Crosby v. ALG Trustee, LLC

PRESENT: All the Justices
MICHAEL W. CROSBY
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 180062 JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL
December 20, 2018
ALG TRUSTEE, LLC
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY
Cheryl V. Higgins, Judge
Michael W. Crosby (“Crosby”) appeals the decision of the Circuit Court of Albemarle
County in sustaining the demurrer filed by ALG Trustee, LLC (“ALG Trustee”) and dismissing
his second amended complaint with prejudice.
I. BACKGROUND
Crosby owns real property in Albemarle County (the “property”). On September 15,
2003, Crosby took out a loan for $60,000, which was evidenced by a promissory note and
secured by a deed of trust encumbering the property. The note was subsequently assigned to the
Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”).
In April 2014, the loan was in default, with $18,313.05 due on the note. That same
month, ALG Trustee was substituted as trustee on the deed of trust.
On May 12, 2014, ALG Trustee informed Crosby that a foreclosure sale of the property
would take place on May 29, 2014. At least two separate entities, Emerald Spring LLC
(“Emerald Spring”) and Argent Development, LLC (“Argent”), were represented at the
foreclosure sale. Prior to the sale of the property, Emerald Spring and Argent had bid separately
on properties offered by ALG Trustee. However, Emerald Spring and Argent submitted a single,
combined bid of $20,903.77 for the property at issue in the present case. Although ALG Trustee
was aware that the property had a tax assessed value of $436,800, it accepted the bid. On June 9,
2014, a trustee’s deed was recorded in the public records of Albemarle County conveying the
property to the purchasers.
On June 19, 2014, the purchasers brought an unlawful detainer action against Crosby.
Crosby, in turn, filed a declaratory judgment action against ALG Trustee, Fannie Mae and the
purchasers, seeking rescission of the foreclosure sale and injunctive relief. He also filed an
emergency motion for temporary injunctive relief to halt the unlawful detainer action. The
motion was granted with the requirement that Crosby pay $2,000 per month to be held by the
trial court as rent while the matter was pending.
Crosby eventually reached an agreement with the purchasers whereby he repurchased the
property for $20,000 plus the amount held in escrow by the trial court, for a total of $78,058.63.
Crosby then settled his claims with Fannie Mae and the purchasers. Crosby subsequently sought
leave to file a second amended complaint, which was granted. 1
In his second amended complaint, Crosby alleged that ALG Trustee had breached its
fiduciary duty as a trustee under the deed of trust. Specifically, Crosby claimed that ALG
Trustee breached its fiduciary duty by failing to act impartially when it sold property with a tax
assessed value of $436,800 for only $20,903.77, by failing to conduct the sale in a manner that
would have generated more than a de minimis bid, by not cancelling the sale when it only
received a single inadequate bid, and by not timely responding to Crosby’s request for the
amount required to reinstate the loan. Crosby further alleged that the inadequacy of the price
was “so gross as to shock the conscience” and ALG Trustee was aware that the purchasers’ bid
1
Crosby had previously been granted leave to amend his complaint for reasons not
relevant to the present appeal.
2
“was unlikely to result in any reasonable return on the [p]roperty, and was likely to harm Mr.
Crosby.”
ALG Trustee demurred. In its demurrer, ALG Trustee acknowledged that Crosby’s claim
was “an action for a breach of contract, and specifically in this case, a breach of the contractual
duties contained in the deed of trust.”. ALG Trustee argued that it did not owe any fiduciary
duties to Crosby, “except for those duties arising from the contractual relationship set forth in the
deed of trust.” According to ALG Trustee, the fiduciary duties Crosby was relying on were not
set forth in the deed of trust and, therefore, did not exist. The trial court initially overruled the
demurrer, finding that the deed of trust was a contract and “that is where the [fiduciary] duty
arises from.”
Before the order overruling the demurrer was entered, ALG Trustee filed a motion to
reconsider. 2 In its motion, ALG Trustee argued that the trial court erred in overruling the
demurrer because it misinterpreted two circuit court cases that addressed similar issues. ALG
Trustee further claimed that the second amended complaint did not “state which actions taken by
[ALG Trustee] constitute a violation of [its duty of impartiality].” ALG Trustee also took issue
with the fact that the second amended complaint failed to allege any violations of an express
term or statutorily imposed term of the deed of trust.
