Yaqub Hameed Muwakkil v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judge Beales and Retired Judge Bumgardner*
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
YAQUB HAMEED MUWAKKIL
MEMORANDUM OPINION** BY
v. Record No. 0976-18-2 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
JULY 16, 2019
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Gregory L. Rupe, Judge
Melvin L. Todd, Jr. (Todd Law P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Yaqub Hameed Muwakkil appeals his convictions, as reflected in the sentencing order in
this case, for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of heroin with intent to
distribute. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress
evidence because law enforcement lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle that he was
driving. In addition, this Court directed the parties to address a discrepancy in the record regarding
whether the trial court convicted the appellant of two counts of possession with intent to distribute,
in violation of Code § 18.2-248, or simple possession, in violation of Code § 18.2-250. We hold
that the evidence supports the trial court’s denial of the appellant’s motion to suppress, and we
affirm that ruling. Additionally, based on the record, we hold that the sentencing order contains
*
Retired Judge Bumgardner took part in the hearing and decision of this case by
designation pursuant to Code § 17.1-400(D).
**
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
apparent errors, and pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(B), we remand to the trial court for the sole
purpose of entering an order correcting the two offenses of conviction.
I. BACKGROUND1
On June 8, 2017, Officers Darryl Lee and Naitraj David of the City of Richmond Police
Department were working at an “off-duty assignment” to provide security at an apartment
complex in the city. About two weeks earlier, both Lieutenant Flippo, also with the Richmond
Police Department, and Cheyenne Williams, the property manager for the apartment complex,
texted certain information to Officer Lee. They provided him with a flier depicting an individual
who “was wanted” and for whom they asked Lee to be on the lookout.
On the afternoon of June 8, from a distance of “3 to 4 feet,” Lee saw a man driving
through the apartment complex parking lot “who [he] believed was” the “wanted” person
depicted on the flier. Two women and a “small child” were also in the car with the individual.
Officer Lee noticed that the child was standing “in the back seat” and clearly “not secured” in a
“seat belt or car seat.” The officer estimated that the child was “between seven and ten years
old.” Although Lee did not know whether the law required a child that age to be restrained in a
special car seat, he saw that the child also was not wearing a required “seat belt.”
Based on his observations, Lee initiated a traffic stop of the vehicle, and the appellant,
who was the driver, “immediately pull[ed] [the car] over.” Lee told the appellant that he stopped
him due to “a warrant based on a flier” and “also [because] the child in the back seat [was] not
secured in a car seat.”
1
In ruling on the propriety of a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress, the
appellate court considers the evidence introduced at the suppression hearing and at trial. See,
e.g., Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 385 n.1 (2012). The Court views that
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below, in this case the
Commonwealth, granting to the evidence all reasonable inferences flowing from it. E.g., id. at
385 n.1, 389.
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Officer Lee testified concerning the specifics of his encounter with the appellant. The
appellant cross-examined Officer Lee about his memory and various alleged inconsistencies
between Lee’s testimony at the preliminary hearing and the suppression hearing. In argument to
the trial court, the appellant challenged whether Officer Lee had “reasonable articulable
suspicion to actually pull [him] over.” He referenced the collective knowledge doctrine and took
issue with the information passed on to Lee. The appellant also argued that Lee did not testify in
general district court that the child was “not . . . in a safety seat.” Following argument, the trial
court denied the motion to suppress.
At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence concerning the stop and search, including
testimony about the appellant’s aggressive behavior and resistance during the course of the
detention, the illegal drugs and digital scale found in the car, and the significance of his
possession of those items.
Following the Commonwealth’s case, the appellant opted not to present evidence, and the
parties waived argument. The judge then ruled from the bench. In doing so, he stated in relevant
part, “I am 85, 90 percent sure he is guilty as charged of possession with intent[,] . . . [but] I’m
going to give him the benefit of the doubt and find him not guilty of possession with intent. Find
him guilty of possession of both drugs.” The judge also offered, “If you want to hammer out the
guideline[s], I can sentence him right now.” He then took a recess so that the attorneys could
calculate the sentencing guidelines.
