Doyle v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 22-499
Filed: March 24, 2023
JAMES DOYLE, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
THE UNITED STATES,
Defendant.
Roger J. Marzulla and Nancie G. Marzulla, Marzulla Law, LLC, Washington, D.C., for
Plaintiffs.
Paul G. Freeborne and Elizabeth McGurk, Trial Attorneys, Todd Kim, Assistant Attorney
General, Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C., for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
TAPP, Judge.
The Mojave desert tortoise takes 13 to 20 years to mature.1 Plaintiff James Doyle’s
dispute with the United States dates back even longer, grows at a similarly slow pace, with
maturity still to come.2 Mr. Doyle alleges that in 1996 the United States deprived him of all
economically beneficial use of his property when it designated his land as critical habitat for the
Mojave desert tortoise under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). In 2016, the Court dismissed
Mr. Doyle’s first attempt at recovering for this alleged taking, finding that his claim was not ripe
because he had not first sought a permit from the United States Fish and Wildlife Services
(“FWS”) exempting him from land-use prohibitions. Mr. Doyle now contends that his Fifth
Amendment takings claim is ripe. The United States moves to dismiss the case for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction. It argues that the case remains unripe because Mr. Doyle only
1
U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Serv., Desert Tortoise, https://www.fws.gov
/species/desert-tortoise-gopherus-agassizii (last accessed March 16, 2023).
2
The Court refers to the two plaintiffs in this case, James Doyle and his wholly owned limited
partnership, Rocky Mountain Ventures and Environmental Land Technologies, Ltd., collectively
as “Mr. Doyle.”
submitted an incomplete permit application and therefore FWS still has not reached a final
decision on whether his exemption permit should be granted.
Because the Court finds that Mr. Doyle was required to obtain a final decision from FWS
before bringing this challenge and because he still has not done so, the Court dismisses Mr.
Doyle’s Complaint as unripe for adjudication under RCFC 12(b)(1).
I. Background
The Mojave desert tortoise lives in desert valleys located between 1,000–4,000 feet in
elevation. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, National Park Serv., Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii),
https://www.nps.gov/moja/learn/nature/desert-tortoise.htm (last visited March 18, 2023). The
tortoises can live up to 60 or 80 years and, once mature, have few natural predators other than
mankind.3 Id. This tortoise is described as the largest wild reptile in the American southwest,
growing up to 15 inches in length. See U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,
The Threatened Desert Tortoise, https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/documents
/Nevada_SNDO_Desert_Tortoise_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf (last visited March 18, 2023). In an
appropriate habitat, tortoise populations range from a few per square mile to 200 per square mile.
Id. They live the bulk of their lives in underground burrows. Id.
The tortoise was listed [on the ESA] because of direct losses and threats to tortoise
populations and habitat. Desert tortoises are directly impacted by increased raven
predation on juveniles, collection by humans, vandalism, losses on roads and to off-
highway vehicle (OHV) activities, and Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (URTD).
Tortoise habitat is lost directly to urbanization, agriculture, road construction,
military activities, and other uses. OHV use, rights-of-way, and grazing degrade
habitat. All of these activities fragment tortoise habitat, which may reduce a tortoise
population below the level necessary to maintain a minimum viable population.
Id.
The ESA, Pub. L. No. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884 (codified at 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.), broadly
prohibits actions such as harassing, harming, collecting, or pursuing—referred to as “the take”—
of any listed species. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19), 1539 (a)(1)(B). Once species are listed as
endangered under the ESA, the Act requires the Secretary of Interior (“the Secretary”) to
designate critical habitat areas that are “essential to the conservation of the [listed] species and . .
. may require special management consideration or protection[.]” 16 U.S.C. §§ 1532(5)(A),
1533(a)(3).
The ESA requires federal agencies to ensure that any agency action “is not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence” of any listed species or “result in the destruction of adverse
3
Unlike adult tortoises, hatchlings are susceptible to predation from a variety of species. U.S.
