNA sequence that, if
Body presenilin” made part of a mouse genome,
can be caused to express a
mutant form of a presenilin
protein
#11 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
#11 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of Aß (Aß42(43))” in Aß (Aß42(43)) in their brains
their brains as compared to at least one month earlier in
non-transgenic mice or either the mouse’s life span as
parental mouse compared to non-transgenic
mice or either parental mouse
23
#13 a transgenic mouse with “enhanced a transgenic mouse with
Preamble Alzheimer’s Disease related Alzheimer’s Disease related
amyloid pathology” amyloid pathology that occurs
at least one month earlier in
the mouse’s life span than a
corresponding mouse
expressing only one or none
of the transgenes
#13 “operably linked to a promoter” linked to a promoter sequence,
Body which allows the transgene to
be expressed by the mouse
#13 mouse develops “accelerated mouse develops deposition of
Body deposition of AD” in its brain as Aß in its brain at least one
compared to non-transgenic mice month earlier in the mouse’s
or either parental mouse life span as compared to
non-transgenic mice or either
parental mouse
24