When the judge returned to the bench, the prosecutor presented him with the guidelines
calculations agreed upon by counsel. After hearing argument, the judge stated: “[On the cocaine
charge], having found you guilty of the lesser felony offense, I sentence you to 5 years with 3
years suspended . . . . On [the heroin charge], I sentence you to 5 years with 3 years suspended.”
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On May 22, 2018, the judge entered the sentencing order. It reflected the same sentences
that he had pronounced from the bench on May 11, 2018. However, contrary to the oral ruling
from the bench, the order listed the two offenses of conviction as possession of cocaine and
possession of heroin each with intent to distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248, rather than
simple possession of those substances, in violation of Code § 18.2-250. The order also included
language that the court “considered and reviewed the applicable discretionary sentencing
guidelines and . . . guidelines worksheets,” and it ordered that those materials be made a part of
the record. The worksheets, signed by the judge the same day as the sentencing, in contrast to
the sentencing order, state that the offenses of conviction were possession of cocaine and
possession of heroin, as proscribed by Code § 18.2-250. Additionally, all relevant portions of
the worksheets are consistent with the possession offenses.
Following sentencing, the appellant noted this appeal and filed a petition raising a single
assignment of error challenging the constitutionality of the stop. This Court granted the petition
and also directed the parties to address the inconsistency between the transcript and the
sentencing order regarding the offenses of conviction. Subsequently, while this appeal was
pending, without direction or authorization from this Court, the trial judge entered an order nunc
pro tunc to the date of entry of the original sentencing order. The nunc pro tunc order lists the
offenses of conviction as possession of cocaine and heroin, but it cites Code § 18.2-248, the
possession-with-intent statute, rather than Code § 18.2-250, as well as the Virginia Crime Code
reference number for the possession-with-intent offense.
II. ANALYSIS
In this appeal, we address both the appellant’s challenge to the denial of the motion to
suppress and the discrepancy regarding the offenses of conviction.
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A. Motion to Suppress
The appellant argues that the record does not support the holding that Officer Lee had
reasonable suspicion to stop his vehicle, based on either the information the officer had regarding
the wanted flier or the officer’s observations of the child standing up in the back seat.
The law regarding appellate review of a trial court decision on a motion to suppress is
well settled. When challenging the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, the appellant bears
the burden of establishing that reversible error occurred. Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123,
130 (2008). At this juncture, the Court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth and affords it the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from that evidence.
Mason v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 362, 367 (2016). Moreover, our “review includes ‘evidence
adduced at both the trial and the suppression hearing.’” Carlson v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App.
749, 758 (2019) (quoting Greene v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 606, 608 (1994)).
The appellate court is bound by the trial court’s “findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly
wrong’ or without evidence to support them.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198
(1997) (en banc). “This standard requires us ‘to give due weight to inferences drawn from those
facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.’” Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va.
411, 414 (2017) (quoting Evans v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 280 (2015)). The factual
findings to which the appellate court must defer include the trial court’s assessment of the
credibility of the witnesses. McCary v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 27, 35 (2001). However,
we review de novo the ultimate decision whether law enforcement had reasonable suspicion or
probable cause to stop the vehicle. See Edmond v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 490, 498
(2016).
Although the stop must be based on “articulable facts of criminal activity,” the officer
need not articulate those facts expressly or subjectively rely on them as the basis for his actions.
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See Mason, 291 Va. at 367-68; Raab v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 577, 583 n.2 (2007) (en
banc). Rather, the record must establish the existence of objective facts proving reasonable
suspicion or probable cause. Raab, 50 Va. App. at 583 n.2; see Whren v. United States, 517 U.S.