Dep’t of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, The Threatened Desert Tortoise,
https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov
/files/documents/Nevada_SNDO_Desert_Tortoise_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf (last visited March 18,
2023).
2
modification of [their] habitat.” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). However, ESA’s prohibitions on
activities that may endanger protected species are not absolute. The ESA authorizes the FWS to
permit otherwise prohibited take of listed species if FWS finds them to be “incidental to, and not
the purpose of,” any lawful activity. § 1539(a)(1)(B). For example, if FWS finds that lawful
land-use in a protected habitat will only result in an acceptable level of loss for protected species,
it issues an incidental take permit (“ITP”) to allow for the land-use despite its minimal impact
and given certain assurances. Id.
Several conditions must be met before FWS approves an incidental take permit
application, one of which is that the applicant must submit a conservation plan, known as a
Habitat Conservation Plan (“HCP”). § 1539(a)(2)(A); 50 C.F.R. § 17.32(b)(1)(iii)(c). By
submitting an HCP, the applicant describes the impact that they believe will “likely result” from
their take and explain why their proposed plan for developing their property will only have an
incidental impact on the protected species. 50 C.F.R. § 17.32(b)(1)(iii)(c). FWS regulations
require an HCP to describe: the intended steps to mitigate the negative impact on protected
species; alternative actions to such take which were considered; the reasons why such
alternatives are not being utilized; and any other measures that the Secretary may deem
necessary or appropriate for purposes of the plan. Id. The Secretary may issue the incidental take
permit that authorizes the otherwise-prohibited activity only “[u]pon receipt of a complete
application.” 50 C.F.R. § 17.32 (emphasis added).
Mr. Doyle is a real estate developer who embarked on a plan to develop 2,440 acres of
property in the St. George area of Washington County, Utah, in the 1980s (located on the
northern extension of the Mojave desert). (Pl.’s Resp. at 14, ECF No. 13). The City of St. George
approved Mr. Doyle’s design for developing a master-planned community of luxury homes
anchored by nine golf courses. (Compl. at 1, ECF No.1). However, in 1990, FWS listed the
Mojave desert tortoise as threatened under the ESA and by 1994 designated 129,100 acres of
land in Utah (10,500 acres of which were privately owned) as critical habitat, including all of
Mr. Doyle’s land. See Endangered & Threatened Wildlife & Plants; Desert Tortoise, 54 Fed.
Reg. 42270 (Oct. 13, 1989); Determination of Critical Habitat for the Mojave Population of the
Desert Tortoise, 59 Fed. Reg. 5820 (Feb. 8, 1994); see also (Pl.’s Resp. at 13).
Subsequently, in 1996, FWS approved a 20-year incidental take permit based on an HCP
submitted by Washington County. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 3, ECF No. 8). The incidental take permit
authorized Washington County to develop up to 12,264 acres of the tortoise habitat on non-
Federal land in the County and all other non-Federal land in the County outside the area known
as the Beaver Dam Slope. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 4).
In 2009, Congress sought to grant additional special protection to 44,725 acres of public
land within the Red Cliffs Desert Reserve by designating that portion as the Red Cliffs National
Conservation Area. Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111–11, 123
Stat. 991 (March 30, 2009). Congress’s stated aim was to conserve and protect “the ecological,
scenic, wildlife, recreational, cultural, historical, natural, educational, and scientific resources,”
of that area. Id. This legislation authorized the Secretary of the Interior to sell public land and use
the proceeds to purchase private land that remained in the conservation area. Id. Mr. Doyle’s
lands and several other private land holdings are located among the public lands in this
designated conservation area. (Pl.’s Resp. at 15).
