OR|G|NAL
United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 17-439 C
Filcd; Augusr 30, 2018 F | L E D
3 AUG 3 0" 2013
LOGAN B. PRESTONBACK, )
) U`SE FE£LU§LTA?JS
. . FED
Plal““ff’ § RCFC 52.1; Judgmem en the
V ) Administrative Record
` ) Military Pay; Voluntarily Fail;
THE UNITED STATES, ) Entltlement Recoupment
)
Defendant. )
)
Logan B. Prestonback, Manhattan, KS, proceeding pro se.
Dam`el S. Herzféld, United States Department of Justice, Civil Divisicn, Washington, DC, for
defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
SMITH, Senior Judge
This action is before the Court on defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the
Administrative Record. On March 28, 2017, plaintiff, Logan Prestonback, filed his Complaint
with this Court, alleging that he Was wrongfully separated from the United States Army
(“Army”). See generally Complaint (hereinafter “Compl.”). Plaintiff seeks various forms of
relief, including the following: “a monetary refund of $7,00() withheld from his 2014 tax”
refund; “a judgment and decree setting aside” the Defense Finance and Accounting Service’s
(“DFAS”) recoupment action against piaintiff; and “a stay of any further prosecution of such
action by [DFAS] until the Court issues its final judgment and decree.” Compl. at 4. For the
following reasons, the Court grants defendant’s Motion for Judgrnent on the Administrative
Record.
I. Background
Logan Prestonback served in the Army from l\/Iay 23, 2009, until his honorable discharge
at the rank of First Lieutenant (“lLT”) on June 27, 2013. Administrative Record (hereinafter
“AR”) 18. ln 2005, as part of the commissioning process at the United States Military Acadcmy
in West Point, New York, lLT Prestonback signed his Service Agreement (“Form 5-50”),
consenting to serve on active duty for five years AR 56. Form 5-50 stipulated that, if lLT
Prestonback “voluntarily fail[ed] or because of misconduct fail[ed] to complete the period of
active duty service,” he Would be required to repay a proportional amount of his educational
scholarship AR 57.
After conimissioning as a Second lieutenant in 2009, lLT Prestonback completed the
Army Engineer Basic Officer Leadership Course and began to serve at Foi't Riley, Kansas, Where
he received a positive Officer Evaluation Report (“OER”). AR 49. OERs allow for Army
leaders to assess and rate the quality and competency of subordinates, and serve as the
administrative basis for promotions or eliminations. AR 48-49‘, see also Of#cer Evaluaiion
Reporrfng Sysi‘em, Army Regulation 623-105, para. l-S (April 1998). Plaintiff was then
deployed to lraq from Novernher 4, 2010 to November 7, 201l, and he was promoted to lL'l`
while overseas. AR 46.
ln 20l 1J lLT Prestonback received a negative, or “referred,” OER, which stated that
plaintiff “failed to follow direct lawful orders” and “only [did] specific taslId. at 10
(citing Rule 56(a) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims; Anclerson v. Ll'berly Lol)by, Inc.,
47? U.S. 242, 248 (l 986) (noting that a material fact is one that “might affect the outcome of the
suit.”)). On l\/lay 10, 2018 the government filed its Reply in Support of its Motion for ludgment
on the Administrative Record. See Defendant’s Reply in Support of its Motion for Judgment on
the Administrative Record (hereinafter “D’s Reply”). In its Reply, defendant argues that
statutory law governs Form 5-50, and that the Federal Circuit’s understanding of “voluntarily
fail” includes substandard performance D’s Reply at 3, 6.
As pro se plaintiffs are, by their nature, unassisted, this Court may sometimes grant a pro
se plaintiff greater lenience throughout the filing process ln keeping with this permissive
ieniency, the Court construes plaintist Response, in which he asks for Summary Judgment, as a
Cross-l\/Iotion for judgment on the administrative record P’s Resp. at 10. Had plaintiff wished
to file a Reply, it would have been due on May 17, 20l8. RCFC 20(b)(2). As the Court has not
received such an optional Reply, the case is considered fully briefed and ripe for review.