806, 812-13 (1996); Rudolph v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 209, 210 (2009). “Also, because the
constitutional standard is one of objective rather than subjective reasonableness, it is irrelevant
whether the accused is prosecuted for, or even charged with, the offense that provided
[reasonable suspicion or] probable cause for . . . [the] seizure in the first instance.” Hairston v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 552, 563 (2017).
These fundamental legal principles along with the factual backdrop frame our analysis of
the trial court’s ruling. The appellant argues that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to
stop the vehicle he was driving. He does not take issue with any of the subsequent actions of the
officers but maintains that the illegal stop required suppression of the evidence obtained
thereafter.
Reasonable suspicion must be more than an “unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’”
Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 475 (2000) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)).
“Nevertheless, it ‘requires only “some minimal level of objective justification.”’” Hairston, 67
Va. App. at 561 (quoting Branham v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 273, 280 (2012)). An officer
who reasonably suspects criminal activity is permitted to briefly stop a vehicle and detain the
occupants in order to confirm or dispel his suspicion that a crime is being or has been committed.
Id. “The test is not what the officer thought, but rather whether the facts and circumstances
apparent to him at the time of the stop were such as to create in the mind of a reasonable officer
in the same position a suspicion that a violation of the law was occurring . . . .” Mason, 291 Va.
at 368. “In making reasonable-suspicion determinations,” we consider “the ‘totality of the
circumstances’ . . . to [assess] whether the detaining officer ha[d] ‘a particularized and objective
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basis’ for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” Id. (quoting United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273
(2002)).
In arguing that the stop was unlawful, the appellant challenges “the sufficiency of the
claim that there was an observable child seat violation.” At the time of the stop, Code
§ 46.2-1095(A) required, in pertinent part, that the driver of “any motor vehicle . . . shall ensure
that any child, up to age eight, whom he transports therein is provided with and properly secured
in a child restraint device.” See 2010 Va. Acts ch. 661. Additionally, subsection (B) of the
statute required that a vehicle’s driver “shall ensure” that any “person less than 18 years old,
except for those required [by subsection (A)] to be secured in a child restraint device, . . . is
provided with and properly secured by an appropriate safety belt system.” Id. Subsection (D) of
the statute also expressly provided that a violation could be “charged on the uniform traffic
summons form.” Id.; see also McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 553 (2008) (noting that
an officer who sees a vehicle commit a traffic infraction has reasonable suspicion for a traffic
stop).
In the instant case, the evidence, viewed under the proper standard, establishes that the
child in the appellant’s car was likely between seven and ten years of age. The record makes
clear that the “small child” was “not secured” in a “seat belt or car seat” because Officer Lee saw
her “st[anding] up in the back seat” when the car drove by him “[p]rior to the vehicle stop.”
Regardless of the precise age of the little girl, the law required that she either be in a child
restraint device or wear a safety belt. When the officer saw her standing up in the back seat of
the moving vehicle, it was objectively reasonable for him to believe that the appellant was
violating the law, specifically either subsection (A) or (B) of Code § 46.2-1095. See McCain,
275 Va. at 553; see also Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001) (holding that
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probable cause existed to arrest the defendant for a seat belt violation under state law), quoted
with approval in Joyce v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 646, 658 (2010).
Consequently, the evidence proves, at the very least, that the officer had reasonable
suspicion to stop the car to determine whether to issue the appellant a traffic citation based on the
fact that a small child was standing up in the back seat.2 Because the standard is an objective
one, it is irrelevant that the officer may have had other subjective reasons for stopping the
appellant.3 See Mason, 291 Va. at 368-69. Here, the record entirely supports the stop.