3
In 2016, Washington County’s incidental take permit expired, and the County obtained
approval from FWS for a new HCP in 2020. (Def.’s Mot. Exs. 5,6). Pursuant to that HCP, FWS
issued a new 25-year incidental take permit to the County. (Id.). In 2015, Mr. Doyle challenged
FWS’s decision to foreclose development on his land as a violation of the Fifth Amendment’s
takings clause. See Doyle v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 147 (2016). Mr. Doyle also claimed that
the United States had obligated itself to purchase his land for fair value by approving the
Washington County HCP and its failure to do so was a breach of contract. Id. The Court found
that Mr. Doyle had failed to state a claim for breach of contract because Mr. Doyle’s
participation in the steering committee that worked to prepare the Washington County HCP was
not enough to make Mr. Doyle a party to, or a third-party beneficiary, of the 1996 agreement that
was finally approved between FWS and Washington County. Id. at 156. The Court also rejected
the argument that the 2009 designation of Red Cliffs National Conservation Area impacted Mr.
Doyle’s property rights, finding that the law did “not . . . place any express restrictions on
development of private lands located within its boundary.” Id. at 158. Most relevant here, the
Court dismissed Mr. Doyle’s 2015 action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction finding that Mr.
Doyle’s claim was unripe because he had not submitted an incidental take permit application to
FWS that included his proposed development plan before bringing the lawsuit. Id. at 156–58.
Subsequently, Mr. Doyle submitted his permit application to FWS in March 2020. (Def.’s
Mot. Ex. 1). This time, the application did not include a personalized HCP, and FWS notified
Mr. Doyle in June 2020 that the application was incomplete for that reason. (Pl.’s Resp. at 26).
To date, Mr. Doyle still has not amended his application with a proposed HCP, instead insisting
that the application incorporates Washington County’s previous HCP. (Id.)
II. Discussion
Mr. Doyle filed his Complaint on May 6, 2022, claiming that the takings claim is now
ripe because FWS has effectively denied his application by failing to act. (See Compl.). Mr.
Doyle also argues that two decisions issued by the Supreme Court in the aftermath of his initial
lawsuit introduce new standards that now render Mr. Doyle’s takings claim ripe for adjudication.
Before proceeding to the merits, the Court must determine that it has subject-matter
jurisdiction. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Envt, 523 U.S. 83, 88–89 (1998). The plaintiff
bears the burden of proving that subject-matter jurisdiction exists. McNutt v. Gen. Motors
Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 182–83 (1936). This Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over
timely takings claims pursuant to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the Tucker
Act. U.S. Const. amend. V; 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Court does not have jurisdiction over
claims that are not ripe. See Howard W. Heck & Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 134 F.3d 1468(Fed. Cir. 1998).
As the Court previously stated, federal courts have jurisdiction to review takings claims
related to ESA’s enforcement but the path to the Courts is marked by two requirements: (1) that
the plaintiff applies for an incidental take permit with FWS and (2) that the application includes
an HCP for FWS’s consideration and final approval. See Doyle, 129 Fed. Cl. at 156 (noting that
“even where a plaintiff has been enjoined by a court from conducting an activity on its property
because of the ESA, the Federal Circuit has required that the plaintiff seek an [ITP],” before the
case is ripe) (citing Boise Cascade Corp. v. United States, 296 F.3d 1339, 1348 (Fed. Cir.
4
2002)); see also Loggerhead Turtle v. Cnty. Council of Volusia Cnty., Fla., 148 F.3d 1231, 1238
(11th Cir. 1998) (“a prerequisite to receiving an incidental take permit, [is for] the applicant [to]
submit a habitat conservation plan.”). The purpose of this process is to first give FWS the chance
to balance the interests at stake and reach a final decision on whether its regulatory enforcement
obligations overcome the particular property interest at stake. See Schooner Harbor Ventures,
Inc. v. United States, 569 F.3d 1359, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[A] claim that the application of
government regulations effects a taking of a property interest is not ripe until the government
entity charged with implementing the regulations has reached a final decision regarding the
application of the regulations to the property at issue.”) (quoting Williamson Cnty. Reg’l Plan.
Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank, 473 U.S. 172, 186 (1985), rev’d on other grounds by Knick v. Twp.
of Scott, 139 S. Ct. 2162 (2019)).
Mr. Doyle, however, argues that two recent Supreme Court decisions—Knick, 139 S. Ct.
2162 (2019) and Pakdel v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 141 S. Ct. 2226 (2021)—change the
requirements for when FWS regulations can be challenged in federal courts. (Pl.’s Resp. at 27–
28). In both Pakdel and Knick, the Supreme Court reconsidered the scope of its prior decision in
Williamson, 473 U.S. 172 (1985). In Williamson, property owners challenged the application of a
local zoning ordinance and the land-use restrictions it imposed as a temporary taking. 473 U.S. at
175. The Court in Williamson introduced two ripeness requirements for federal courts’ review of
certain takings claims: first, that the property owner obtains a final decision from the government
entity in charge of enforcing the regulation (known as the finality requirement), and second, that
the property owner first seeks just compensation under state law in state court before bringing a
taking claims in federal courts (known as the state-litigation requirement). See Knick, 139 S. Ct.
at 2167–69 (summarizing the holding in Williamson).
In 2019, thirty-four years following Williamson, the Supreme Court revisited its earlier
reasoning in the context of another local land-use ordinance. Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2162. Knick
found that Williamson’s state-litigation requirement “imposes an unjustifiable burden on takings
plaintiffs,” who in many cases had to navigate conflicting jurisdictional rules to ensure their
claims could ever be heard in federal courts. Id. at 2167–69. Acknowledging the “unanticipated
consequences” of Williamson’s state-litigation requirement, the Supreme Court overruled that
decision in part. Id. at 2178–9 (“The state-litigation requirement of Williamson is overruled.”).
The Supreme Court in Knick explicitly stated that Williamson’s finality requirement was not
under review and therefore not disturbed. See id. at 2169 (“Knick does not question the validity
of [Williamson’s] finality requirement, which is not at issue here.”). Thus, Knick does not
retroactively affect what this Court held in 2016, nor does it ripen Mr. Doyle’s claim.
Two years after Knick, in Pakdel, the Supreme Court expounded on Williamson again,
this time addressing the state-forum finality requirement. Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2228–29. In
Pakdel, the City of San Francisco had twice denied the property owners’ request to be exempted
from a land-use ordinance. Id. Yet, the Ninth Circuit found that Williamson’s finality
requirement barred the property owners from suing because the property owners’ delays in
seeking an exemption from the government entity denied the state agency the “opportunity to
exercise its ‘flexibility or discretion’” to reach a final decision. Id. Although the Ninth Circuit
compared Williamson’s requirement for exhaustion of state remedies to the administrative-
exhaustion doctrine, the Supreme Court rejected that analogy. Id. at 2231.
5
The Supreme Court noted that, unlike the administrative-exhaustion doctrine which
requires “proper exhaustion,” meaning compliance with all agency requirements and “critical
procedural rules,” Williamson only mandates a “relatively modest” finality requirement. Id. at
2230 (emphasis added). Under this modest rule of finality, the property owners only need to
show that “there is no question about the [the government entity’s] position,” on how the
regulation at issue applies to their property. In other words, Williamson’s finality requirement is
met so long as it is clear to the federal courts that the initial decisionmaker has arrived “at a
definitive position” on the issue, even if certain additional levels of administrative review remain
unexhausted, and even if certain “administrative missteps” occurred on the way to obtaining that
final decision. Id. at 2231. Together, Knick and Pakdel imply that federal courts can review
takings claims once it is clear that the government entity has “firmly rejected [the property
owners’] request for a property-law exemption.” See id. at 2226 (finding that Williamson did not
require the petitioners to show that they had also complied with agency’s administrative
procedures for seeking relief when they had shown that the City “had firmly rejected their
request for property-law exemption”).