II. Standard of Review
This Couit’s jurisdictional grant is primarily defined by the Tucl424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Rather, in order to fall within the scope of the
Tucker Act, “a plaintiff must identify a separate source of substantive law that creates the right to
money damages.” Fisher v. United Stares,
402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc in
relevant part).
The Court reviews decisions of military correction boards based upon the Administrative
Record. Walls v. United Slates,
582 F.3d 1358, l367 (Fed. Cir. 2009). When a party requests
judgment on the Administrative Record under RCFC 52.1, the Court makes findings of fact as if
it were conducting a trial on a paper record. Barrnum, line v. United Smtes,
404 F.3d 1346, 1354
(I*`ed. Cir. 2005). LoolId. at 1355.
'l`here is a deferential Standard When reviewing military personnel decisions, and this
Court “will not disturb the decision of the corrections board unless it is arbitrary, capricious,
contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.” Chambers v. United Sfares, 4l7 F.3d
1218, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing Haselrig v. United Smtes,
333 F.3d 1354, 1355 (Fed. Cir.
2003)). Further, the Court may not “substitute [its} judgment for that of the military departments
when reasonable minds could reach different conclusions on the same evidence.” Helslg v.
United States, 719 P`.2d 1l53, l156 (Fed. Cir. 1983). Finally, the plaintiff must overcome the
presumption of regularity which attaches to actions of the military and military records
correction boards. Armslrong v. United Slates,
205 Ct. Cl. 754, 762-63 (1974) (noting that
“l`p]resumption favors the validity of official military acts,” including those of a military records
correction board, absent evidence to the contrary) (citations omitted).
lII. Discussion
A. Statutory Rights and Contract Principles
Defendant argues that the Board’s decision was reasonablc, as plaintiffs “substandard
performance constituted a voluntary failure” pursuant to the terms of Form 5-50. D’s MJAR at
15. Plaintiff attempts to circumvent the Board’s decision, and argues that, because he signed
Form 5-50 as a contract, the Court should analyze the recoupment action according to common
law contract principles P’s Resp. at 6; AR 56-57. ln response, defendant posits that the Court
should review the Administrative Record, including the Board’s decision, in line with the
Administrative Procedure Act. D’s Reply at 2 (referencing 5 U.S.C. § 500).
This Court predominantly adopts a deferential posture toward military personnel actions
Chanil)ers, 417 F.3d at 1227;
/lrmstrong, 205 Ct. Cl. at 762-63;
Walls, 582 F.3d at 1367. As
defendant notes, once plaintiff appealed to the Board, its decision became part of the
Administrative Record, and the Court cannot ignore the Board’s decision D’s Reply at 2 (citing
Metz v. United Slales, 466 F`3d 99l, 998 (Fed. Cir. 2006)); AR 3. As such, this Court agrees
with the government’s position and must review plaintiff s case in accordance with the
Administrative Procedure Act.
Precedent dictates that agreements memorialized by documents such as Form 5-50, which
entitle service members to compensation, rest upon a statutory right, and therefore should not be
analyzed according to common law contract principles Schz'sm v. United Sfczres,
316 F.3d 1259,
1272 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (en banc); United Slares v. Larz'onq]j”,
