DocketNumber： No. 08-430 C
Citation Numbers： 91 Fed. Cl. 142, 2010 WL 478766
Judges： Hewitt
Filed Date： 2/3/2010
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/18/2024
OPINION AND ORDER
Before the court is an action brought by LB&B Associates Inc. (LB&B or plaintiff) for the equitable adjustment of the price of its Contract No. N26477-01-D-0146 (Contract) with the United States (government, defendant or United States), acting through the United States Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Washington (NAVFAC), for the maintenance and repair of facilities and the incidental handling of hazardous waste. See Plaintiff LB&B Associates Inc.’s Memorandum In Support of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (plaintiffs Memorandum or Pl.’s Mem.) 1, Docket Number (Dkt. No.) 16.
I. Background
A. Procedural Background
On June 12, 2008, LB&B filed its Complaint (Complaint or Compl.), Dkt. No. 1. On June 30, 2009, LB&B filed Plaintiff LB&B Associates Inc.’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (plaintiffs Motion or Pl.’s Mot.), Dkt. No. 18, supported by plaintiffs Memorandum including plaintiffs Proposed Finding of Uncontroverted Facts (plaintiffs Facts or Pl.’s Facts), Exhibit 1 (Pl.’s Exh. 1), Affidavit of Chad Lewis (Lewis Aff.) and Exhibit 3 (Pl.’s Exh. 3), Declaration of James Dell (Dell Deck). See Dkt. No. 16. On August 21, 2009, the United States filed Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding Counts I and II (defendant’s Response or Def.’s Resp.), Dkt. No. 25; Defendant’s Proposed Findings of Uncontroverted Fact (defendant’s Facts or Def.’s Facts), Dkt. No. 26; and Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs Proposed Findings of Uncontroverted Fact (defendant’s Response to Facts or Def.’s Resp. Facts), Dkt. No 24. Defendant also filed an Appendix to Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding Counts I and II (defendant’s Appendix or Def.’s App.), Dkt. No. 26. On October 2, 2009 LB&B filed Plaintiffs Reply in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Response to Defendant’s Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding Counts I and II (plaintiffs Reply or Pl.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 31, and Plaintiffs Response to Defendant’s Proposed Findings of Uncontroverted Facts (plaintiffs Response to Facts or Pl.’s Resp. Facts), Dkt. No 32. On October 15, 2009, the United States filed Defendant’s Reply in Support of Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding Counts I and II (defendant’s Reply or Def.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 33.
In Count I, plaintiff asserts that it was required, at the direction of the government, to hire a subcontractor to perform hazardous waste management services. Pl.’s Mem. 4-5. Plaintiff asserts that the use of a subcontractor constitutes a constructive change to the Contract and that it is owed the additional costs that it incurred in hiring the subcontractor. Id. 5-6. Defendant asserts that the Contract is a performance contract and therefore plaintiff is responsible for all costs it incurs as may be necessary to complete performance under the contract. Def.’s Resp. 5-6.
In Count II, plaintiff asserts that NAV-FAC directed plaintiff to provide additional personnel for on-site, full-time supervision. Pl.’s Mem. 5-6. Plaintiff asserts that NAV-FAC’s demand for additional personnel constituted a constructive change. Id. 12. Defendant asserts, again, that the portion of the Contract at issue is a performance contract, and therefore plaintiff is responsible for all costs necessary to complete performance under the Contract. Def.’s Resp. 8-10.
1. The Contract
On August 13, 2003, the government, acting through NAVFAC, issued Solicitation No. N62477-01-R-0146 (Solicitation) seeking offers for the maintenance and repair of facilities, systems and equipment services for the Navy Public Works Center, Washington, DC and its customers at various locations throughout the Washington, DC area. PL’s Facts 2-3; Def.’s Resp. Facts 1. On December 20, 2004, NAVFAC awarded the Contract to LB&B for the maintenance and repair of facilities and the incidental handling of hazardous waste. Pl.’s Facts 4; Def.’s Resp. Facts 1. The primary locations of services were to be Washington Navy Yard, National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland (NNMC), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Naval Station Anaeostia, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Nebraska Avenue Complex, United States Naval Observatory and Potomac Annex. Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.1.1; Pl.’s Facts 3; Def.’s Facts 2.
The Contract was a mixed contract; certain portions were fírm-fixed-price and the remainder was an indefinite quantity (IDQ) contract. Compl. ¶ 5; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.1.2. The handling of hazardous materials and wastes generated by the seivice provider are specifically included within the scope of the firm-fixed-price contract. Pl.’s Mem. 3; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.1.2. Plaintiffs proposed price was intended to cover all items including “direct and indirect labor cost, management, materials, [and] supervision” as required to meet the performance requirements of the Contract. Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.2.1; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.2.1. The Contract described the specific work requirement for hazardous waste disposal management as “[providing customer Hazardous Waste management support [and][s]tanding by 24 hours a day to provide customer support in the event a cleanup is required.” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.2.2; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.2.2. Specifically, with regard to the disposal of hazardous waste, the Solicitation provides:
The Seivice Provider will be required to dispose of hazardous waste under the terms of this contract. The Seivice Provider is responsible for disposal of incidental quantities of hazardous waste. The Service provider shall dispose of hazardous waste at a site approved by the Contracting Officer and ensure that disposal is performed in accordance with 40 [C.F.R. § ] 260 through 40 [C.F.R. § ] 279 and any other applicable Federal, Navy, State, Navy [sic], and local laws and regulation as well as consent orders/consent agreements covering the Washington Navy Yard and Anaeostia.
Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.5.12.4; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.5.12.4. The Contract contained both a list of general duties and detailed waste disposal procedures and instructions for each site.
The Contract incorporates certain provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). See Def.’s App 1, §§ E-I. Certain FAR provisions are incorporated in full text and others are incorporated by reference.
Also included in the Contract is a section titled “Consequences of Contractor’s Failure to Perform Required Services.” Def.’s App. 1, § E, at 3-5, § 5252.246-9303. This section reserves to the government surveillance rights and the right to inspect and to ensure that all requirements and standards are met. Id. 1, § E, at 4. “In the case of unsatisfactory or nonperfonned work the Government: (1) may give the Contractor written notice of observed deficiencies prior to deduction for unsatisfactory or nonperfonned work ... [or] (4) may, at its option, perform work by Government personnel or by other means.”
Included as an attachment to defendant’s February 15, 2006 e-mail was FAR § 49.402-4. In lieu of termination, FAR § 49-402.4(b) gives the government the option to “[p]ermit the contractor to continue performance of the contract by means of a subcontract.... ” 48 C.F.R. § 49.402-4(b) (2008). If termination for default would be appropriate, FAR § 49.402-4 expressly permits the government to revise the delivery schedule and make arrangements to continue the contract with an acceptable third party. Id. Defendant told plaintiff that it intended to terminate the hazardous waste management portion of the contract unless plaintiff hired a subcontractor to complete the remainder of the Contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 5-6.
Section C of the Contract at 1.3 is titled “Management” and is intended to provide guidance about the level of management required under the Contract. Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3. The Contract requires that the contractor “[m]anage the total work effort associated with the services required.” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.2; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2. The contractor is further directed to “Le]mploy professionally and technically qualified personnel to perform the tasks specified,” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.3.1; Defs App. 1, § C, at 1.3.3.1; the contractor must ensure that “[personnel shall be able to read, comprehend, and converse in the English language,” Lews Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.3.4; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.3.4; and the contractor must ensure that personnel “[cjonduet themselves in a proper, efficient, courteous and businesslike manner,” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.3.6; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.3.6. The Contract requires that the contractor provide “a qualified management staff with the experience and expertise necessary to assure competent and complete contract performance.” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.4; Def.’s App. § C, at 1.3.4. The Contract does not provide further specifies concerning the anticipated level of management effort required to assure “competent and complete contract performance.” See Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.4; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.4.
2. Count I: Hazardous Waste Management
On January 24, 2006, defendant sent a letter to LB&B regarding the maintenance and repair of facilities and handling of hazardous waste for the NAVFAC in Washington. Id. 33, at 1-3. In the letter, the government highlighted six deficiencies, “all of
The government sent a second letter to plaintiff on February 14, 2006, stating that as a result of plaintiffs failure to demonstrate visible progress in curing the deficiencies identified in the January 24, 2006 letter, the government was considering partial termination of the Contract. Id. 33, at 4. The parties met the next morning. See id. 33, at 4 (“To clarify the government’s position at the meeting this morning ....”) (emphasis added). Edward Charette, a member of the NAVFAC acquisition team, sent an e-mail following the meeting stating the government’s position: that the government was “prepared to terminate the Hazardous Waste Management portion of the contract unless [plaintiff] take[s] our recommendation [and] ... hire[s] a dedicated subcontractor, approved by [the government], for that portion of the work.” Id. 33, at 5. The government cited and included a copy of 48 C.F.R. § 49.402-4 in the February 15, 2006 e-mail. Id. 33, at 6. FAR § 49.402-4 permits “the contractor to continue performance of the contract by means of a subcontract” as an alternative to termination for default. 48 C.F.R. § 49.402-4 (2008); Def.’s App. 33, at 6.
LB&B hired a subcontractor to perform the hazardous waste management duties of its Contract.
3. Count II: On-site Personnel Supervision
The Contract also required LB & B to provide management services and to “[m]an-age the total work effort associated with the services required.” Pl.’s Mem. 5; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2. The Contract did not specify the staffing that would be required; however, Project Staffing was one of four equally-weighted technical factors NAVFAC considered in awarding the Contract. Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § M.3; Def.’s App. 1, § M.3. In its bid, LB & B stated its intention to employ three site forepersons. Pl.’s Mem. 6-7; see, e.g., Lewis Aff., Exh. C, at § 2.1. In Table 2.1.3-1, Number of Resources by Labor Category, plaintiff identifies three site forepersons, one at each major site: Naval District Washington, NNMC and NRL. Lewis Aff., Exh. C, at § 2.1.3. In addition to the
NAVFAC directed LB & B to provide additional supervision. Pl.’s Mem. 8. Neither party has offered the court any specific information regarding this request and the court cannot determine when this request was made or if any reason was given for the request. See Compl. ¶¶ 28-29 (stating that NAVFAC required additional supervision but providing no other details); Pl.’s Mem. 8, 12 (same); Pl.’s Reply 4-5 (same). The government asserts that LB & B was responsible for providing service to smaller work sites including Arlington Service Center and Naval Observatory. Def.’s Resp. 8. LB & B asserts that the Navy requested that LB & B provide full-time supervision for the smaller work sites: Naval Air Facility Andrews, the Defense Information Systems Agency at the Arlington Service Center and for the U.S. Naval Observatory. Pl.’s Mem. 8. Neither party attempts to define the quantity or quality of work that was required to satisfy the Contract requirement. The parties do not agree whether the requirement was that plaintiff “provide service,” Def.’s Resp. 8, provide “on-site, full time supervision,” Pl.’s Reply 5, or “[m]anage the total work effort associated with the services required,” Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2; Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.2.