Mr. Doyle is correct that Knick states, in part, that “contrary to [Williamson], a property
owner has a claim for a violation of the Taking Clause as soon as a government takes his
property for public use without paying for it.” Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2170 (“[t]he Fifth Amendment
right to full compensation arises at the time of the taking . . .’”) (citing Jacobs v. United States,
290 U.S. 13 (1933)). But the Supreme Court did not offer that statement in a vacuum, and neither
will this Court interpret it in a vacuum. Although Knick states that property owners may
challenge government action as soon as their property has been taken, it does not define the
moment of taking as the moment when the property owner subjectively feels affected by a
potential taking. Instead, the Supreme Court cited United States v. Dow, 357 U.S. 17, 22 (1958),
for the proposition that “the act of taking” remains the “event which gives rise to the claim for
compensation.” Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2170. Dow itself held that the event that constitutes “the act
of taking” is either when the government entity has physically entered and taken possession of
the property, or when it has filed a declaration of taking for the property in question. Dow, 357
U.S. at 23. In either case, such actions render the property owner’s takings claim ripe because
they reflect “a definitive position” by the government entity that it will interfere with the
property owner’s intended use. Knick did not disturb the test the federal courts have used for
centuries to determine the moment of taking; it merely clarified that after “the act of taking,” the
property owners are no longer obligated to avail themselves of all “procedures the government
puts in place to remedy [that] taking,” (by way of providing just compensation) before seeking
that remedy directly—and likely more expeditiously—in the federal courts. Knick, 139 S. Ct. at
2170.
Mr. Doyle’s case is discernibly different from that of the property owners in Pakdel and
Knick. In Knick, the city had already issued violation notices against the property owner for
violating the local ordinance. Id. at 2164–65. Similarly, in Pakdel, the City had already twice
denied the property owners’ request for exemption. Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2229. Therefore, in
both Pakdel and Knick, there was no dispute that the government entity in question had reached a
definitive position that the property owners were not exempted from the regulation. Conversely,
FWS has never issued any decisions on how the existing regulations should apply to Mr. Doyle’s
specific proposed development. (Pl.’s Resp. at 35). And without the required HCP, as the Court
noted in 2016, the FWS will not issue a decision. See Doyle, 129 Fed. Cl. at 156–158.
6
In addition, both Pakdel and Knick involved analyzing the ripeness requirement for
actions brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and the Supreme Court in both cases acknowledged that
the ripeness analysis might differ in each case because Congress has the power to subject claims
filed under other statutes to stricter finality requirements. See Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2231.4
(“Congress always has the option of imposing a strict administrative exhaustion requirement—
just as it has done for certain civil-rights claims filed by prisoners.”).5 Unlike Section 1983
which does not anticipate an administrative review process, the ESA includes Congress’s clear
guidance on how and when FWS reaches a “conclusive position” on how the ESA’s restrictions
should apply to a particular land. As noted, 50 C.F.R. § 17.32(b)(1)(iii)(c) requires permit
applicants to submit an HCP that, among other things, details the sufficient protection and
mitigation measures they believe they can take to minimize the impact of their proposed
development on protected species. Critically, this process also involves notice and an opportunity
for public comment. 6 U.S.C. § 1539(a)(2)(A); see also 16 U.S.C. § 1539(c); 50 C.F.R. Parts 13
and 17. The process anticipated by Congress allows for both FWS and the public to review and
balance the competing concerns of critical habitat protection and property development and
reach a final determination.
As the Supreme Court noted in Pakdel, Williamson’s finality requirement is “relatively
modest,” and is aimed at ensuring that property owners are not “prematurely suing over a
hypothetical harm.” Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2230; see also Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v. Dep’t of
Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 807–08 (2003) (finding that ripeness prevents the courts from “entangling
themselves in abstract disagreements over administrative policies,” and protect the agencies from
judicial interference “until an administrative decision has been formalized and its effects felt in a
concrete way by the challenging parties.”). Mr. Doyle’s response to the motion to dismiss is rife
with contentions that neither FWS nor the public have had the chance to address. For example,
Mr. Doyle claims that the tortoise population is “continuing to decline,” and that the critical
habitat in the area has been “significantly fragmented and reduced,” by other construction and a
series of wildfires. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 20). He asserts that, despite rigorous land-use restrictions,
FWS’s efforts to enhance the population of the Reserve “have been largely unsuccessful,” and he
expresses dissatisfaction that the United States has not “identif[ied] where or how Doyle could
mitigate for any habitat disturbances that would result from his development . . . .” (Id. at 9).