431 U.S. 864, 869 (1977); Bell v.
United Sl'ales,
366 U.S. 393, 401, (196l). This Court reviews scholarship agreements according
to these well settled principles Kennecly v. United Sta.tes,
124 Fed. Cl. 309, 324 (2015) (“'l`he
scholarship agreement upon which plaintiff relies is not. . .an independently enforceable
contract.”), rev ’d on other grounds, 845 F.3d l376, 1381 (Fed. Circ. 2017) (“The Court of
Fedcral Claims found that it lacked jurisdiction to entertain 1\/[1‘. Kennedy’s first three contact~
based claims. i\/[r. Kennedy does not appeal that r‘uling, and we thus need not consider those
claims.”). At present, this Court will not deviate from that well established precedent
B. Form 5-50 and “Voluntarily Fail”
ln its l\/lotion, defendant argues that the terms of Form 5-50 were not exclusive, and
therefore the Board reasonably characterized an involuntary separation for substandard
performance as a “voluntary faillure].” D’s l\/lJAR at 20 (referencing AR 8). lLT Prestonback
contends that financial recoupment was proper only in the event of his willful resignation or
engagement of misconduct, as those were the only enumerated justifications for termination in
Form 5-50. P’s Resp. at 8~9 (citing AR 56). Plaintiff further argues that, because none of the
terms within For'm 5-50 expressly apply to his separation, granting the governrnent’s Motion for
Judgment on the Administrative Record Would require the Court to infer an unreasonable
meaning from either “voluntary” or “misconduct.” Icl. at 9-10. However, the Courts have
previously held that the term “voluntarily failed” can extend to actions other than a soldier’s
willful resignation from the militaryl See e.g. Favreau v. United Srares, 317 F.3d l346, 1360
(Fed. Cir. 2002).
The relevant section of Form 5-50 reads, in part, “the term ‘voluntarily fail’ includes, but
is not limited to.” AR 56. The Court interprets this language to mean that the factors listed were
not exhaustive Both plaintiff and defendant acknowledge that the parameters of Form 5-50
were “non~exclusive.” D’s Reply at 2 ; P’s Resp. at 8. The non-exclusive nature of Form 5-50’s
criteria indicates that the Ar‘my could potentially terminate a service member for reasons not
expressly listed. As such, factors not expressly listed in For‘m 5-50 can be used as a basis of
recoupment See e.g.
Favreau 317 F.3d at 1360.
Additionally, defendant asserts that, because the plaintiff s voluntary actions prompted
his involuntary separation, such separation should be construed as “voluntarily fail[ingj” under
Form 5~50. D’s l\/IJAR at 18 (citing
Favreau 317 F.3d at 1357-58). Plaintiff argues that, if the
Army had intended to include involuntary termination for substandard performance within the
scope of “voluntarily fail,” such language would have been expressed in Form 5-50. P’s Resp. at
9. The reasonableness of the Board’s decision turns on whether the Board properly understood
“voluntarily fail” to include willful actions leading to an involuntary separation, and not as an
overall intent to leave the Army.
Looking to legislative and legal history, this Court is persuaded that “voluntarily fail”
reasonably includes willful actions leading to an involuntary separation The statutory
framework provides that failure to complete the prescribed term of active duty or failure to
“fulfill any term or condition prescribed pursuant to . . . such other terms and conditions as the
Sccretary concerned may prescribe to protect the interest of the United States” shall trigger
repayment actions. 10 U.S.C. §2005 (a)(3)-(4) (2017). The corresponding statutory repayment
provisions state that a service member who fails to °‘satisfy certain eligibility requirements” will
repay “an equal amount lofj the unearned portion of the bonus or similar benefit” or “any
unearned portion of the bonus, incentive pay, or similar benefit.” 37 U.S.C. §§303(€)(1)(A)
(2011), 373(a) (2009). The applicable r‘egulation, which contains those terms and conditions,
states that substandard performance could lead to an involuntary termination from the armed
forces. Officer Tronsfers & Dischcrrges, Army Regulation 600-8-24, par‘a. 4-2 (Feb. 24 2005).
