King v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 18-1115
Filed: August 29, 2022
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
WILLIAM KING, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In this fifth-amendment takings case, the plaintiffs William King, Anthony Gugliuzza,
and Stephen Dardzinski move for class certification, for the appointment of the three named
plaintiffs as class representatives, and for the appointment of Messing & Spector LLP and
Schneider Wallace Cottrell Konecky LLP as class counsel. The defendant does not oppose the
plaintiffs’ motion. The plaintiffs have demonstrated that they meet the requirements of Rule 23
of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) for class certification and the appointment
of representatives and counsel. Accordingly, the plaintiffs’ motion is granted.
I. BACKGROUND
The opinion on the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, King v. United States,
159 Fed. Cl. 450 (2022), sets forth the relevant facts of this case, which are only briefly
summarized here. In 2014, Congress passed the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act (“MPRA”),
which authorized pension plans in “critical and declining status” to apply to the Secretary of the
Treasury (“Treasury”) to reduce the vested benefits of plan participants and beneficiaries. See
29 U.S.C. § 1085(e)(9)(A). Treasury, in consultation with the Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation (“PBGC”) and the Department of Labor (“Labor”), had to review a pension plan’s
application under the MPRA and, if the application satisfied certain criteria, administer an
election in which plan participants would vote on the proposed reductions. Id. §§ 1085(e)(9)(G),
(H). If the proposed reductions met the criteria under the MPRA, Treasury would issue final
authorization for the reduction of benefits, which the pension plan could implement through an
amendment of its plan documents. Id. §§ 1085(a)(3)(b), 1085(e)(9)(H)(vi).
The plaintiffs in this case are vested participants of the New York State Teamsters
Conference Pension and Retirement Fund (the “Teamsters Fund”). The Teamsters Fund applied
to reduce the benefits of many vested plan participants and beneficiaries under the MPRA. Its
application was approved and, after a vote was held, Treasury authorized the Fund to suspend
certain pension benefits. The reduction took effect on October 1, 2017. Since then, the named
plaintiffs contend that they have suffered a 29-percent reduction in their monthly pension
benefits.
Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”), pension plans that reduced
their benefits under the MPRA may apply to PBGC for special financial assistance to restore
participants’ benefits and improve the plans’ financial stability. See 29 U.S.C. § 1432(a)(1).
After withdrawing its initial application, the Teamsters Fund submitted a revised application on
July 21, 2022. (Def.’s Resp. Br., ECF 156 at 5.) Under the time limits prescribed by the ARPA,
a decision on this application is expected no later than November 18, 2022. (Id.)
After the reduction to their pension benefits took effect, the plaintiffs sued for a taking,
alleging that the federal government, in approving the reduction, effected a taking in violatio n of
the fifth amendment to the Constitution. After Judge Firestone declined to dismiss the suit, the
parties engaged in limited discovery. The defendant then moved for summary judgment. After
several delays related to the enactment of the ARPA, the def endant’s motion for summary
judgment was granted in part and denied in part. King, 159 Fed. Cl. 450.
The plaintiffs moved to certify the class on June 24, 2022. (ECF 154.) The defendant
filed a response brief on August 9, 2022. (ECF 156.) The Court held a status conference on
August 24, 2022, to address the motion.
II. DISCUSSION
The plaintiffs move to certify a class, with the three named plaintiffs as class
representatives. The plaintiffs propose the following class definition:
Any person (whether a participant, beneficiary, or other individual)
who received one or more pension payments from the New York
State Teamsters Conference Pension and Retirement Fund (the
“Fund”) on or after October 1, 2017 unless either (1) that person was
an “Active Participant” as of October 1, 2017 or (2) all pension
payments that were received by that person since October 1, 2017
were reduced by 0% relative to the sum the recipient would have
been entitled to receive if the Defendant had not authorized the
Fund, in or around September 2017, to reduce certain pension
benefits under the Kline-Miller Multiemployer Pension Reform Act
of 2014. 1
(ECF 154 at 1.) Additionally, the plaintiffs move for the appointment of Messing & Spector
LLP and Schneider Wallace Cottrell Konecky LLP as class counsel for the certified class.
“Active Participant” is defined under the terms of the plan documents as “a Participant on
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whose behalf a Contributing Employer is required to make contributions to the Plan.” (See ECF
154 at 1 n.1.) The proposed class includes both participants and beneficiaries.