In his brief in opposition to the motion to reconsider, Crosby asserted that the trial court
did not misinterpret the circuit court cases. He also reiterated several allegations in the second
amended complaint that he claimed demonstrated that ALG Trustee had violated its fiduciary
2
ALG Trustee also filed a second demurrer that addressed whether a cause of action
against ALG Trustee continued to exist once Crosby had settled with the purchasers and Fannie
Mae and whether the damages sought by Crosby could be awarded. The trial court also
overruled this demurrer.
3
duties. Specifically, he pointed out that he had explicitly alleged that ALG Trustee failed to
cancel or postpone the sale when it became aware that the only two bidders were bidding
together rather than separately and that ALG Trustee “failed to adjourn or postpone the sale
when it was apparent that the sale was unlike[ly] to result in any reasonable return on the
property.”
In a letter opinion dated July 21, 2017, the trial court granted ALG Trustee’s motion to
reconsider and sustained the demurrer. In explaining its decision, the trial court noted that,
although a trustee’s fiduciary duties are “incorporated into the Deed of Trust in the language that
the trustee is to act ‘with perfect fairness and impartiality’ to both the debtor and
creditor . . . such language does not create a common law duty.” It went on to state:
The Second Amended Complaint alleged a breach of fiduciary
duty but did not specify the basis of the duty. However, in
[Crosby’s] Brief in Opposition to Motion to Reconsider, it is clear
[Crosby] has pled this cause of action under the common law
negligence claim. I find the trustee’s duties are limited to the four
corners of the contract and there is no duty by the trustee under the
common law. To the extent this decision is inconsistent with other
similar decisions the Court has made in this case, I am reversing
my position.
Crosby appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Crosby argues that the trial court mischaracterized his claim as a common law
negligence claim and, as a result, improperly granted the demurrer. Crosby further contends that
the trial court erred in concluding that ALG Trustee had no duties beyond those set forth in the
deed of trust. Finally, Crosby claims that the trial court incorrectly determined that a trustee
under a deed of trust does not owe a duty to sell the property in a manner that maximizes the
sales price and to not sell it at a price so low that it “shocks the conscience.”
4
Our review of the trial court’s decision to sustain the appeal is governed by well-
established principles. “A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of facts alleged in pleadings, not
the strength of proof.” Glazebrook v. Board of Supervisors, 266 Va. 550, 554 (2003).
Therefore, “we accept as true all properly pled facts and all inferences fairly drawn from those
facts.” Augusta Mut. Ins. Co. v. Mason, 274 Va. 199, 204 (2007). Furthermore, “[a] trial court’s
decision sustaining a demurrer presents a question of law which we review de novo.” Harris v.
Kreutzer, 271 Va. 188, 196 (2006).
A. NATURE OF CROSBY’S CLAIM
In his first assignment of error, Crosby argues that the trial court erred in
mischaracterizing his claim as a common law negligence claim. Crosby contends that his claim
was actually a contract claim, not a negligence claim. We agree.
To determine whether a claim sounds in contract or tort, the Court employs the source of
duty rule. MCR Fed., LLC v. JB&A, Inc., 294 Va. 446, 457 (2017). Under this rule, the
distinction between a tort claim and a contract claim is ascertained by looking to the source of
the duty that was allegedly breached. See Augusta Mut., 274 Va. at 205 (“[T]he determination
whether a cause of action sounds in contract or tort depends on the source of the duty violated.”).
If the cause of complaint be for an act of omission or non-feasance
which, without proof of a contract to do what was left undone,
would not give rise to any cause of action (because no duty apart
from contract to do what is complained of exists) then the action is
founded upon contract, and not upon tort. If, on the other hand, the
relation of the plaintiff and the defendants be such that a duty
arises from that relationship, irrespective of contract, to take due
care, and the defendants are negligent, then the action is one of
tort.
Oleyar v. Kerr, 217 Va. 88, 90 (1976).
Moreover, an action for the breach of contractually implied duties is still contractual in
nature, notwithstanding the fact that such a breach may sound in tort. Indeed, in O'Connell v.
5
Bean, 263 Va. 176, 181 (2002), we specifically held that breaches of fiduciary duty arising out of
a contract “while sounding in tort, are actions for breaches of the implied terms of [the]
contract.”