'l`his Court has long held that a failure to maintain physical standards can qualify as a
voluntary fail that can trigger a recoupment action. Favreau 3 l7 F.3d at l360. lt seems
reasonable to this Court that the Board could view performance standards in a similar manner to
physical standards Therefore, lLT Pr‘estonback’s referred OERs could reasonably be
interpreted as a voluntary failure to fulfill the terms of his service requirement in violation of
Form 5-50, which in turn triggered an involuntary separation ripe for recoupment actions As
such, this Court finds that the Board reasonably concluded that plaintiffs involuntary
termination for substandard performance fell within the terms of Form 5-50. lt follows that it
was neither arbitrary, capricious, nor contrary to law for the Board to deny plaintiffs recoupment
waiver requestl
C. Agerrcy and Notice
ln his Complaint, lLT Prestonbacl< claims that a representative ofDFAS conveyed that
he would not be subject to recoupment action for his educational debt. Cornpl. at 3. Plaintiff
implies the Board’s decision was unreasonable because it conflicted with this assurance
Defendant argues that the DFAS employee was not a proper agent with authority to make those
guarantees, and, therefore, those representations were not binding D’s MJAR at 21-22 (citing
Perez v. United Smres, l56 F.3d l366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (refusing to credit “erroneous
advice” to a service member from an unauthorized agent); Fed Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill, 332
U,S. 380, 384 (1947)).
Defendant argues that the “Secretary concerned” is empowered to set the terms and
conditions for education assistance, including recoupment 10 U.S.C. §2005 (a)(3)-(4) (201'7).
Defendant contends that the Deputy Secretary, as the designee of the Secretary of the Army, is
the empowered authority, and, as such, the Deputy Secretary’s decision to separate plaintiff for
his referred OERs is binding D’s MJAR at 20-2l (citing Fecl Crop InS.
Corp., 332 U.S. at 384;
10 U.S.C. § 2005(a) (2017)). Plaintiff disagrees, arguing that the DFAS employee making such
assertions “appeared to be no less authorized . .as any other Army civilian” to speak on behalf of
the Agency. P’s Resp. at 3.
Looking to the Administrative Record as a whole, this Court finds that the issue of
agency had no impact on the Board’s decision to deny plaintiffs request for a recoupment
waiver. The relevant statute is clear that the ‘°Secretary concerned” shall enforce the statute, and
the Secretary of the Army did so through the Deputy Secretary’s actions. 10 U.S.C. § 2005(a)
(2017). lnformal assurances from a DFAS employee do not supplant the Deputy Secretary’s
authority.
ln his Complaint, lLT Prestonback also alleges the Board’s decision was unreasonable,
as he was not given proper notice of the Agency’s recoupment action. Compl. at 3. Plaintiff
contends that he was never notified about the recoupment action during the pendency of his
separation process, pointing to his OERs, the December 14, 2012 Show Cause Memorandum,
and the recommendations from his chain of command to support his proposition P’s Resp. at
3-4 (referencing AR at 26-28, 30, 33-35, 38-42, 45~46, 48-50). Defendant maintains that the
terms of Form 5-50 constituted proper notice that his involuntary separation could result in
recoupment action. D’s MJAR at 15; D’s Reply at 7.
'l`his Court agrees with defendant’s position. The language of Form 5'50, which stated
that if he “voluntarily fail[ed]” to complete his service requirement 1LT Prestonback would
“reimburse the United States” for the unearned portion of his scholarship, constituted proper
notice of recoupment See AR 56. Additionally, the Army explicitly cited Army Regulation
600»8-24, “Officer Transfers and Discharges,” in its December 14, 2012 memo titled “lnitiation
of Elimination.” See Army Regulation 600-8-24; AR 33-34. Plaintiff responded to that memo,
see AR 31-32, which indicates to this Court that lLT Prestonback understood that he was subject
to the terms of that regulation The Court is persuaded that plaintiff received sufficient notice
that “voluntarily fail[ing]" to complete his service requirement would result in an involuntary
separation and ensuing recoupment As such, the Board’s decision was reasonable
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, defendant’s MOTION for Judgment on the
Administrative Record is GRANTED. Plaintiffs Rcsponse, which this Court interprets as a
CROSS-MOTION for Judgment on the Administrative Record, is DENIED. 'l` he Clerk is
directed to enter judgment in favor of defendant, consistent with this opinion.
IT IS SO ORDERED. % : :
/ ' /
FLoren A. Sinith, Senior Judge