Cache County Drainage District No. 5 v. Westover

HENRIOD, Justice:

Appeal from a judgment to the effect that plaintiff had acquired a prescriptive right to employ a drainage ditch running through defendants’ farm lands, by more than 20 years continuous adverse user thereof, which judgment also enjoined defendants Westovef from obstructing the drain. Reversed with costs to defendants.

The drain and properties involved roughly are illustrated by the subjoined amateur and unsealed sketch:

The evidence stated in a light most favorable to the judgment, quite strangely was elicited by defendants’ witnesses, — the plaintiff having presented no direct evidence anent the “adverse user” factor required in acquiring a prescriptive right,— but largely relying, apparently on continuous user for more than 20 years,¹ buttressed by the presumption that such user is adverse, as enunciated in our rather recent case of Richins v. Struhs,² — upon which plaintiff most heavily leans.k

The evidence most favorable to the judgment, which is reflected in the record and quite accurately reported almost identically in both briefs, fairly may be abstracted as follows:

From the defendants’ brief, the following is shown: 1) Defendants’ witness Bergeson: During the time the drain was used, owners north and east in the N.E. Yt of Sec. 12 have used it; that he, Bergeson (user of the drain south 'and west of the Section) never objected to the use; that he knew of no other users having objected to such use; 2) defendant Izvomoto, on cross-examination, being asked if plaintiffs’ users (stockholders) used the drain against his will, making the ditches wider, he said “Well, as long as a use is use, it wasn’t htirting zis; 3) defendant Westover said that he had never objected to use of the ditch by adjoining landowners who did not participate in the cost of it; 4) defendants’ witness Bergeson on being asked that even though he knew there was a bad erosion problem in 1959, he answered that “the erosion hadn’t started in ’59.” This, if true, would preclude prescription until 1979. (It also must be noted that Berge-son was testifying as to some erosion taking place nearly two miles downstream from any land owned by any of the defendants, where the water spilled over a steep bluff before entering Bear River, on land owned by one Sorenson, — no defendant here.)

From the plaintiff’s brief, 1) Iwomoto’s testimony mentioned above was repeated verbatim, with the following colloquy addendum : “Q: I thought you said it was making your ditch wider and you didn't like that. A: Yeah, but we didn’t stop them”; 2) where the question of erosion was being pursued, plaintiff’s brief excerpted some testimony given by Bergeson, defendants’ witness, to the effect that when he put the pipe in the ditch near where the water therefrom entered Bear River, in 1959 there was “not a tremendous amount” of erosion, that “it had started, and of course when it once starts it can go fast” and that he supposed that each bit of erosion would have its effect, naturally, and that from the beginning of the drain down here there was an erosion that was a natural condition and had its effect on the use of the ditch.

The above abstracted testimony is all that either side points to that might reflect on the fact of erosion. There is no substantial evidence of an erosion along the drain, except as noted constituting damage of such consequence as to connote an adverse user in the sense that the term is used in perfecting a prescriptive right, and the record reflects no objection to the use of the drain or any erosion at a point where the water was about to enter the river about two miles from any property owned by any of the defendants, until 1969, — to which conclusion the testimony recited by both parties attests. We can see nothing in the testimony offered by either or both sides in support of their contentions, justifying the trial court’s finding that “there was damage by way of erosion over the past years,” (except near the Bear River) in the sense that it exceeds any natural and/or expected erosion that would reflect any open, notorious and hostile or adverse encroachment upon the vested rights of others. As a matter of fact, in exercising our discretion to review the facts as well as the law in this equity case,³ we are constrained to and do conclude that the testimony recited by both parties here, reviewed in any kind of a light, points up proof of a permissiveness on the part of defendants that destroyed the presumption of adverse user mentioned above, and that the plaintiff thereafter did not sustain its burden of proving any adverse user, as it must,⁴ by clear and convincing evidence.⁵

The trial judge, in a memorandum opinion, said that “the prescriptive easement would appear to apply to the ditch from its point of origin to where it empties into the Bear River.” ⁶ A 30-day stay of execution was given so “that the parties may arrive at an agreement between themselves” to determine an equitable proration of the costs of operating and maintaining the ditch. The parties could not agree. This court attempted to get the parties to reconcile their difficulties, but to no avail.

The dissent by Mr. Justice Crockett does not answer the obvious fact that the presumption of creation of a right by. peaceful user of other’s properties oyer a long period of time, upon which he leans, successfully was rebutted by the evidence reflected in the record in this case. Mr. Justice Crockett fails to point out one single fact shown in the record to sustain a conclusion of an adverse user by plaintiff, hostile to defendant’s ownership. The difficulty with the dissent is that it assumes evidence to be extant, without any proof, save a naked presumption, compounding a trial court’s affirmative finding of an adverse user on the evidence adduced, — there being no basis for such conclusion. Even the trial court did not base its decision on a presumption, as the dissent does, — and such conclusion, of necessity, is conceded by the dissent by its quotation of the court’s “Paragraph 4 of the findings” of fact. Had the trial court decided this case as the dissent presumes to, the court would have been duty bound to have concluded that the presumption was decisive of the case and there were no facts to rebut it. The dissent falls into error, inconsistently conceding that this case was decided on the facts when it talks about the prerogative of the court to judge the credibility of the evidence. The difficulty is that there were no facts to support the trial court’s judgment. All the facts relating to a prescriptive right are recited in this main opinion, .and a successful challenge can be urged for either and both the trial court and Mr. Justice Crockett to state any different facts found in the record.

The record reflects that this drainage ditch with a prescriptive dominant right would split almost in half and make servient six valuable properties owned by six different farmers. Such a decision would not comport with the decision in Buckley v. Cox, supra, which says those claiming “the right to use the driveway by prescription . . . have the burden of establishing, such claim by clear and convincing evidence” (2 Tiffany, Real Property (2d Ed.), Sec. 519, p. 2046).

In view of our decision here, the other points raised on appeal become moot.

CALLISTER, C. J., and TUCKETT, J., concur.

1 . Cassity v. Castagno, 10 Utah 2d 16, 347 P.2d 834 (1959).

2 . 17 Utah 2d 356, 412 P.2d 314 (1966).

3 . See Richins v. Struhs, supra.

4 . See Richins v. Struhs, supra.

5 . Buckley v. Cox, 122 Utah 151, 247 P.2d 277 (1952).

6 . It appears that the court exceeded its jurisdiction since four landowners downstream were not parties to this litigation. This error was corrected in the official Findings which extended only to the property line of the last defendant having land adjoining the ditch. It points up, however, the difficulties in this ease, which this court would recommend be solved by agreement, if possible of all parties concerned, or by further examination under the court’s retained jurisdiction.