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The defendant does not oppose class certification, the appointment of the named
plaintiffs as class representatives, or the appointment of the proposed class counsel. In its
response brief, however, the defendant raises two concerns: (1) that beginning the opt-in process
may confuse potential class members because of the pending ARPA application, and (2) that
class members who voted to approve the benefit reductions under the MPRA or who did not vote
should not be eligible to recover if the Court ultimately holds that a taking occurred. (See ECF
156.)
The Court first addresses the timeliness of the plaintiffs’ motion for class certification
before analyzing the substance of that motion. After certifying the class, the Court appoints class
counsel and directs the parties to define subclasses.
A. Timeliness
The court lacks jurisdiction over a claim “unless the petition thereon is filed within six
years after such claim first accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2501. Some judges of this court have held that
the filing of a class-action complaint tolls the statute of limitations. See Bell v. United States,
123 Fed. Cl. 390, 400 n.6 (2015); Abernethy v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 183, 187 (2012). The
Federal Circuit has held that a plaintiff’s motion to certify a class tolls the running of the six -year
statute of limitations for prospective class members, and that the limitations period remains
tolled during the opt-in period. Bright v. United States, 603 F.3d 1273, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
The plaintiffs’ motion is timely. The taking allegedly occurred in October 2017, so the
six-year statute of limitations does not run until October 2023. (See Am. Compl., ECF 98 at
¶ 58.) If the plaintiffs’ filing of the complaint did not toll the statute of limitations, then their
filing of the motion for class certification did toll the statute of limitations. See Bright, 603 F.3d
at 1274. Importantly, if the class is certified, the statute of limitations would remain tolled while
prospective class members are permitted to opt into the class. See id. The parties could
therefore avoid confusion among potential class members by waiting until the Teamsters Fund’s
ARPA application is resolved before distributing the notice.
B. Class Certification
Notwithstanding the defendant’s lack of opposition to the plaintiffs’ motion for class
certification, the Court must independently verify that the plaintiffs meet the requirements of
RCFC 23. See Gen. Tel. Co. Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982) (holding that a class
action may be certified only if the trial court determines “after a rigorous analysis” that the
prerequisites are satisfied). RCFC 23(a) provides that representatives of a class may sue only if:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
the claims or defenses of the class; and
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(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.
Additionally, pursuant to RCFC 23(b), a class action may be maintained only if:
the United States has acted or refused to act on grounds generally
applicable to the class; and . . . the court finds that the questions of
law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action
is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently
adjudicating the controversy.
The plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that the proposed class action meets the
requirements of RCFC 23. See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350 (2011). All
elements of RCFC 23 must be satisfied for the court to certify the class. Barnes v. United States,
68 Fed. Cl. 492, 494 (2005). Judges of this court have generally distilled the requirements for
class certification into five categories: (1) numerosity, (2) commonality, (3) typicality, (4)
adequacy, and (5) superiority. See, e.g., Common Ground Healthcare Coop. v. United States,
137 Fed. Cl. 630, 637 (2018).
1. Numerosity
RCFC 23(a)(1) provides that the proposed class must be “so numerous that joinder of all
members is impracticable.”
The proposed class in this case comprises 10,936 eligible individuals who experienced a
reduction in their pension benefits and were not “active participants” in the Teamsters Fund.
(See ECF 154 at 3.) Joinder of more than 10,000 parties would be highly impracticable. Other
classes with far fewer eligible members have been certified. See, e.g., King v. United States, 84
Fed. Cl. 120, 124-25 (2008) (certifying a class of 152 members); Haggart v. United States, 89
Fed. Cl. 523, 531 (2009) (certifying a class of 750 potential plaintiffs). Accordingly, the
plaintiffs satisfy this first factor.
2. Commonality
The second factor, commonality, comprises three criteria: (1) there must be “questions of
law or fact common to the class;” (2) the United States must have “acted or refused to act on
grounds generally applicable to the class; and” (3) the common questions must “predominate
over any questions affecting only individual members.” RCFC 23(a)(2); RCFC 23(b)(2)-(3).
First, the plaintiffs distill the legal issue common to all class members into a single
question: “Did the Government engage in a taking of property by authorizing the Teamsters
Fund to reduce vested pensions in violation of the binding contract that protected each Class
Member’s interests?” (ECF 154 at 4.) Accordingly, there is a legal question common to all class
members’ claims. See RCFC 23(a)(2).
