Choon Poong Lee v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Senior Judge Haley
Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia
PUBLISHED
CHOON POONG LEE
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1897-16-4 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
DECEMBER 19, 2017
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
Penney S. Azcarate, Judge
Charles J. Swedish (Sloan & Swedish, on brief), for appellant.
Stephen L. Forster, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Choon Poong Lee, appellant, was convicted by a jury of statutory burglary, in violation
of Code § 18.2-91.1 Code § 18.2-91 provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]f any person . . . [in the
daytime breaks and enters . . . a dwelling house, as prohibited in Code] § 18.2-90 with intent to
commit larceny . . . he shall be guilty of statutory burglary . . . .” The legislature imposes an
enhanced penalty “if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry.”
Code § 18.2-91. Appellant concedes he was guilty of breaking and entering the dwelling, but
contends the evidence was not sufficient to prove he was armed with a deadly weapon at the time
of entry. The issue here for resolution is whether a not per se deadly weapon may be defined as
a deadly weapon based upon its possessor’s intent and subsequent use as a deadly weapon. We
conclude it can be so defined. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
1
Appellant was also convicted of attempted rape, animate or inanimate object sexual
penetration, and robbery. On appeal, appellant challenges only the breaking and entering while
armed with a deadly weapon conviction.
BACKGROUND
“Applying principles of appellate review, we recite the facts in the light most favorable to
the prevailing party below, the Commonwealth.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 295, 298,
687 S.E.2d 738, 739 (2010). So viewed, the evidence adduced at trial established that appellant
knew the victim and her family from church and he previously worked with the victim’s
husband. Appellant had helped the family move into their residence.
On September 23, 2015, the victim was home alone during the daytime while her
children were at school and her husband was at work. Late that morning, appellant parked his
truck near the victim’s home and walked to the back of the home. A neighbor’s security camera
recorded appellant sitting in his truck and the victim’s car parked in the driveway. The video
showed appellant walking to the victim’s home, wearing gloves, sunglasses, and a hat.
Appellant found an open window to the basement and used a screwdriver to pry open the screen.
Appellant went upstairs to where the victim was watching television. Appellant pointed the
screwdriver at the victim and demanded money. Appellant approached the victim, putting the
screwdriver to her neck and cutting her with it, and he again demanded money. Appellant
removed the victim’s clothing and touched her breasts and genital area. Appellant attempted to
have intercourse with her. The victim testified she feared appellant “was going to kill” her, so
she told appellant she would give him money from her purse. Appellant stopped assaulting the
victim and followed her to a bedroom. The victim gave him her wallet, which contained
approximately $2,000 in currency. Appellant left the home, and the victim immediately called
her husband. The victim testified that she did not recognize the man in her home because his
face was covered and she could see only his eyes.
Later that same day, Detective Brian Beyerson stopped appellant’s truck, which matched
the vehicle in the security video. Beyerson transported appellant to police headquarters for
-2-
questioning. Detective Matthew Horn conducted the interrogation. Officer Young Lee, no
relation to appellant, assisted Horn with translating the conversation as appellant primarily spoke
Korean. The FBI later produced an official verbatim translation that was admitted into evidence
at trial. Appellant initially lied, but eventually admitted he went to the victim’s home. He said
his intent was to get money because he owed his brother-in-law $3,000. Appellant stated he
pried open the screen to the open window with the screwdriver to get into the home. Appellant
told Horn that he covered his face with a towel that he found inside the home by the window.
Appellant told Horn he did not know anyone was in the home. Appellant stated that when he
went upstairs he was surprised to see the victim watching television. Horn asked appellant why
he had the screwdriver. Appellant responded, “Ah, it was just to make [her] threaten . . . I didn’t
know but, when you open the window . . . the window was opened, so I couldn’t open it with
hands.”2
ANALYSIS
Appellant admits he committed a breaking and entering, in the daytime, of a dwelling
house. He argues, however, that the enhanced penalty for being armed with a deadly weapon
does not apply because a screwdriver is not a per se deadly weapon and, for purposes of the
burglary, he used the screwdriver only as a burglarious tool. Appellant asserts his actions with
the screwdriver, inside the home, were not relevant to classify the screwdriver as a deadly
weapon because the burglary was complete once he entered the home.
Appellant concedes he used the screwdriver in a deadly manner after the burglary was
complete. This concession is consistent with the law on non per se deadly weapons being
classified as deadly. See Pannill v. Commonwealth, 185 Va. 244, 253-54, 38 S.E.2d 457, 462
2
The legend to the FBI’s translation indicated words in italics were spoken in English,
non-italicized words were spoken in Korean, and the use of brackets was “to denote linguist
comments and other editorial.”
-3-
(1946) (“[A] weapon may not be per se deadly, yet the vicious and cruel use of it may be the
determinative factor in pronouncing it deadly,” including a “steel screw driver.”).