In the present case, Crosby alleged that the relationship between himself and ALG
Trustee was based entirely on the deed of trust. Indeed, the record is devoid of any other basis
upon which the parties’ relationship could be asserted other than the deed of trust. As a deed of
trust is a contract under the law, see Code § 55-59 (“Every deed of trust to secure debts or
indemnify sureties is in the nature of a contract”), it is clear that Crosby’s claim sounded in
contract, not tort. 3 Accordingly, the trial court erred in characterizing Crosby’s claim as a
common law negligence claim.
B. ALG TRUSTEE’S FIDUCIARY DUTIES
In his next assignment of error, Crosby takes issue with the trial court’s ruling that ALG
Trustee’s duties under the deed of trust “are limited to the four corners of the contract and there
is no duty by the trustee under the common law.” Crosby argues that this ruling was erroneous,
as this Court has long recognized that a trustee under a deed of trust owes both the debtor and the
creditor certain implied fiduciary duties. Again, we agree.
“A trustee under a deed of trust is a fiduciary for both debtor and creditor.” Smith v.
Credico Indus. Loan Co., 234 Va. 514, 516 (1987). These fiduciary duties arise under the
common law and have been recognized both explicitly and implicitly for more than 200 years.
See Quarles v. Lacy, 18 Va. (4 Munf.) 251, 259-60 (1814) (recognizing that trustees under a
3
It is also telling that, prior to the trial court’s ruling on the motion to reconsider, the
nature of Crosby’s claim was not in dispute. Notably, in its demurrer, ALG Trustee expressly
acknowledged that Crosby’s claim involved “a breach of the contractual duties contained in the
deed of trust.” Similarly, the trial court had previously found that ALG Trustee’s fiduciary
duties arose from the deed of trust.
6
deed of trust must “consider themselves impartial agents for both parties, and act in all sales for
the interest of the debtor as well as the creditor”). As a fiduciary, a trustee is disqualified from
directly or indirectly purchasing the property subject to the deed of trust because “a trustee must
refrain from placing himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts with the interests
of those for whom he acts as fiduciary.” Whitlow v. Mountain Tr. Bank, 215 Va. 149, 152
(1974). Moreover, the requirement of impartiality means that a trustee under a deed of trust must
balance the conflicting positions of the creditor and debtor such that a benefit to one cannot come
at a disproportionate expense of the other. See, e.g., Rohrer v. Strickland, 116 Va. 755, 760
(1914) (“if it appears that going on with the sale at the appointed time will result in a great
sacrifice of the property, it is [the trustee’s] positive duty to adjourn the sale”); Rossett v. Fisher,
52 Va. (11 Gratt.) 492, 498-99 (1854) (holding that a trustee should not “permit the urgency of
the creditor to force the sale, under circumstances injurious to the debtor, at an inadequate
price”); Gay v. Hancock, 22 Va. 72 n.+ (1822) (“A trustee in a deed of trust is considered as the
agent of both parties and bound to act impartially between them; and it is his duty to use every
reasonable effort to sell the estate to the best advantage.”). So important is the requirement of
impartiality that this Court has expressly recognized that a trustee’s failure to remain impartial by
selling the property at a price that is “so grossly inadequate as to shock the conscience” will
“raise a presumption of fraud.” Cromer v. De Jarnette, 188 Va. 680, 686 (1949); see also Linney
v. Normoyle, 145 Va. 589, 594-95 (1926) (“So jealously does a court of equity guard the rights
of the unfortunate, that it is not necessary that actual fraud be made to appear, but it will seize
upon any inequitable circumstance as a ground to afford relief, where, as in a case like this,
property is sold for a price so inadequate ‘as to shock the conscience of the chancellor.’”).
7
Notwithstanding our longstanding jurisprudence on this matter, ALG Trustee insists that
a trustee’s duties under a deed of trust are limited to those expressly stated in the deed of trust.
