Ryan Stacy v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Huff and AtLee
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
RYAN STACY
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0414-19-1 JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
DECEMBER 27, 2019
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
Joseph A. Migliozzi, Jr., Judge
Trevor Jared Robinson for appellant.
Kelsey M. Bulger, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Ryan Stacy (“appellant”) was convicted of one count of
aggravated sexual battery in violation of Code § 18.2-67.3(A)(2). On appeal, he argues that the
trial court applied an incorrect calculation of the sentencing guidelines when it sentenced him to
ten years’ incarceration with seven years and two months suspended.
A trial court’s calculation of the sentencing guidelines is non-reviewable, and appellant
failed to preserve the other arguments he now presses on appeal. Therefore, this Court affirms.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2017, appellant applied for employment with the Virginia Beach Police Department.
As a condition of applying, appellant agreed to participate in a polygraph examination. On
October 26, 2017, during his initial polygraph examination, appellant admitted to engaging in
sexual intercourse with a woman, without her knowledge or consent, while she was asleep. On
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
December 7, 2017, during a follow-up examination, appellant further confessed that he had
engaged in such sexual intercourse approximately fifteen times with the same woman while she
slept. He further clarified that she was not awake for “any of it.”
Police visited the victim to inform her of what appellant had confessed. She had no prior
knowledge of the incidents described. She said that appellant would often come to her house
along with other friends to drink and play card games. Often, appellant would stay the night. On
more than one occasion appellant had tried unsuccessfully to engage in consensual sexual
conduct with her. The victim noted that she would sometimes “get drunk quicker than normal”
when drinking with appellant and often “would feel worse than she typically did [the next day],
feeling faint or sick all day.” She denied consenting to any of the incidents appellant confessed
to.
On June 6, 2018, appellant was indicted on one charge of rape, in violation of Code
§ 18.2-61(A)(ii), and one charge of aggravated sexual battery, in violation of Code
§ 18.2-67.3(A)(2). Ultimately, the parties reached a plea agreement in which appellant would
enter an Alford plea to the aggravated sexual battery charge. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400
U.S. 25 (1970). In turn, the Commonwealth agreed to nolle prosequi the rape charge. The plea
agreement further provided that:
The parties agree that the appropriate disposition of this matter is:
The Court shall find the defendant guilty . . . and sentence him
following preparation of a Presentence Report, Victim Impact
Statement and Psychosexual Evaluation. The Court shall not
sentence the defendant to active time above the high end of the
Sentencing Guidelines as properly calculated by Probation and
Parole.
On September 4, 2018, the trial court accepted the plea agreement. It also ordered a
psychosexual evaluation, as required by the plea agreement, and continued the matter for
sentencing. On February 15, appellant appeared for sentencing. Appellant contended that the
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probation office had determined his court-ordered psychosexual evaluation qualified as prior
mental health treatment and thereby reduced his high-end calculation from six years and eleven
months’ incarceration to probation and no incarceration.1 The Commonwealth stipulated that
both the Virginia Sentencing Commission and the Virginia Department of Probation would
calculate the sentencing guidelines as calling for probation and no incarceration. The
Commonwealth argued, however, that the probation office had improperly calculated the
guidelines by counting appellant’s psychosexual evaluation as prior mental health treatment.
The trial court accepted the Commonwealth’s proffered guideline calculations, under which
appellant received no credit for prior mental health treatment. In doing so, the trial court stated
that:
The Virginia Sentencing Commission, to which the probation
office must abide, has determined that the ordering of a
psychosexual evaluation is considered prior mental health
treatment. This Court adamantly denies that and is not going to
accept it . . . .
In response, appellant directed the trial court to the sentencing guidelines instructions in
an attempt to justify the probation office’s calculation of appellant’s guidelines. Appellant
argued that, under the sentencing guidelines instructions, prior mental health treatment includes
evaluations conducted after the offense date and before sentencing. The trial court rejected the
1
Appellant’s psychosexual evaluation qualifying as prior mental health treatment
reduced his risk score by two points, from 29 to 27. This was pertinent for two reasons. First, a
risk score above 28 increases the high-end sentence guideline by 50%. More importantly,
however, a risk score under 28 reduced his score on Section A of the sentencing worksheet from
13 to 5. If appellant had scored 9 or higher on Section A, his sentence would be calculated under
Section C. This would have resulted in a low end of one year and eight months and a high end of
four years and seven months. Furthermore, the risk score of 29 would have resulted in an
adjusted high end of six years and eleven months. However, the probation office determined that
his risk score of 27 resulted in a Section A total of 5. This required appellant’s sentence to be
calculated under Section B. Under Section B, the sentencing guidelines resulted in probation and
no incarceration.
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argument, stating that it was “not going to accept that interpretation” of the guidelines. The trial
court elaborated further:
[The probation office’s guideline calculations are] inconsistent
with the proceedings in this matter. There was a plea agreement
that the Court accepted. The plea agreement indicated that there is
a cap at the high end of the guidelines, and the guidelines that were
calculated and the Court reviewed at that time seem to be
appropriate in this particular case; and subsequent to that,
subsequent to my accepting the plea agreement, the Court ordered
an evaluation to determine what the risk assessment was of
[appellant] once he was released, and that would be a part of this
Court’s sentencing determination, and I think it is inconsistent with
the policies and procedures of this Court that an evaluation be
determined as treatment . . . .
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court sentenced appellant to ten years’
incarceration with seven years and two months suspended, for an active term of incarceration of
two years and ten months. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
Appellant’s sole assignment of error is that “[t]he trial court erred in adopting the
Commonwealth’s calculation of the sentencing guidelines.” To the trial court, appellant argued
that a proper calculation of the guidelines would result in him receiving credit for prior mental
health treatment. Appellant contended that the Commonwealth’s proposed interpretation of the
sentencing guidelines was incorrect and should not be adopted by the trial court at sentencing.
Thus, the only issue preserved and raised to this Court is whether the sentencing guidelines
calculation, as adopted by the trial court, properly interpreted appellant’s psychosexual
evaluation as not constituting prior mental health treatment for purposes of the calculation.2
2
To the extent that appellant now argues that the trial court violated the plea agreement
directly—or indirectly by virtue of Rule 3A:8—those arguments are procedurally defaulted for
failure to raise them at the trial court. See Rule 5A:18 (“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be
considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the
time of the ruling . . . .”). Appellant’s arguments about the proper calculation of the guidelines
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This Court, however, has no authority to determine whether the trial court properly
calculated the sentencing guidelines because such determinations “shall not be reviewable on
appeal.” Code § 19.2-298.01(F). Accordingly, appellant has failed to assign error to a
reviewable issue.
III. CONCLUSION
Appellant’s sole assignment of error is non-reviewable because this Court has no
authority to review a trial court’s sentencing guideline calculations. To the extent that appellant
raises alternative arguments before this Court, those arguments are waived for failure to raise
them to the trial court. Therefore, this Court affirms.
Affirmed.
did not preserve alternative arguments that the plea agreement was violated. See Edwards v.
Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760-61 (2003) (en banc) (“Making one specific argument on
an issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review.” (citing Clark v.
Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 406, 411-12 (1999))). “Although Rule 5A:18 contains exceptions
for good cause or to meet the ends of justice, appellant does not argue these exceptions and [this
Court] will not invoke them sua sponte.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 342, 347
(2010) (citing Edwards, 41 Va. App. at 761). Accordingly, this Court expresses no opinion on
the merits of such arguments. Nor does this Court express any opinion on the Commonwealth’s
argument that appellant was required to move to withdraw his guilty plea prior to asserting a
violation of his plea agreement.
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