On March 28, 2007 LB & B submitted a second formal claim to recover excess costs associated with additional site supervision directed by the Navy. Compl. ¶ 30; Def.’s App. 35. Plaintiff asserts that, because its bid did not list full-time, on-site supervision for Arlington Service Center and for Naval Observatory, see Lewis Aff., Exh. C. 2.4.2-1 (Table), NAVFAC’s request that LB & B provide supervision at these locations was an additional requirement that constituted a constructive change by the government. Compl. ¶ 29. The CO denied plaintiffs formal request for an adjustment. Compl. ¶ 30; Def.’s App. 36. In support of his decision, the CO stated that an equitable price adjustment is permitted only if a party demonstrates that the CO requested the contract modification in writing. Def.’s App. 36. According to the government, and uncontested by plaintiff, LB & B did not provide any documentation to support its assertion that the CO had directed a change in the contract in writing. Id. (“LB & B has not provided any supporting documentation that any Government employee or Contracting Officer directed a change in the work to be performed by written order.”). On June 12, 2008, LB & B filed its Complaint. See Dkt. No. 1.
II. Legal Standards
A. Jurisdiction
In the Tucker Act, Congress authorized the United States Court of Federal Claims to “render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliq-uidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2006). Plaintiffs claim is brought under the Contract Disputes Act (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 601-613 (2006).
The CDA requires that “[a]ll claims by a contractor against the government relating to a contract shall be in writing and shall be submitted to the contracting officer for a decision.” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a) (2006). Jurisdiction is appropriate under the CDA when a contractor “submit[s] in writing to the contracting officer a clear and unequivocal statement that gives the contracting officer adequate notice of the basis and amount of the claim.” Contract Cleaning Maint, Inc. v. United States, 811 F.2d 586, 592 (Fed.Cir.1987). LB & B submitted two writ
“[T]he CDA grants jurisdiction to the Court of Federal Claims ... over a contractor’s request for relief only when the appeal or action is based on a qualifying claim filed by the contractor and a final decision by the contracting officer.” Alliant Techsys., Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d 1260, 1264 (Fed.Cir.1999) (citing Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572 (Fed.Cir.1995) (en banc)). Pursuant to the CDA, “[a] claim by a contractor ... shall be in writing....” 41 U.S.C. § 605(a). Plaintiffs written claim on Count I was denied by Dean Koepp, Contracting Officer for NAVFAC, on July 10, 2007. Compl. ¶ 24; Def.’s App. 34. Plaintiffs written claim on Count II was denied, also by Dean Koepp, on June 12, 2007. Compl. ¶ 31; Def.’s App. 36. Plaintiffs complaint was filed on June 12, 2008. Dkt. No. 1. LB & B has satisfied the jurisdictional requirements of the CDA by submitting written claims to the CO and timely appealing the denial by the CO of the claims.
B. Cross Motions for Summary Judgment
Under the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
In considering such a motion, the court will, absent persuasive reason to the contrary, deem the material facts claimed and adequately supported by the moving party to be established, except to the extent that such material facts are controverted....
RCFC 56(c)(1). A party defending against a motion for summary judgment must therefore adduce facts to show a material dispute of fact. See id. Failure by an opposing party to raise a genuine issue of material fact may result in the court granting summary judgment in favor of the moving party. See id. When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleading. RCFC 56(e). The adverse party’s response, by affidavits or as otherwise pro
Under RCFC 56, the court must draw all inferences from the facts before it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348; Mann v. United States, 334 F.3d 1048, 1050 (Fed.Cir.2003) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505). “Rule 56(e) permits a proper summary judgment motion to be opposed by any of the lands of eviden-tiary materials listed in Rule 56(e), except the mere pleadings themselves, and it is from this list that one would normally expect the nonmoving party to make the showing to which we have referred.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett (Celotex), 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The nonmoving party will need to present evidence in addition to the pleadings in order to show that a genuine issue for trial exists. M.A. Mortenson Co. v. United States, 29 Fed.Cl. 82, 94 (1993).
“The party opposing the motion must point to an evidentiary conflict created on the record; mere denials or conclusory statements are insufficient.” SRI Int'l v. Matsushita Elec. Corp. of Am., 775 F.2d 1107, 1116 (Fed.Cir.1985) (citing Barmag Barmer Masckinenfabrik AG v. Murata Mack, Ltd., 731 F.2d 831, 836 (Fed.Cir.1984)). “[T]he mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (1986). To demonstrate a genuine dispute over a material fact, the nonmoving party need not “produce evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. However, the non-movant must establish the existence of a fact that supports a material element on which the party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
“Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Id. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548. “Cross-motions are no more than a claim by each party that it alone is entitled to summary judgment, and the court must evaluate each motion on its own merits, taking care in each instance to view the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party.” Bubble Room, Inc. v. United States, 159 F.3d 553, 561 (Fed.Cir.1998).