To the extent that the appellant takes issue with portions of Officer Lee’s testimony and
challenges his credibility, that issue was resolved by the judge as the trier of fact. “The
credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely for the fact
finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is presented.” Commonwealth
v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 328 (2018) (quoting Elliott v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 462 (2009)
(emphasis added)).4 Contrary to the appellant’s suggestions, the officer’s unrebutted testimony
2
While the officer was faced with two different potential traffic offenses based on his
uncertainty regarding the child’s age, he was entitled to stop the vehicle in order to confirm her
age to determine which offense to charge. See Branham, 283 Va. at 281.
3
In light of this ruling, we do not consider whether the evidence provided the officer with
an additional independent objective ground for reasonable suspicion to support the stop based on
the wanted flier information and the officer’s related observations under the collective
knowledge doctrine as set out in Edmond v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 490, 501-03 (2016).
4
In the argument section of his brief, the appellant contends that Officer Lee’s testimony
was inherently incredible as a matter of law. First, contrary to the appellant’s suggestion,
testimony may contain inconsistencies or even be contradictory without rising to the level of
being “inherently incredible” as a matter of law. Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415
(2006). Second, the appellant did not argue below that the officer’s testimony was inherently
incredible. Consequently, we will not consider that argument as an independent claim. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 32-33 (2016) (noting that the defendant’s identification at
trial of “only a single discrepancy in the witness[’] testimony” without a contention that “the
testimony was unworthy of belief or that the [fact finder] should not be permitted to weigh the
witness[’] credibility” was insufficient to “raise the question of whether [that witness’] testimony
was inherently incredible as a matter of law”).
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does not contain any inconsistencies. The testimony highlighted by the appellant demonstrates
three things. First, the officer initially could not recall whether he testified at the preliminary
hearing. Then, after an audio recording of some of his testimony was played to refresh his
recollection, he confirmed that he did testify at the preliminary hearing but said that he could not
recall all of his testimony with precision.5 Second, the officer’s later testimony merely amplified
the testimony he provided at the preliminary hearing, a court appearance that necessarily has a
very different focus than a suppression hearing or trial. Third, a full reading of the record shows
that on cross-examination, Officer Lee simply further clarified his observations when questioned
about them. In any event, the judge had the benefit of listening to the officer and observing him
as he testified. Based on his ruling, the judge believed Officer Lee. See Logan v.
Commonwealth, 279 Va. 288, 292 (2010) (holding that the trial court’s factual finding that an
officer did not act in bad faith was a credibility finding that was binding on appeal unless plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it). We see no legal basis for disturbing that finding. See
id.; McCary, 36 Va. App. at 35.
B. Clerical Error
The final matter before the Court is whether the sentencing order contains a clerical error
and, if it does, how the issue should be resolved.
“The maxim that ‘trial courts speak only through their orders and that such orders are
presumed to reflect accurately what transpired’ is the well-established law of this
Commonwealth.” Rose v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 430, 435 n.2 (2003) (quoting McMillion v.
5
The appellant’s counsel asked Officer Lee at the suppression hearing whether, at the
preliminary hearing, “[he] ever mention[ed] to that judge or anyone else that Lieutenant Flippo
gave [him] that information from the flier.” Lee responded, “No, sir. I wasn’t asked.” The
appellant ‘s counsel then said, “You were asked and I can play that.” However, no related audio
was ever played for Lee, and no evidence was introduced contradicting Lee’s testimony that he
“wasn’t asked.” Additionally, Lee subsequently clarified that he remembered some of his
testimony from the preliminary hearing but “[n]ot all of it.”
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Dryvit Sys., Inc., 262 Va. 463, 469 (2001)). This presumption, although rebuttable, may apply
even when “an order conflicts with a transcript of related proceedings.” Marttila v. City of
Lynchburg, 33 Va. App. 592, 598 (2000); see Kern v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 84, 88 (1986)
(quoting Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 280-81 (1979)).
However, appellate courts “are not restricted to the precise, technical wording of a court’s
order when other evidence in the record clearly establishes that the court had a different intent.”