The dispositive question, then, is whether there was sufficient evidence to prove the
screwdriver could be defined as deadly at the time appellant used it in the commission of the
burglary. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must,
“[w]e will reverse a conviction based on a sufficiency challenge only if the trial court’s judgment
is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 690,
692, 739 S.E.2d 280, 281 (2013).
It was the Commonwealth’s burden to prove that the screwdriver was deadly at the time
of commission of the burglary. Pritchett v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 927, 929, 252 S.E.2d 352,
353 (1979) (“Generally, unless a weapon is per se a deadly one, the fact finder should determine
whether it, and the manner of its use, place it in that category, and the burden of showing these
things is upon the Commonwealth.” (emphasis added)).
“As a general rule, a litigant is entitled to introduce all competent,
material, and relevant evidence tending to prove or disprove any
material issue raised, unless the evidence violates a specific rule of
admissibility.”. . . “Evidence is relevant if it has any logical
tendency, however slight, to establish a fact at issue in the case.”
“Evidence is material if it relates to a matter properly at issue.”
Calhoun v. Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 506, 509, 546 S.E.2d 239, 241 (2001) (quoting Peeples
v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 360, 365, 504 S.E.2d 870, 873 (1998), rev’d on other grounds,
30 Va. App. 626, 519 S.E.2d 382 (1999) (en banc)). Appellant asserts the evidence of his use of
the screwdriver was not relevant to determine whether the screwdriver was deadly upon entry.
Our jurisprudence advises that an object’s manner of use is relevant to establish that an
object was a deadly weapon. Pannill, 185 Va. at 253-54, 38 S.E.2d at 462; Pritchett, 219 Va. at
929, 252 S.E.2d at 353. Further,
-4-
Burglary laws are based primarily upon a recognition of the
dangers to personal safety created by the usual burglary
situation - the danger that the intruder will harm the occupants in
attempting to perpetrate the intended crime or to escape and the
danger that the occupants will in anger or panic react violently to
the invasion, thereby inviting more violence. The laws are
primarily designed, not to deter the trespass and the intended
crime, which are prohibited by other laws, so much as to forestall
the germination of a situation dangerous to personal safety.
Rashad v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 528, 540, 651 S.E.2d 407, 413-14 (2007) (analyzing
whether statute prohibiting the use of a firearm in the commission of burglary applied to all
forms of burglary) (quoting Rash v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 22, 25-26, 383 S.E.2d 749, 751
(1989)). By enhancing the penalty for breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon,
it is clear the legislature intended to protect the occupants of the dwelling by discouraging
burglars from taking deadly instruments into the dwelling. It follows, therefore, that the manner
of an object’s use inside the dwelling is relevant to prove the material issue of whether the
burglar intended to use an object as a weapon and whether it could be deadly.
What the burglar contemplated, or intended, also is relevant to the inquiry in categorizing
an object as a deadly weapon. Evidence of a person’s intent can be proven by the person’s
conduct and statements “after the events that constitute the charged crime.” Simon v.
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 194, 206, 708 S.E.2d 245, 251 (2011) (emphasis added).
Therefore, the Court concludes that a burglar’s actions and statements once inside the dwelling
are relevant to prove that a not per se deadly weapon was in fact intended to be used as a deadly
weapon.3
3
Other states appear to have looked to actions within the dwelling to support convictions
of armed burglary. See State v. Norris, 2016-Ohio-1526, ⁋⁋ 19-20 (Ct. App.) (screwdriver
pointed at victim in fraternity house was deadly weapon to support finding of aggravated
burglary); State v. Candelaria, 6363 P.2d 883, 884 (N.M. Ct. App. 1981) (screwdriver held to
victim’s throat inside the home was deadly weapon to support finding aggravated burglary).
-5-
Finding that the Court can consider appellant’s actions before and after the burglary, we
address that evidence. The evidence supported a finding that appellant intended to use the
screwdriver for the dual purpose of a burglarious tool and a weapon. The evidence demonstrated
appellant knew someone was home, as indicated by the car in the driveway and the fact that
appellant concealed his identity by covering his face with a towel after entering the dwelling.
Further, appellant kept the screwdriver in his hand, for ready use, as he went through the
dwelling, rather than leaving it by the window, or otherwise securing it, once he made entry into
the dwelling. After his arrest, when asked why he had the screwdriver, appellant immediately
replied, “Ah, it was just to make [her] threaten . . .” and to get in through the window. Appellant
conceded he used the screwdriver as a deadly weapon once he was in the dwelling. Taken in its
entirety, the evidence supports the reasonable conclusion that appellant intended to arm himself
with a deadly weapon in the commission of the burglary and in fact used it as a deadly weapon.
Accordingly, the conviction for breaking and entering a dwelling house in the daytime while
armed with a deadly weapon is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-6-