C. Equitable Adjustment and Constructive Change of a Performance Contract
“A constructive change occurs where a contractor performs work beyond the contract requirements, without a formal order under the changes clause, either by an informal order of the Government or by fault of the Government.” Miller Elevator Co. v. United States (Miller Elevator), 30 Fed.Cl. 662, 678 (Fed.Cl.1994). “A constructive change entails two base components, the change component and the order or fault component. The ‘change’ component describes work outside of the scope of the contract, while the ‘order/fault’ component describes the reason that the contractor performed the work.” Id. (citing Embassy Moving & Storage Co. v. United States (Embassy), 191 Ct.Cl.537, 424 F.2d 602, 607 (Ct.Cl.1970); Al Johnson Constr. Co. v. United States (Al Johnson), 20 Cl.Ct. 184, 204 (1990)). If the government expressly or implicitly ordered work that was outside the scope of the contract, or if the government was at fault in causing work to be done outside the scope of the contract, a constructive change has occurred and plaintiff is entitled to an equitable adjustment of price. Lathan Co. v. United States, 20 Cl.Ct. 122, 128 (1990).
“To recover on its constructive change claim, [plaintiff] must prove that the [government] ordered it to [perform additional work] ... and that this work was not required under the contract.” Al Johnson, 20 Cl.Ct. at 204 (citing Len Co. & Assocs. v.
Equitable adjustments are a form of corrective measure that the government undertakes to make a contractor whole when the government modifies a contract. Int’l Data Prods. Corp. v. United States (Int’l Data), 492 F.3d 1317, 1325 (Fed.Cir.2007) (citing Ets-Hokin Corp. v. United States, 190 Ct.Cl. 668, 420 F.2d 716, 720 (1970)). A contractor is entitled to an equitable adjustment only if the CO mandates, by written order, a contract modification, and such modification changes the cost of performance. 48 C.F.R. § 52.243-1 (2009). A constructive change requires that the contractor undertake extra work not previously contemplated under a contract; work that cannot be characterized as additional work does not constitute a constructive change. Id.; Int’l Data, 492 F.3d at 1325 (citing Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 678).
A contractor assumes the risk of unexpected costs as a result of difficulties on a firm-fixed-priee contract. ITT Arctic Servs., Inc. v. United States (ITT Arctic), 207 Ct.Cl.743, 524 F.2d 680, 691 (1975). A firm-fixed-price contract requires the contractor to perform a task for a set price where the “price ... is not subject to any adjustment on the basis of the contractor’s cost experience in performing the contract.” 48 C.F.R. § 16.202-1 (2008). Firm-fixed-priee contracts assign the “risk to the contractor that the actual cost of performance will be higher than the price of the contract.” Dalton v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 98 F.3d 1298, 1305 (Fed.Cir.1996). A firm-fixed-price contract gives the contractor a strong incentive to perform the contract as efficiently as possible, while imposing minimal administrative burden on the parties. 48 C.F.R. § 16.202-1 (2008) (“This contract type places upon the contractor maximum risk and full responsibility for all costs and resulting profit or loss. It provides maximum incentive for the contractor to control costs and perform effectively and imposes a minimum administrative burden upon the contracting parties.”). The portions of the Contract in dispute are two of the firm-fixed price portions. Def.’s App. 1; see Pl.’s Mem. 3-8.
D. Termination for Default
The Contract incorporated by reference provisions of the FAR that govern termination for default. Def.’s App. 1, § I, at 4. Included in the incorporated sections are FAR § 52.249-2, Termination for Convenience of the Government (Fixed-Price), and FAR § 52.249-8, Default (Fixed-Price Supply and Service). FAR § 52.249-2 allows the government to “terminate performance of work under this contract ... if the Contracting Officer determines that a termination is in the Government’s interest.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-2(a) (2009). “The Government may ... terminate this contract in whole or in part if the Contractor fails to — (i)[d]eliver the supplies or to perform the services within the time specified in this contract [or] ... (iii)[p]erform any of the other provisions of this contract.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-8(a)(l) (2009). The government’s right to terminate for failure of the contractor to perform other provisions of the contract may be exercised only if the contractor does not cure the failure within 10 days after receiving notice from the Contracting Officer. Id. § 52.249-8(a)(2) (2009). The government has the burden of proving that termination for default is appropriate. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Termination for default is a “drastic sanction” and the decision should be made “only for good grounds and on solid evidence.” J.D. Hedin Constr. Co. v. United States (J.D. Hedin), 187 Ct.Cl. 45, 408 F.2d 424, 431 (1969) (citing Schlesinger v. United States, 182 Ct.Cl. 571, 390 F.2d 702, 709 (1968)). If there are good grounds and solid evidence to support termination for default, the contracting officer has the discretion to terminate the contract for default, and in certain circumstances may be obligated to do so. Schlesinger, 390 F.2d at 707-08. If the government terminates the contract for default and the court later determines that termination for default was inappropriate, plaintiff may be entitled not only to recover any costs it incurred, but may also be entitled to affirmative damages. J.D. Hedin, 408 F.2d at 431.