Even if true, and these claims may be, 50 C.F.R. § 17.32(b)(1) provides the mechanism for
obtaining both parties’ positions on these issues and any evidence supporting their position,
taking the case out of the realm of abstract disagreements. As the Supreme Court held in Pakdel
the purpose of the finality requirement is to understand how far the regulation actually goes
when the property owners are claiming that it could be going too far; to answer that question the
4
42 U.S.C. § 1983 allows individuals to sue state government employees and others acting
“under the color of state law” in the federal courts for civil rights violations.
5
The Court has not identified any cases, nor has Mr. Doyle relied on any, where the standard
introduced in Pakdel has been applied outside the context of Section 1983 actions brought to
challenge exhaustion of state remedies such as those set up by local zoning ordinances. The
absence of caselaw indicating that Pakdel supports full circumvention of federal administrative
remedies required by Congress, such as a permitting process, further cautions against adopting
Mr. Doyle’s broad reading of Pakdel.
7
Court must first know that the government entity is “committed to” enforcing the regulation in
the manner that is under challenge. Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2230. Mr. Doyle’s blanket assertion that
“there is no genuine question as to whether Doyle will be allowed to develop his land,” cannot
substitute for the Agency’s own explanation. See Morris v. United States, 392 F.3d 1372, 1376
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Evaluating whether the regulations effect a taking requires knowing to a
reasonable degree of certainty what limitations the agency will, pursuant to regulations, place on
the property.”).
The Court also rejects Mr. Doyle’s argument that “actively participat[ing]” in creating
and submitting Washington County’s ITP and HCP, in lieu of submitting a personalized permit
application, places him in the same legal position as someone who has had his permit application
denied. (Pl.’s Resp. at 35). Mr. Doyle provides no legal support for such a conclusion. Indeed,
the Court rejected this very argument in 2016, and Mr. Doyle elected not to appeal the Court’s
conclusion. Doyle, 129 Fed. Cl. at 155. The United States, on the other hand, as it did in 2016,
correctly argues that the Washington County ITP was signed by representatives of Washington
County, the State of Utah, the Town of Ivins, Bureau of Land Management, and FWS. (Def.’s
Mot. at 10). Furthermore, the United States notes that the ITP application in this case explicitly
states that “[n]o persons who are not parties or participating Cities are intended to be deemed
third Party beneficiaries under [the] Agreement,” and that the approved ITP “will have no legal
effect on [private] property [nor] place [any] restrictions on the use of [private] property within
the [r]eserve.” (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 3, at 6, 25–26; Ex. 2 at 22).
The requirement for first obtaining a final agency decision does not condemn potential
plaintiffs to endure years of inertia and gridlock before obtaining judicial relief; the Circuit has
adopted and adhered to the standard that “an extraordinary delay in the permitting process” can
always give rise to a compensable taking. See Boise Cascade Corp. v. United States, 296 F.3d
1339, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2002). But in this case, FWS never received a full ITP application from
Mr. Doyle to begin its review process. Rather, Mr. Doyle’s direct communications with FWS
throughout the prolonged period of his dispute have been focused on negotiating (with limited
success) the sale or exchange of his property, a process independent and separate from seeking a
regulatory exemption. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 9 (noting that “over the last 25 years, the Bureau of
Land Management has purchased much of the land within the tortoise reserve,” and that “[o]ver
the years, [Mr. Doyle] has engaged in repeated and extended unsuccessful negotiations with the
Government in an effort to sell or exchange his remaining property.”)); see also, Doyle, 129 Fed.