McBride v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 30, 36 (1997). Where “the record unquestionably
refutes the order’s recital,” the order is not binding. Jones v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 636,
640 (1997); see Simmons v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 594, 599 (2009).
Code § 8.01-428(B) delineates circumstances under which a trial court may correct
clerical errors in the record, with or without leave of an appellate court, depending on the
circumstances. See also Minor v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 728, 741 (2016) (“[A] trial court
has ‘the inherent power, independent of statutory authority, to correct errors in the record so as to
cause its acts and proceedings to be set forth correctly.’” (quoting Davis v. Mullins, 251 Va. 141,
149 (1996))).
On the unquestionably unique facts of this case, conflicting information in the record
rebuts the presumption of regularity of the court’s order. In keeping with controlling authority,
“[t]his is not a case” in which the written order merely “changed or negated the oral ruling.”
Guba v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 114, 118 (1989); see Marttila, 33 Va. App. at 598. Rather,
in addition to the conflict between the trial court’s oral ruling and sentencing order, the written
manuscript record itself contains internal inconsistencies. The sentencing order references the
guidelines worksheets, and the order and worksheets are internally inconsistent. The court’s
May 22, 2018 order states that the appellant was convicted of possession of cocaine and heroin
with intent to distribute in violation of Code § 18.2-248. That very same order expressly
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references “the applicable discretionary sentencing . . . guidelines worksheets” and “order[s]
[them] filed as a part of the record.” The worksheets, signed by the trial judge, reflect that the
appellant was convicted of possession of cocaine and possession of heroin in violation of Code
§ 18.2-250, not two counts of possessing those drugs with an intent to distribute them.6 The
accompanying Virginia Crime Code (VCC) reference numbers in the worksheets also reflect
convictions for simple possession. While certainly not dispositive, the VCC references serve as
additional evidence supporting a finding of inconsistency between the worksheets and the
sentencing order.
Thus, the sentencing order and the guidelines worksheets it references, both of which
were signed by the trial judge and comprise parts of the official manuscript record, stand in
irreconcilable conflict. Additionally, the worksheets are dated May 11, 2018, the same date as
the sentencing hearing, whereas the sentencing order is dated May 22, 2018, eleven days later.
Due to the conflict between these documents in the manuscript record, the Court looks to the
transcript, which further suggests that the sentencing order contains a clerical error regarding
each of the crimes of conviction. At trial the judge clearly pronounced the appellant guilty of the
two possession offenses. Finally, although it is a legal nullity since the case was pending in this
Court and leave was not requested pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(B) to have it entered, the trial
court entered an order nunc pro tunc to the date of entry of the original sentencing order, adding
further confusion. Although the nunc pro tunc order lists the offenses of conviction as
possession of cocaine and heroin, it cites Code § 18.2-248, the statute that proscribes possession
with intent to distribute, as well as the VCC reference number for the possession-with-intent
offense.
6
The sentences pronounced—five years with three years suspended for each offense—do
not provide clarification because they fall within the statutory range for violations of both Code
§§ 18.2-248 and -250. See Code §§ 18.2-10(e), -248(C), -250(A)(a).
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Accordingly, based on this record, pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(B), the Court remands
the case to the trial court for the sole purpose of correcting all clerical errors in the May 22, 2018
sentencing order relating to the offenses of conviction. See Howell v. Commonwealth, 274 Va.
737, 739 n.*, 742 (2007); Atkins v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 1, 10 (2017); Tatum v.
Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 585, 592-93 (1994); see also Lamb v. Commonwealth, 222 Va.
161, 164-66 (1981) (remanding for correction of a trial transcript under the clerical error statute).
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court correctly denied the motion to suppress the evidence because the
officer had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle driven by the appellant based on seeing a child
standing up in the back seat. Consequently, we affirm the convictions. Further, we remand the
matter to the trial court for the sole purpose of correcting clerical errors in the May 22, 2018
sentencing order in a manner consistent with this opinion.
Affirmed and remanded.
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