III. Discussion
A. Count I: Hazardous Waste Management
When a party agrees to perform a contract for a fixed sum, the party “will not be excused to become entitled to additional compensation, because unforeseen difficulties are encountered.” ITT Arctic, 524 F.2d at 691. A contractor is not entitled to additional compensation under a firm-fixed-price contract simply because the cost to complete the project was higher than the contractor projected it would be. See id. If, however, the higher cost is not a result of unexpected difficulties, but of an express or implicit order by the government to perform additional work outside the scope of the contract, the contractor may be entitled to an equitable adjustment as result of the constructive change. See Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 678.
However, not every change that the government requires triggers a constructive change entitling the contractor to an equitable adjustment. See Embassy, 424 F.2d at 606-07 (requiring that a constructive change be “some service not required by but within the general scope of the contract”). If a contractor is unable to satisfy the contract requirements, the government may instead opt to terminate the contract for default. 48 C.F.R. § 52.249 — 8(a)(1) (2009). In lieu of termination for default, the CO may require the contractor to revise the delivery schedule or hire a third party acceptable to the government to complete the job. 48 C.F.R. § 49.402-4 (2008). At its discretion, the government may “[p]ermit the contractor to continue performance of the contract by means of a subcontract” rather than terminate the contract for default. Id. § 49.402-4(b).
The government’s January 24, 2006 letter identifies six areas in which plaintiff failed to fulfill its requirements under the Contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 1-2. In particular, the deficiencies and non-performed work resulted in regulatory non-compliance on the part of the government. Id. 33, at 2. The January 24, 2006 letter concludes with the warning that failure on the part of plaintiff to remedy these problems could be cause for default. Id. 33, at 2-3. The January 24, 2006 letter was followed by another letter dated February 14, 2006 and an e-mail dated February 15, 2006. Id. 33, at 4-5. The February 14, 2006 letter asserts that plaintiff failed to make any progress on the deficiencies identified in the government’s January 24, 2006 letter. Id. 33, at 4. The February 15, 2006 e-mail references a meeting that had occurred earlier on that date to discuss contract deficiencies. Id. 33, at 4. The e-mail recapitulates the government’s position at the meeting: “[the government was] prepared to terminate the Hazardous Waste Management portion of the contract, unless [plaintiff] takefs the government’s] recommendation [to] hire a dedicated subcontractor, approved by [the government], for that portion of the work,” as contemplated by FAR § 49.402-4. Id. 33, at 5.
Plaintiff asserts in its Complaint that it made other suggestions to the government
1. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment
Count I of plaintiffs Motion seeks summary judgment that plaintiff is entitled to an equitable adjustment as a result of costs incurred hiring a subcontractor to provide waste management services. See Compl. ¶¶ 22, 25. This is an issue on which plaintiff has the burden of proof; plaintiff must establish that the costs incurred were a result of a constructive change. Teledyne McCormick-Selph v. United States, 218 Ct.Cl. 513, 588 F.2d 808, 810 (1978). A contractor who seeks an equitable adjustment has the “burden of proving liability, causation, and the resultant injury.” Ralph L. Jones v. United States, 33 Fed.Cl. 327, 331 (1995). LB&B has the burden to prove that hiring a subcontractor was an addition to the contract and that the government was at fault in directing the addition. See Int’l Data, 492 F.3d at 1325.
Plaintiff asserts that the Contract does not require plaintiff to hire a subcontractor to perform the hazardous waste removal. Pl.’s Mem. 11. The government, in response, addresses plaintiffs contention in two steps. First, the government — the non-movant for purposes of plaintiffs motion for summary judgment — has adduced evidence to establish plaintiffs failure to conform to the hazardous waste provisions of the Contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 1-3. Second, the government asserts, and supports through documentation, that it required plaintiff to hire the subcontractor in lieu of termination for default, id. 33, at 4-6, as it was entitled to do under the Contract.
The FAR expressly permits the government to require a contractor to use a subcontractor in lieu of termination for default. See C.F.R. § 49.402-4 (2008). In the January 24, 2006 letter, the government details plaintiffs failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. Def.’s App. 33, 1-3. The government’s February 15, 2006 e-mail documents the government’s meeting with plaintiff to discuss the hazardous waste management services required under the Contract, Def.’s App. 33, at 5, a fact plaintiff does not dispute. See Pl.’s Mem. 4. Plaintiff has failed to provide any “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, [or] admissions on file” to dispute the government’s assertion that the government’s requirement that plaintiff hire a subcontractor was permissible in lieu of termination by default when plaintiff failed to fulfill its obligations under the Contract. See RCFC 56(c). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, the court finds that plaintiff is unable to demonstrate that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs Motion on Count I is DENIED.
2. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
Defendant seeks summary judgment on Count I based on the grounds that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Def.’s Resp. 1. Defendant asserts that the hazardous waste management services portion of the Contract was a firm-fixed-price poi’tion of the Contract and that LB&B accepted the performance risk. Id. 4-6. The Contract stated that LB&B was required to provide the necessary management, staff, and personnel to accomplish the work under the Contract. Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2; Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.2. The Con
The government asserts that plaintiff repeatedly failed to execute the hazardous waste management function required under the Contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 1-3. Further, the government asserts that hiring a subcontractor merely allowed LB&B to provide satisfactory performance; it was not an addition to the Contract. Def.’s Resp. 9. On March 21, 2007, plaintiff submitted an invoice to the government, purportedly for the costs LB&B incurred as a result “of the Government’s direction to have LB&B subcontract out the hazardous waste service at a much higher cost.” Def.’s App. 33, at 7. Plaintiff has failed to assert or to provide any documentation to establish that the work completed by the subcontractor — and paid for by LB&B — was “in addition” to the work required by the Contract. Id. 33, at 8-11. In fact, plaintiffs own invoice does not claim that the work was other than “the hazardous waste service” required by the Contract. Id. 33, at 7. Plaintiffs complaint is simply that the work was at “a much higher cost,” a fact that, without more, does not challenge defendant’s entitlement to summary judgment. Id.
The government asserts that it gave plaintiff the choice to hire a subcontractor or to terminate the hazardous waste management section of the Contract. Def.’s Resp. 9; Pl.’s Reply 3 n. 1. The government has the burden to prove that it was entitled to terminate the contract for default. McDonnell Douglas Carp., 567 F.3d at 1351. Under the Contract, the government is permitted to terminate performance of work if the CO determines that a termination is in the government’s interest. Def.’s App. 1, § I, at 4 (incorporating 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-2 by reference); see 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-2(a) (2009) (“The Government may terminate performance of work under this contract in whole or, from time to time, in part if the Contracting Officer determines that a termination is in the Government’s interest.”). The government is entitled to summary judgment if the record taken as a whole demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact, RCFC 56(e), and that the government was entitled to terminate the contract for default. See Def.’s App. 1, § I, at 2. The government submitted to the court the January 24, 2006 letter that it sent to plaintiff detailing plaintiffs continued failure to execute the requirements of the Contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 1-3. The January 24, 2006 letter provided details concerning the various ways plaintiff had failed to meet the terms of the contract. Def.’s App. 33, at 1-3. Further, plaintiff has failed to provide any evidence to dispute the government’s description of plaintiffs performance in the January 24, 2006 letter or otherwise dispute the government’s determination that termination would be appropriate.
A party defending against summary judgment may not rest upon mere denials of allegations. See RCFC 56(e). A party must offer evidence sufficient to establish that a genuine issue of material fact exists on an issue for which it has the burden of proof. See RCFC 56(c)(1). Plaintiff has failed to provide evidence sufficient to demonstrate that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding Count I. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count I is GRANTED.
B. Count II: On-site Personnel Super-vision
Plaintiff submitted a technical proposal to the government as part of its bid for the Contract. See Lewis Aff., Exhs. B, C. The parties agree that the Contract required plaintiff to “[mjanage the total work effort associated with the [Contract].” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.2; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2. The parties also agree that plaintiff would “have the responsibility and authority to direct and manage all aspects of this project. ...” Def.’s Facts ¶ 14; see Lewis Aff., Exh. B, § 3.4.1. Further, the parties agree that the Contract required plaintiff to pro
In order to determine whether a constructive change took place, the court must first determine whether the government required plaintiff to perform work that was “in addition” to the work required by the Contract. See Al Johnson, 20 Cl.Ct. at 204 (articulating that constructive change requires work be outside the contract requirements); see also Embassy, 424 F.2d at 607. In order to determine whether work was “in addition” to what the Contract required, the court must first determine what the Contract required. Plaintiff simply asserts, without support, that NAVFAC’s requirement that LB&B provide full-time, on-site supervision at the three sites was in addition to what the Contract required. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 31-32; Pl.’s Reply 5. Defendant simply asserts, without support, that the supervision at issue was required by the Contract. Def.’s Resp. 8. The issue before the court is whether the supervision required by NAVFAC was “in addition” to the supervision that was necessary to manage the total work effort and all aspects of the Contract and to assure complete and competent performance.
1. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment
Plaintiff asserts that “NAVFAC constructively changed the Contract specifications and as a result is liable to equitably adjust the Contract price to reflect the excess costs LB&B incurred as a result of NAVFAC’s changes to the Contract.” Pl.’s Mem. 10. Specifically, plaintiff states that “NAVFAC directed LB&B at various times to provide on-site, full-time supervision at these Additional Worksites.” Pl.’s Facts ¶ 32 (“NAVFAC directed LB&B at various times to provide on-site, full-time supervision at [National Navy Medical Center, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Naval District Washington].”); see Dell Deck ¶ 6. Plaintiff asserts that it did not propose to provide site supervision at the “Additional Worksites.” Pl.’s Mem. 12. LB&B asserts that because its technical proposal was incorporated into the Contract upon acceptance, LB&B’s site supervision and proposed staffing levels became part of the Contract specifications. Id. However, LB&B acknowledges that its terms could be accepted in whole or in part. Pl.’s Mem. 4 (emphasis added). LB&B has offered no evidence to support its implied assertion that the level of supervision required by the government was in addition to the level of supervision contemplated by the Contract.
