Citation Numbers: 22 F. 781
Judges: Blodgett
Filed Date: 1/5/1885
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/9/2022
This is a bill in equity for an accounting as to profits and damages, by reason of the alleged infringement of reissued
The principal features covered bjrreissued patent No. 1,935, which are in controversy in this ease, are:
(1) The slotted joint by which the two frames are coupled together so as to allow eacli frame a certain amount of free vertical motion, so that, if the wheels pass over obstructions, or fall into depressions, they will not correspondingly raise or depress the forward frame. (2) A windlass journaled upon the rear frame, projecting over the forward frame, so that, by means of a chain or other flexible connection between the forward end of the windlass and the forward frame, the latter can be raised or lowered to regulate the depth which the runner shall go into the ground when planting, and also to raise the forward frame wholly off the ground for the purpose of turning the planter at the ends of the rows, or for transporting it from field to field.
The only feature of patent No. 46,629 which defendants are charged with infringing is that which shows scrapers so arranged that they can, be brought in contact with the wheels for cleaning them of the muck or dirt which adheres to them by a treadle or lever, and, when they have done their work, will at once drop automatically away from contact with the wheel on withdrawal of the pressure from the treadle. These elements of patent No. 1,935 are embodied in the first, second, third, and eighth claims, which are as follows:
“ (1) The combination in a seed-planter of a front frame carrying the seeding mechanism and a drop-man’s seat, and a rear frame carrying a coupling windlass and a driver’s seat, with a slotted coupling, substantially as described, for the purposes set forth.
“ (2) Balancing the front and rear frames of a seed-planter by a windlass, substantially in the manner and for the purposes set forth.
“(3) The windlass, 0, to balance the front and rear frames or control the depth of planting in a seeding-machine, or to regulate the weight of the tongue upon the team, as set forth.
“ (8) The slotted joint connecting the front and rear frames when the draft of the rear frame is effected by this coupling alone, and so as to allow a vertical movement of the front or rear frame, as and for the purposes set forth.”
And the sixth claim of patent No. 46,629 covers the scraper-hanging device, which claim is as follows:
“(6) The scrapers, H, constructed as described, and mounted on the roller in such a manner as to automatically remove themselves from contact with the wheels, as and for the purpose set forth. ”
It seems to be conceded that this class of planters, in order to operate successfully, must have their rear and forward frames connected together by free joints, so as to give room for such liberty of movement that the vertical action of the forward frame will not be wholly controlled by that of the rear frame; and hence, as the proof shows, all the devices for double-frame machines which had preceded that of Bergen had provision for more or less flexibility between the frames, and Bergen states that the leading object of his improvement now in question is to secure “an extremely flexible connection between the frames, so that the machine will work equally well on rough and smooth ground;” and he provides by means of his slotted joints for a possible vertical movement of several inches between those frames. He intends, he says, to give liis machine sufficient vertical motion to permit “either tube or wheel to enter a dead-furrow, or pass over clods, without materially changing the position of the other tube or wheel.” A mere inspection of the defendant's machine, as illustrated by the models in proof, shows that they do not use such a slotted joint as is specifically described in tire Bergen patent No. 1,935, as they have not provided for any such extreme flexibility between the frames as is called for in this reissued patent. Their joint is not properly described as a slotted joint, but is a free joint obtained by means of staples and eye-bolts.