Cl. at 157 (“The plaintiffs’ decision to voluntarily forbear from seeking to develop their land
during the negotiation period,” to negotiate a sale “did not give rise to a taking.”).
In his response, Mr. Doyle alludes to the book Catch-22 to describe the predicament he
finds himself in.6 (Pl.’s Resp. at 37). Mr. Doyle chides the “absurd bureaucratic constraints”
surrounding his lengthy negotiations with the United States to sell his land and describes the
alternative route of seeking a permit exemption as laborious and costly. (Id.). Indeed, nothing in
the Court’s opinion suggests that ESA plaintiffs are required to exhaust all just compensation
negotiations with the United States before seeking their remedy at the United States Court of
6
Joseph Heller, Catch-22 375 (Simon & Schuster 1999) (1961).
8
Federal Claims. The Court merely reiterates what it has said before: that the plaintiff must first
obtain FWS’s conclusive and definitive position on the regulation’s application to their land
before proceeding in the Court. Pakdel, 141 S. Ct. at 2230 (“The rationales for the finality
requirement underscore that nothing more than de facto finality is necessary.”) (quoting Horne v.
Dep’t of Agric., 569 U.S. 513, 525 (2013)). In this case, de facto finality entailed submitting an
ITP accompanied by an HCP, and not merely “participat[ing] in one HCP process,” submitted by
another applicant and only binding on that party. In the last 25 years or so in which Mr. Doyle
has actively pursued development of his land, he never complied with this—one and only—
prerequisite for challenging the United States’ position.
Instead of simply resting his claim on a duly filed—and presumably denied—ITP
application in his own name, Mr. Doyle again argues that his claim is supported on the back of
Washington County’s 1992 ITP application, which is supported by Washington County’s 1992
HCP, which was supported by Mr. Doyle’s input as a member of the steering committee for
drafting it, and that input itself was informed by a result “that [is] already known” from the face
of the law and its regulations: that Mr. Doyle cannot construct residential housing in the most
environmentally sensitive area for tortoise habitat protection. (Pl.’s Resp. at 22 (claiming that
“the listing of the tortoise in 1990 immediately” constituted a taking)). In other words, Mr.
Doyle’s resurrected as-applied challenge is a facial challenge in disguise. See Brubaker
Amusement Co. v. United States, 304 F.3d 1349, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[P]laintiffs pursuing a
facial challenge must show that the provision is unconstitutional in all its applications, [while]
plaintiffs pursuing an as-applied challenge must show that the provision was applied to them in
such a way that deprived them of their property.”). Mr. Doyle requests that the Court takes his
word on how the regulations in this case will apply to his specific plan and not to be concerned
with the details. This approach effectively invites the Court to peer all the way down to FWS’s
original determination in 1994 and to examine the legality of the Agency’s original decision to
protect the tortoise population at all, but the Court cannot endorse Mr. Doyle’s “turtles all the
way down” theory of the case.7
III. Conclusion
For the stated reasons, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Motion to Dismiss, (ECF
No. 8), and dismisses this case under RCFC 12(b)(1). Plaintiff’s motion for a status conference,
(ECF No. 16), is DENIED AS MOOT. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter judgment
accordingly.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ David A. Tapp
DAVID A. TAPP, Judge
7
The old tale involves an Eastern guru who proclaimed that the earth is supported on the back of
a tiger. When the Guru’s inquisitive pupils asked what then supported the tiger, the guru said it
stands on an elephant; and when asked what supported the elephant, he said it is a giant turtle.
When asked, finally, what supported the giant turtle, briefly taken aback, the guru responded
‘Ah, . . . after that it is turtles all the way down.” See e.g., Geertz, Thick Description: Toward an
Interpretive Theory of Culture, in The Interpretation of Cultures 28-29 (1973).
9