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Second, the United States acted on grounds generally applicable to the class: Congress
passed the MPRA, and Treasury, in conjunction with PBGC and Labor, approved the Teamsters
Fund’s application to reduce vested plan participants’ benefits pursuant to the MPRA. See
29 U.S.C. § 1085(e)(9).
Third, the legal question common to all class members’ claims must predominate over
questions affecting individual class members’ claims. RCFC 23(b)(3). “‘[F]actual variation
among the class grievances’ is acceptable as long as ‘a common nucleus of operative fact’
exists.” Curry v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 328, 334 (2008) (quoting Rosario v. Livaditis,
963 F.2d 1013, 1017-18 (7th Cir. 1992)). The question posed by the plaintiffs, whether the
government’s authorization of the reduction to the plaintiffs’ benefits under the MPRA
constituted a taking, is at the heart of this case. The government’s actions towards the plaintiffs
and the subsequent reduction in their benefits form a “common nucleus of operative fact.” See
id. Those legal issues predominate over other factual variations, such as differences in the way
the prospective class members voted and differing levels of reductions in benefits. Accordingly,
this second factor, commonality, is satisfied.
3. Typicality
RCFC 23(a)(3) requires “the claims or defenses of the representative parties [to be]
typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” “[T]ypicality may be satisfied even if some
factual differences exist between the claims of the named representatives and the claims of the
class, provided that the named representatives’ claims share the same essential characteristics as
the claims of the class at large.” Fisher v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 193, 200 (2006).
The plaintiffs argue that the three named plaintiffs’ claims are “functionally
indistinguishable” from all other class members’ claims: all potential members of the proposed
class suffered a reduction of their pension benefits following government approval of that
reduction. (ECF 154.) The claims of the three putative class representatives share the same
“essential characteristics” of identical government action and a reduction in pension benefits.
See Fisher, 69 Fed. Cl. at 200. Accordingly, the representative plaintiffs’ claims are typical of
the other class members’ claims.
4. Adequacy
Under RCFC 23(a)(4), the representative parties must “fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.” Under this factor, courts must assess whether the class members may
have interests “‘antagonistic’ to one another,” whether counsel is generally qualified, and
whether counsel may have conflicts of interest. See Barnes v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 492,
499 (2005) (quoting Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 594 (1997)).
Certification of this class presents no issues of adequate representation. The class
members have no apparent antagonistic interests towards each other, counsel is highly qualified,
and there are no conflicts of interest evident to the Court. See Horvath v. United States, 149 Fed.
Cl. 735, 750-51 (2020); Barnes, 68 Fed. Cl. at 499. The representative parties adequately and
fairly represent the interests of the class.
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5. Superiority
Finally, a class action must be “superior to other available methods for fairly and
efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” RCFC 23(b)(3). Factors for evaluating superiority
include (1) whether class members have an interest in individually controllin g separate actions,
(2) whether class members have already begun other litigation, and (3) whether there are likely
difficulties in managing the class action. See id.First, in this case, class members likely do not have an interest in individually controlling
separate actions. Most of the potential class members are elderly, retired individuals, and
litigation of the complex legal issues in this case on an individual basis would require substantial
financial resources with no likely additional benefit. Moreover, the class members are in similar
legal positions relative to one another, and separate actions are unlikely to yield different results.
Second, although the Teamsters Fund is in the process of securing economic relief under
the ARPA, the Court is not aware of any other litigation of the class members regarding cuts to
their pension benefits.
Third, the parties do not point to any difficulties regarding management of this class
action, and the Court does not foresee any particular to this case. A class action is therefore
superior to other methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the plaintiffs’ claims.
In sum, all five requirements for class certification are met: (1) the class is sufficiently
numerous, (2) there is a common legal question regarding government action predominating the
plaintiffs’ claims, (3) the representative parties’ claims are typical of their class, (4) the
representative parties will adequately represent the class, and (5) a class action is superior to
other methods of adjudication of this case. Accordingly, class certification is appropriate, and
the three named plaintiffs are appropriate representatives of the class.
C. Appointment of Class Counsel
Pursuant to RCFC 23(g)(1)(A), in appointing class counsel, the court must consider (1)
“the work counsel has done in identifying or investigating potential claims in the action;” (2)
“counsel’s experience in handling class actions, other complex litigation, and the types of claims
asserted in the action;” (3) “counsel’s knowledge of the applicable law;” and (4) “the resources
that counsel will commit to representing the class.”