In taking this position, ALG Trustee asserts that the common law fiduciary duties previously
recognized have been abrogated. ALG Trustee relies heavily on this Court’s holding that “[t]he
powers and duties of a trustee in a deed of trust, given to secure the payment of a debt, are
limited and defined by the instrument under which he acts.” Powell v. Adams, 179 Va. 170, 174
(1942) (emphasis added). Immediately following the quoted language that ALG Trustee relies
upon, however, the Court reiterated the existence of common law fiduciary duties, thereby
negating ALG Trustee’s entire argument. Specifically, the Court went on to state that a trustee
“is the agent of both debtor and creditor. It is incumbent upon him to act toward each with
perfect fairness and impartiality.” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, it is clear that Powell did not
abrogate the implied common law fiduciary duties of a trustee under a deed of trust; rather, the
language relied on by ALG Trustee merely addressed the express powers and duties of a trustee
under a deed of trust.
ALG Trustee further claims that our jurisprudence on the common law fiduciary duties of
trustees is no longer valid in light of the General Assembly’s legislation regulating the conduct
of those trustees. We note, however, that most of the regulatory provisions upon which ALG
Trustee relies address matters not at issue here. See, e.g., Code § 55-59.1(A) (describing the
notices that are required before a foreclosure sale); Code § 55-59.2 (describing the type and
number of advertisements that must precede a foreclosure sale); Code § 55-59.3 (describing the
contents of the advertisements); Code § 55-59.4(1-3) (describing who can bid, the form of bids
that may be accepted, the deposits that a trustee may require and how the proceeds of the sale
must be disbursed).
8
The mere fact that the General Assembly has extensively regulated certain aspects of a
trustee’s duties does not translate to a broad abrogation of the trustee’s fiduciary duties imposed
under the common law. See Boyd v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 346, 349 (1988) (“When an
enactment does not encompass the entire subject covered by the common law, it abrogates the
common-law rule only to the extent that its terms are directly and irreconcilably opposed to the
rule.”) Indeed, this Court has repeatedly admonished that, where a statute does not expressly or
by necessary implication change the common law, that statute is “to be read ‘in conjunction with
the common law, giving effect to both.’” Cherry v. Lawson Realty Corp., 295 Va. 369, 377
(2018) (quoting Jenkins v. Mehra, 281 Va. 37, 44 (2011)). It is further worth noting that the only
statute that addresses the trustee’s duties with regard to a foreclosure sale expressly indicates that
it does not cover the entire field of duties the trustee has in this area. Code § 55-59.4 states that
“[i]n the event of sale under a deed of trust, the trustee shall have the following powers and
duties in addition to all others.” (Emphasis added.) This language clearly indicates that the
legislature did not intend to limit a trustee’s powers and duties to those enumerated in Code § 55-
59.4.
In the present case, Crosby alleged several different duties under the deed of trust that
ALG Trustee breached. Specifically, Crosby claimed that ALG Trustee breached its fiduciary
duties by conducting the foreclosure sale “with only the bare minimum of advertising under the
deed of trust,” by failing to cancel or postpone the foreclosure sale when Emerald Spring and
Argent bid together, by not timely responding to his request for the amount required to reinstate
the loan, and by failing to act impartially in conducting the foreclosure sale. Some of these
duties, such as the duty to give public notice of the sale by advertising, although characterized as
9
a fiduciary duty, are actually contractual and/or statutory in nature. 4 Others, such as the duty to
act impartially, are clearly common law duties, as explained above.
With regard to whether Crosby sufficiently alleged that ALG Trustee breached its duty of
impartiality, we note that Crosby based his claim on the fact that the property was sold for
approximately 5% of its tax assessed value and that the sales price allowed Fannie Mae to
recover the entire amount it was due while Crosby lost “all of the equity he had amassed in the
Property.” The clear implication of Crosby’s allegations is that ALG Trustee favored Fannie
Mae at Crosby’s expense by selling the property at a grossly inadequate price. In other words,
ALG Trustee failed to balance the conflicting positions, resulting in a benefit to Fannie Mae at a
disproportionate expense to Crosby.
We recognize that a variety of factors must be considered in determining whether the sale
price is so grossly inadequate as to shock the conscience of the court. See Cromer, 188 Va. at
686 (recognizing that “forced sale value is rarely equivalent to the fair market value as is fixed
by negotiations between one who is not compelled to sell and one who is not compelled to buy.”)