Plaintiff submitted to the court the technical proposal it had submitted as part of its bid. See Lewis Aff., Exhs. B, C. In its Memorandum, plaintiff reiterates its decision to have only three site forepersons. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 22-23. Nowhere does plaintiff mention any other forepersons or managers. See id. In its technical proposal, however, plaintiff provided for both the three site fore
The Contract provides little additional guidance. See Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3. Plaintiff was required to “[m]anage the total work effort associated with the services required. Management includes, but is not limited to, personnel management, management staffing, work control, and work reception.” Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § C, at 1.3.2; Def.’s App. 1, § C, at 1.3.2.
A constructive change can occur only if the directed action is outside the “objective or standard to be achieved.” Blake Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States (Blake Constr.), 987 F.2d 743, 745 (Fed.Cir.1993). Plaintiff has not asserted that the supervision directed by NAVFAC was outside the “objective or standard to be achieved.” See id. Plaintiff has asserted only that its technical proposal contemplated three, and only three, site forepersons. Pl.’s Facts ¶¶ 22-23. If the additional supervision that NAVFAC directed LB&B to perform was within the “objective or standard to be achieved,” see Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745, plaintiff may be required to provide those services at the original price. If the additional supervision that NAVFAC directed LB&B to perform was additional to the Contract, and if this addition was ordered by the government, or was the result of the fault of the government, the plaintiff may be able to recover its excess costs. See Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 678. However, plaintiff fails to direct the court to a provision of the Contract, plaintiffs technical proposal, or to any evidence that establishes that the additional level of supervision was unnecessary. Plaintiff further fails to provide any evidence regarding the nature of the supervision it in fact provided, or that NAVFAC required.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, plaintiff has provided insufficient evidence to support its entitlement to summary judgment. See Dairyland Power Co-op v. United States (Dairyland), 16 F.3d 1197, 1202 (Fed.Cir.1994). For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs Motion on Count II is DENIED.
2. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
Defendant also moves for summary judgment on Count II on the basis that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Def.’s Resp. 1. The government supports its Motion on the basis that the Contract is a performance contract, and therefore plaintiff is responsible for completing performance regardless of cost. Def.’s Resp. 4-5. Defendant asserts that equitable adjustment is improper because “LB&B has not argued that it was required to perform work that went beyond the scope of the [Contract.” Def.’s Reply 3.
Performance contracts “ ‘set forth an objective or standard to be achieved, and the successful bidder is expected to exercise his ingenuity in achieving that objective or standard of performance, selecting the means and assuming a corresponding responsibility for that selection.’ ” Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745 (quoting J.L. Simmons Co. v. United States, 188 Ct.Cl. 684, 412 F.2d 1360, 1362 (1969)). Defendant asserts that the objective of the Contact was to provide “ ‘the management, staff, organization, supervision and personnel required’ to accomplish the work.” Def.’s Resp. 7. Defendant asserts that, because the Contract was a performance contract, plaintiff is not entitled to additional money simply because the required performance was more expensive than anticipated. Def.’s Resp. 6-7. However, the question before the court is whether plaintiff satisfied “the objective or standard to be achieved.” See Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745.
If the additional supervision that NAV-FAC directed LB&B to perform was within the “objective or standard to be achieved,” see id., plaintiff may be required to provide those services at the Contract price. If the additional supervision that NAVFAC directs ed LB&B to perform was additional to the work required by the Contract, and if this addition was ordered by or obtained by the fault of the government, plaintiff may be able to recover its excess costs. See Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 678. Defendant has failed to provide sufficient information to support its assertion that the supervision at the three additional sites — Arlington Center, Naval Air Facility Andrews and Naval Observatory — was within the scope of the Contract, that is, required to complete Contract performance. Viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, defendant has provided insufficient evidence to support an assertion of fact on which it would bear the burden of proof at trial. See Dairyland, 16 F.3d at 1202.
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s Motion on Count II is DENIED.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment on Count I is DENIED. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count I is GRANTED. Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment on Count II is DENIED. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count II is DENIED.
As to Counts II through VII, the parties are directed to file a Joint Status Report on or before Wednesday, February 24, 2010. The Joint Status Report shall include a proposed schedule for the completion of all discovery.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
.Contract No. N26477-01-D-0146 (Contract) included a list of duties that are routinely performed by Service Provider personnel in managing a Hazardous Waste (HW) facility. See Appendix to Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding Counts I and II (defendant’s Appendix or Def.'s App.) 1, § J-C.1.3, at 6-7. The Contract required that plaintiff:
1. Coordinate, track, label, pick up and transport wastes, including [Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) ] hazardous wastes (HW), non-RCRA, and [o]ily wastes from the generator site to the hazardous waste storage facility.
2. Oversee operations at the site's HW storage facility including but not limited to: weekly inspections, keeping the space clean and orderly, and notification to the environmental Program Manager of any mechanical, electrical, plumbing or other regulatory compliance problems.
3. Maintain a current inventory of all HW, non-RCRA and oily waste being stored in the storage facilities at all times.
4. Complete all disposal/recycling documentation for removal of HW, nonRCRA and oily wastes from the HW storage facility.