The plaintiffs request the appointment of Messing & Spector LLP and Schneider Wallace
Cottrell Konecky LLP as class counsel for the certified class. Noah Messing, Phillip Spector,
and Jason Kim have already done exceptional work identifying and investigating potential claims
in this action. They are also experienced in complex litigation, having expertise in all subject
matters relevant to this case, including pension law and ERISA, class actions, and pre-trial and
appellate advocacy. (See Decl. of Noah A. Messing, ECF 154-2; Decl. of Jason H. Kim, ECF
154-3.) Counsel for the plaintiffs have already produced high-quality work in the case, and the
Court does not doubt that counsel will continue to commit significant resources to representation
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of the class in the future. Accordingly, Messing & Spector LLP and Schneider Wallace Cottrell
Konecky LLP are approved as class counsel.
D. Subclasses
Although it does not oppose class certification, in its reply brief, the defendant raises a
separate legal question affecting a subset of potential class members. (ECF 156 at 3 -6.) In the
election administered by the government, some plan participants voted to accept the MPRA
reductions, other participants voted to reject them, and many participants did not vote at all. See
King, 159 Fed. Cl. at 459. The defendant indicates that it may argue that the plan participants
who voted to approve the reduction of benefits and the participants who did not vote at all should
be excluded from the class and should not obtain relief, if the Court holds that a taking occurred.
(ECF 156 at 3-6.)
Without prejudice to the merits of the defendant’s potential argument, the Court finds it
administratively expedient to categorize the class members during the opt-in period into
subclasses. Accordingly, as the Court explained on the record during the status conference on
August 24, 2022, the parties are directed to propose definitions for three subclasses: one
comprising class members who voted to reject the benefit reductions, a second comprising class
members who did not vote, and a third comprising class members who voted to approve the
benefit reductions.
III. ORDER
The plaintiffs’ motion for class certification (ECF 154) is GRANTED. The Court
CERTIFIES the following class pursuant to RCFC 23:
Any person (whether a participant, beneficiary, or other individual)
who received one or more pension payments from the New York
State Teamsters Conference Pension and Retirement Fund (the
“Fund”) on or after October 1, 2017 unless either (1) that person was
an “Active Participant” as of October 1, 2017 or (2) all pension
payments that were received by that person since October 1, 2017
were reduced by 0% relative to the sum the recipient would have
been entitled to receive if the Defendant had not authorized the
Fund, in or around September 2017, to reduce certain pension
benefits under the Kline-Miller Multiemployer Pension Reform Act
of 2014.
The Court DESIGNATES William King, Anthony Gugliuzza, and Stephen Dardzinski
as representatives of the class. See RCFC 23(a).
The Court APPOINTS Messing & Spector LLP and Schneider Wallace Cottrell
Konecky LLP as class counsel. See RCFC 23(g).
The parties shall meet and confer for purposes of proposing definitions for the three
proposed subclasses. The plaintiffs shall file a motion proposing subclasses no later than
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September 23, 2022. The plaintiffs shall indicate in their motion whether the defendant
consents to the proposed definitions. If the defendant does not consent, the defendant shall file a
response to the plaintiffs’ motion no later than October 7, 2022. The plaintiffs shall file any
reply no later than October 14, 2022.
Additionally, no later than October 21, 2022, the plaintiffs shall file a motion seeking the
Court’s approval of a proposed notice to prospective class members complying with RCFC
23(c)(2)(B). The plaintiffs shall include in their filing the proposed notice, the proposed opt-in
notice form, and the proposed plan for the distribution of notice and the opt-in period, including
the date by which potential members must opt in and the specific method by which the notice
will be provided. The plaintiffs shall also indicate whether the defendant consents to plaintiffs’
motion. If the defendant does not consent to the plaintiffs’ motion, the defendant shall file a
response no later than November 15, 2022. The plaintiffs shall file any reply no later than
November 25, 2022. To the extent the Court grants the plaintiffs’ motion, the plaintiffs shall
plan to delay distribution of the notice until after resolution of the Fund’s pending ARPA
application and shall allow sufficient time thereafter for class members to opt into the case.
Following the parties’ submissions, the Court will convene the parties for a status
conference to establish a schedule for further merits briefing.
It is so ORDERED.
s/ Richard A. Hertling
Richard A. Hertling
Judge
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