However, where, as here, the complaint establishes that the foreclosure sale overwhelmingly
benefited the creditor at the debtor’s expense and there was a significant discrepancy between the
sales price and the value of the property, it is readily apparent that the allegations are sufficient to
survive a demurrer. 5
4
The deed of trust expressly sets out the amount of advertising that must precede the
foreclosure sale. Additionally, the minimum amount of advertising necessary under the deed of
trust mirrors the minimum requirements stated in Code § 55-59.2(A). Finally, the contents of the
advertisements are governed by Code § 55-59.3. Thus, contrary to Crosby’s characterization, the
duty to give public notice of the sale by advertising is both contractual and statutory, and not an
implied fiduciary duty.
5
We recognize that situations may arise where, through no fault of the trustee, the only
bids received are woefully inadequate. This Court has long recognized that, in such a situation,
10
Given this Court’s explicit recognition that the duty of impartiality is a common law duty
that exists as an implied term of the deed of trust, the trial court’s ruling that ALG Trustee’s
duties were “limited to the four corners of the contract and there is no duty by the trustee under
the common law” was erroneous. 6
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the judgment of the trial court sustaining ALG
Trustee’s demurrer and we will remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
JUSTICE MIMS, with whom JUSTICE GOODWYN joins, concurring in part and dissenting in
part.
I concur with the majority’s conclusion in Part II(A) that the circuit court erred by
mischaracterizing Crosby’s claim as one for common law negligence. As the majority notes,
“[i]t is the trustee’s duty to forbear to sell, and to ask the aid and instructions of a court of
equity . . . when, for any reason, a sale is likely to be accompanied by a sacrifice of the property,
which, at the cost of some delay, may be obviated.” Morriss v. Virginia State Ins. Co., 90 Va.
370 (1893).
6
In his third assignment of error, Crosby argues that the trial court erred “by concluding
that a trustee under a deed of trust does not owe a fiduciary duty to sell a borrower’s property in
a manner which maximizes the sale price or to not sell it at a price that is so low that it ‘shocks
the conscience.’” We note, however, that the trial court did not specifically rule on this matter.
Rather, the trial court based its ruling entirely on its determination that Crosby had brought a
negligence claim and that ALG Trustee had no common law fiduciary duties because a trustee’s
duties are limited to the four corners of the deed of trust. Consequently, Crosby’s third
assignment of error addresses rulings not made by the trial court and, therefore, we dismiss this
assignment of error as improvidently granted. See Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii). To the extent that
Crosby’s third assignment of error addresses matters that are implied by the trial court’s actual
rulings, our analysis above sufficiently addresses those matters.
We do not address ALG Trustee’s arguments regarding whether Crosby’s second
amended complaint raised a sufficient basis to support an award of damages as the issue has not
been fully developed.
11
“Crosby alleged that the relationship between him and [ALG] was based entirely on the deed of
trust.” Ante at 6. However, that is precisely why his claim against ALG fails, and why I must
respectfully dissent from Part II(B).
In his second amended complaint, Crosby alleged that ALG breached its duties because it
“conducted the sale with the minimum of advertising required under the Deed of Trust.” He
alleged that this constituted a failure to “bring bidders to the sale in order to conduct a sale which
would have generated more than a de minimus [sic] bid.” He alleged that it breached its duty
“by not cancelling or postponing the sale,” which it should have done when it “saw that the
proposed sale was unlikely to result in any reasonable return on the Property.” These alleged
breaches culminated in “ALG allow[ing] the Property to be sold at auction for a mere
$20,903.77,” “[a]lthough the Property had a tax assessed value of $436,800.”
Everyone agrees that the deed of trust is the contract from which the parties’ duties arise
in this case. Paragraph 22 provides that
[i]f Lender invokes the power of sale, Lender or Trustee shall give to Borrower,
the owner of the Property, and all other persons, notice of sale as required by
Applicable Law. Trustee shall give public notice of sale by advertising, in
accordance with Applicable Law, once a week for two successive weeks in a
newspaper having general circulation in the county or city in which any part of
the Property is located, and by such additional or any different form of
advertisement the Trustee deems advisable. Trustee may sell the property on the
eighth day after the first advertisement or any day thereafter, by not later than 30
days following the last advertisement. Trustee, without demand on Borrower,
shall sell the Property at public auction to the highest bidder at the time and place
and under the terms designated in the notice of sale in one or more parcels and in
any order Trustee determines. Trustee may postpone sale of all or any parcel of
the Property by advertising in accordance with Applicable Law.