When we look back hito the prior art, we find, in the Chester Barton patent for a corn-planter, of February 18, 1858, a frame carrying the seeding device suspended beneath another frame mounted on wheels; the suspension being obtained by stirrups or slotted joints which permit free vertical motion between the two frames. In the patent of Hermann Kallor, dated July 17, 1860, for an “improvement in corn-planters,” he describes a two-frame machine, the forward one of which is mounted on runners, and carries the seed-dropping device and shows a connection of this forward frame with the rear frame by “eyes or links.” Here is certainly a suggestion of a coupling which might allow as much vertical motion as that described in the Bergen patent; and in the patent issued to J. G. Moore, dated July 8, 1862, we find lie describes the two frames of his corn-planter as connected “by a swivel hinge in the center and guiding buffers on both sides, in such a manner that each frame can accommodate itself to the inequalities of the ground independent of tho other,” and what he calls his “guiding buffers” are almost identical in structure with the slotted joint described by Bergen; that is, remove the swivel hinge which connects the middle of the two frames and you have the Bergen coupling. In the patent to Armstrong of July 22, 1802, ho
Enough also appears in the proof to justify the conclusion that there was no utility in the “extremely flexible” joints shown in this Bergen patent; for, in his patent No. 46,629, he connects the two frames together by a central curved jointed bar, which does not allow as much movement between the, frames as was provided for in the Moore patent of July 8, 1862; while both the machine of defendants'and that of Brown, whose case was heard with this case, shows a great deal less play between the frames than was allowed by the slotted joints of Bergen’s patent, and which he seems to have deemed necessary. The present machine made by Brown shows only a tip
As to the second element of this patent, which defendants are charged with infringing, there is certainly no windlass in the defendants’ machine, but the defendants raise the forward frames from the ground for the purpose of turning in the field, or for traveling their machine upon its wheels alone, when not planting, by means of a lever, which, while it may produce the same result as Bergen’s windlass, operates in an entirely different manner. Like the quality of flexibility between the frames, it seems that it was early found to be essential to the operation of this class of machines that some device should be adopted to raise the runners of the forward frame out of the ground in turning at the ends of the rows, or the machine would be so awkward and unmanageable as to be useless; and so we see that all who preceded Bergen showed some device for lifting the forward frame from the ground, the most common of which was to so arrange the driver’s seat with a leverage behind the wheels that the weight of tlm driver might lift the forward frame from contact with the ground. It will be noticed that Bergen does not wholly dispense with that feature in his organization, as he provides that the weight of the driver may be used to balance the machine; and the question is, was Bergen the first to show a device which produced such-a result, or do the defendants use his windlass ?
The Chester Barton patent of February, 1858, showed an arrangement for raising the secondary frame, carrying the seeding device off the ground by means of a windlass, so that the whole weight was carried on the wheels. Haller, in his patent of July, 1860, raised the forward frame by a lever fulcrumed on an independent castor wheel, and operated by the driver. Armstrong’s patent of July, 1862, shows levers fulcrumed on the rear frame so as to lift the forward frame clear of the ground. With these devices before the public when Bergen introduced his windlass, he certainly was only entitled to the mode of lifting the forward frame which he specially exhibited. He is in no position to invoke the doctrine of equivalents as to his windlass. It appears from the proof in the case that two-framed machines, coupled together, the forward frame being carried upon runners, are certainly as old as the patent to George W. Brown, of May 8, 1855; and in that machine, and in all the subsequent two-frame machines, some device for raising the forward frame, either by levers
I now come to consider, for a moment, the charge of infringement of the sixth claim of patent No. 46,62fi, for the automatic scrapers. Like the other two features of these check-row corn-planters, it seems to have been understood, from the first efforts at the construction of these machines, that a scraper to remove the earth which-should cling or adhere to the wheel was a necessary part of the organization. Running, as these machines were intended to do, upon the soft or newly-ploughed land of the corn-field, it might naturally have been expected that these wheels would clog to such an extent as to require some application of a scraper to remove the earth and prevent the machine from becoming unmanageable by being loaded up with dirt; and hence we find that in all, or nearly all, the large number of patents in the proof in this case, scrapers in some form are used. I do not find that any patentee showed a scraper which would automatically fall away from the wheel upon the removal of pressure on the treadle or lever, by which the scraper bar was moved; but I do find in the Vandiver patent of October 6, 1868, scrapers are shown which seem to be intended to operate automatically; that is, to remain constantly in contact with the wheel, except when turned back by means of the lever; and it can scarcely require invention to reverse this action, and so hang the scrapers upon the bar or rod carrying them that they will automatically cease to act when the pressure is withdrawn from the lever. It required, in fact, but a change of side upon the bar upon which they are hung, so that the weight of the scraper may either keep them in contact with the wheel, or allow them to swing clear of it. But, without discussing the question as to how far the scraper described in the sixth claim of this Bergen patent may be said to have been anticipated in the earlier patents, it is