5. Oversee all operations performed on site by contractors, recycling contractors or any other contractors that remove HW from the storage facility.
6. Ensure that manifests accompanying waste removed from the site are accurate and complete. A Service Provider representative may sign manifests if authorized by the activity. If not authorized, manifests will be signed by the authorized customer representative. Manage all manifests to ensure that the return manifest arrives from the [Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities] TSDF within the regulatory time frame. If the manifest is not received*148 within the allowed lime frame, the service Provider shall draft and forward for customer signature an exception report.
7. Maintain all documentation on site and in a neat and organized manner that is always accessible to your representatives. All documentation shall be tracked "cradle to grave" using an electronic database.
8. Participate in all waste inspections conducted by [Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ], state or other responsible organizations.
9. All Service Provider workers have current training and certification of 40 hour [Hazardous Waste Operation and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)] and are certified to use a respirator. All training and medical surveillance is provided by the Service Provider. Copies of (raining and medical records shall be maintained at your facility.
10. The Fire Department is usually the first responder to a large spill of [Hazardous Material (HM) ] or HW. The Service Provider shall assist in the containment and clean up.
11. Generate all federal, state and locally required annual reports and/or summaries for any and all wastes.
12. Coordinate, track and maintain records of all lab analyses and identification for any unknown wastes at the site.
13. As needed plan, develop and conduct training sessions for waste generators.
14.Provide a monthly statement of all labor hours expended, lab analysis and disposal costs.
Id.
. The parties have not mentioned — nor has the court been able to find — any reference to the incorporation into the contract of FAR § 49.402-2. See Def.'s App. 1, § I; Def.'s App. 33. The government cites FAR § 49.402-4 in its February 15, 2006 e-mail requiring plaintiff to hire a subcontractor or have the hazardous waste management services portion of the contract terminated. Def.’s App. 33, at 5-6; see 48 C.F.R. § 49.402-4 (2008). FAR § 49.002 states that section 49 "applies to contracts that provide for termination for the convenience of the Government or for the default of the contractor...." C.F.R. § 49.002(a) (2008). The Contract expressly provides for termination for the convenience of the government. See Def.’s App. 1 § I, at 4; 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-2(a) (2009). Further, plaintiff has not asserted that the government's reliance on FAR § 49.402-4 was improper and, given that FAR § 49.402-4 appears to detail a method of implementing clause (4) of the Contract provision titled "Consequences of Contractor's Failure to Perform Required Services,” the court finds defendant's invocation of FAR § 49.402-4 proper.
. Section E of Contract No. N264-77-D0146 (Contract) was suspended by modification P00003. Def.'s App. 17, at 3-4. Modification P00003 replaced the March 1996 version of section 5252.246-9303 with a version dated March 2002. Id. Sub-sections (a) and (c)(4), the only subsections relevant to the issue before the court, remained unchanged. Id.
. Neither party has specified the date on which the subcontractor began working for plaintiff. Neither party has specified the identity of the subcontractor. The court does not find either of these matters to be genuine issues of material fact. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
. The Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) were recently amended; the amended RCFC became effective on January 11, 2010. No changes to the RCFC affect the analysis or outcome of the matters addressed in this Opinion and Order.
The RCFC generally mirror the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP). RCFC 56 Rules Committee Notes ("The subdivision structure of RCFC 56 was reordered to more closely conform to FRCP 56.”); see Flowers v. United States, 75 Fed.Cl. 615, 624 (2007) ("RCFC 56 is patterned on Rule 56 of the [FRCP] and is similar in language and effect.”); Champagne v. United States, 35 Fed.Cl. 198, 205 n. 5 (1996) ("In general, the rules of this court are closely patterned on the [FRCP]. Therefore, precedent under the [FRCP] is relevant to interpreting the rules of this court, including Rule 56.”); see also C. Sanchez & Son, Inc. v. United States, 6 F.3d 1539, 1541 n. 2 (Fed.Cir.1993) ("The [RCFC] generally follow the [FRCP]. [RCFC] 56(c) is, in pertinent part, identical to [FRCP] 56(c).”). Therefore, the court relies on cases interpreting FRCP 56 as well as those inteipreting RCFC 56.
. The parties discuss at length the question of whether or not plaintiff's technical proposal was incorporated into the Contract. See PL's Mem. ¶ 9; Def.’s Resp. Facts ¶ 9. Plaintiff points to section L of the Solicitation for the proposition that "[t]he technical proposal presented by the offeror to whom the award is made will be incorporated, in part or in full, into the contract at time of the award.” Pl.’s Mem. 4 (citing Lewis Aff., Exh. A, § L) (emphasis altered). Defendant relies on a similar clause contained in section B of the Solicitation that reads: "[the] technical proposal ‘may be incorporated in part, or in full into this contract upon award by reference. ...' " Def.'s Resp. Facts ¶ 9 (quoting Def.'s App. 1, § B.4) (emphasis added); see Def.'s Reply 1 n. 1. Notwithstanding the foregoing dispute, the parties agree that the government reserved for itself the discretion to incorporate proposals "in part or in full.” Pl.'s Mem. 4; Def.'s Resp. Facts 119. Unfortunately, neither party has addressed whether any such incorporation in fact occurred in this case.