In its demurrer to the second amended complaint, ALG argued that all of the acts Crosby
alleged as breaches of fiduciary duty complied “with the terms of the contractual provisions in
the deed of trust.” Although this argument was not the basis for the circuit court’s ruling, it is a
12
sound one upon which to affirm the judgment. Haynes v. Haggerty, 291 Va. 301, 305 (2016)
(discussing the right result for a different reason doctrine). Crosby alleged that ALG sold the
property at auction after advertising it only twice—but he agreed in the deed of trust that the
trustee could sell the property after advertising it that many times. He alleged that ALG sold the
property to the highest bidder at the auction—but he agreed in the deed of trust that it could. In
fact, he agreed that it shall. Thus, ALG did exactly what the parties to the deed of trust agreed
that the trustee would do: advertise that the property would be sold at auction, and sell the
property to the highest bidder there.
The majority notes that “‘breaches of fiduciary duty . . . are actions for breaches of the
implied terms of a contract.’” Ante at 6 (quoting O’Connell v. Bean, 263 Va. 176, 181 (2002). It
follows, then, that Crosby should be able to identify some provision of the contract, express or
implied, that ALG violated. He has not. The majority has not either. To the extent that the
majority holds that the fiduciary duty of impartiality is the implied term of the deed of trust that
ALG allegedly violated, the duty we have recognized is impartiality between the debtor and the
creditor. Ante at 8 (citing Powell v. Adams, 179 Va. 170, 174 (1942)).
None of Crosby’s allegations suggest bias toward the creditor. His second amended
complaint alleges no bias toward the foreclosure purchasers, collusion with them, or self-dealing,
either. To the contrary, the allegations establish nothing more than that ALG dispassionately,
impartially, and without interest or bias discharged each obligation the deed of trust imposed on
it, without favor to anyone involved in the transaction. ALG advertised for a foreclosure sale, as
the deed of trust required, and sold the property to the highest bidder there, as the deed of trust
required. Yet the majority remands for a trial to determine whether ALG may be liable to
Crosby for damages for doing exactly what he agreed in the deed of trust that it was required to
13
do. By doing so, the majority makes the trustee under a deed of trust a guarantor by implication
of the price that a foreclosed property sells for at auction, when the parties to the deed of trust
expressly agreed both (1) to a number and frequency of advertisements intended to draw buyers
to the auction, and (2) that the property will be sold to the highest bidder so drawn.
The Court has recently considered several cases in which lenders or trustees have done
things deeds of trust did not empower them to do, or failed to do things deeds of trust required
them to do. This is not such a case. Here, ALG did all of the things that the deed of trust
required. It did them as the deed of trust required them to be done. It should not face liability
for damages for those actions, especially in a case where the homeowner has recovered the
property from the foreclosure purchasers in a settlement. 1 Accordingly, based on the provisions
of the deed of trust and the allegations of the second amended complaint in this case, I would
affirm the circuit court’s judgment sustaining ALG’s demurrer. 2
1
The sale of a property for a price so grossly inadequate that it shocks the conscience is a
ground to set aside a foreclosure in equity. Linney v. Normoyle, 145 Va. 589, 594-95 (1926);
Rohrer v. Strickland, 116 Va. 755, 759 (1914). But in this case, Crosby has recovered the
property—and his equity in it—so that remedy is moot and it is not what he seeks here. Instead,
he seeks an award of damages, but neither he nor the majority cite any authority to support his
argument that a sale even for a shockingly inadequate price is a ground for damages.
2
ALG also argues that the fiduciary duties of a trustee under a deed of trust arising from
common law have been abrogated by statute. It is true that a trustee under a deed of trust is
different from a trustee under a general trust agreement, and their fiduciary duties are not the
same. See Code § 64.2-700(A)(1) (expressly excluding trustees under deeds of trust from the
provisions of the Uniform Trust Code, Code §§ 64.2-700 through -808). The Uniform Trust
Code expressly supplements, rather than supplants, the common law of trusts. Code § 64.2-
777(B). The same may or may not be true of the statutes codified in Title 55 that specify the
duties of trustees under deeds of trust. However, we need not consider that issue in this case
because a trustee’s duties certainly may be limited by the terms of the deed of trust, unless
prohibited by statute. The deed of trust limits them here and there is no statutory prohibition.
14