Kenneth W. Foley v. Donna L. Foley

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Haley
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
KENNETH W. FOLEY
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0359-05-1 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
DECEMBER 20, 2005
DONNA L. FOLEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
Christopher W. Hutton, Judge
Lawrence D. Diehl for appellant.
Kathy Gear Owens for appellee.
I.
The issue here for resolution is whether the trial court (1) erred in its application of the
parol evidence rule to, and its interpretation of, the provisions of a property settlement agreement
dealing with pension and retirement plans and, in so doing, (2) entered a qualified domestic
relations order (QDRO) inconsistent with the substantive provisions of a final divorce decree
adopting that agreement, in contradiction to the provisions of Code § 20-107.3(K)(4).
II.
Separating on July 21, 1995, the parties were divorced by an agreed final decree dated
November 1, 1999, which incorporated a property settlement agreement (PSA) dated and signed
that same day. The decree contained the following language: “The Court reserves jurisdiction to
enter the necessary orders to divide the Thrift savings plan and FERS owned by the plaintiff
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
pursuant to paragraph IX of the Agreement.” (Handwritten insertions are underlined and
emphasis added).
As here relevant, sections G(1)(a) and G(1)(b) of paragraph IX read as follows:
a. Thrift Savings Plan: The parties acknowledge that
Husband participates in the Federal Employees
Retirement System Thrift Savings Plan . . . [and] . . .
that a portion of said Thrift . . . Plan assets is marital
property and that on or about the time of separation the
value of the account was $50,025.23.
The Husband agrees that Wife shall be the owner of
her share . . . [and] . . . her . . . share shall be
$22,500.00. . . . The parties agree that they will sign
any document or Order in the preparation of any
QDRO, necessary to effectuate the terms of the
settlement.
b. Civil Service Basic Retirement Benefits: The parties
acknowledge that the Husband has an interest in civil
service retirement benefits . . . [and] . . . agree that some
portion of Husband’s retired pay accrued therein is or
could be marital property. The parties agree to reserve
the division of the FERS retirement value on the date of
separation pending receipt of verification of the amount
on the date of separation from the US govt which has
been requested by the husband.
(Handwritten insertions are underlined and emphasis added).
On September 11, 2003, wife filed a motion for entry of a QDRO to effectuate the above
quoted provisions of the PSA. An agreed order was entered on January 10, 2005 with respect to
the Thrift Savings Plan. However, a dispute arose, the one here for resolution, with respect to
the meaning of section G(1)(b), the provision dealing with the Civil Service Basic Retirement
Benefits, referred to by the parties, and here, as the FERS plan. Husband contended that the
provisions meant that the court was to equitably distribute the value, a determinable sum
certain, of his FERS plan on the date of separation. Wife maintained that the provisions meant
she was to receive an equitably distributed percentage of husband’s retirement payments, if and
when he received them.
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A hearing on the motion was held on January 12, 2004. Maintaining the language of
section G(1)(b) was ambiguous, wife sought to introduce various documents, including
government publications explaining and defining civil service retirement benefits, to ascertain its
meaning. The court overruled husband’s objection raising the parol evidence rule, and received the
documents offered by wife, as well as written exhibits offered by husband. No testimony was
given by either party at the hearing.
By letter of February 11, 2004, the trial court ruled that “a plain reading of the disputed
language can only be interpreted to mean that . . . [wife] . . . is to receive a pro rata share of
. . . [husband’s] . . . annuity at the time of his retirement.” By a QDRO entered January 20, 2005,
the trial court awarded wife 50% of the marital portion of the FERS retirement as received by
husband. This appeal followed.
III.
Initially we note that the power of a circuit court to enter equitable distribution orders
involving pensions, subsequent to the finality of a divorce decree, is limited by the provisions of
Code § 20-107.3(K)(4). Such orders may only be entered “to effectuate the expressed intent” of the
divorce decree, and, where applicable, the PSA incorporated in that decree. Any order must be
“consistent with the substance provisions” of the divorce decree. Caudle v. Caudle, 18 Va. App.
795, 798, 447 S.E.2d 247, 249 (1994). See also Hastie v. Hastie, 29 Va. App. 776, 780, 514 S.E.2d
800, 803 (1999); Fahey v. Fahey, 24 Va. App. 254, 256-57, 481 S.E.2d 496, 497 (1997) (en banc).
IV.
“Property settlement agreements are contracts and are subject to the same rules of
construction that apply to the interpretation of contracts generally.” Southerland v. Estate of
Southerland, 249 Va. 584, 588, 457 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1995). See also Boedeker v. Larson, 44
Va. App. 508, 518, 605 S.E.2d 764, 769 (2004); Shenk v. Shenk, 39 Va. App. 161, 170, 571
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S.E.2d 896, 901 (2002); Pellegrin v. Pellegrin, 31 Va. App. 753, 759, 525 S.E.2d 611, 614
(2000). Several principles of contract construction are here applicable.
“We are not bound by the trial court’s construction of contract terms, but rather, ‘we have an
equal opportunity to consider the words within the four corners of the disputed provision.’” T.M.
Delmarva Power, L.L.C. v. NCP of Virginia, L.L.C., 263 Va. 116, 119, 557 S.E.2d 199, 200 (2002)
(quoting Wilson v. Holyfield, 227 Va. 184, 188, 313 S.E.2d 396, 398 (1984)). “When an agreement
is plain and unambiguous on its face, the Court will not look for meaning beyond the instrument
itself.” Eure v. Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp., 263 Va. 624, 632, 561 S.E.2d 663, 667
(2002). “A contract is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree as to the meaning of the
terms used.” T.M. Delmarva, 263 Va. at 119, 557 S.E.2d at 200 (citation omitted).
V.
In the instant case the trial court, in permitting parol evidence,1 concluded the language of
section G(1)(b) was ambiguous. “The language of a contract is ambiguous if ‘it may be understood
in more than one way or when it refers to two or more things at the same time.’” Video Zone, Inc.
v. KF&F Properties, 267 Va. 621, 625, 594 S.E.2d 921, 923 (2004) (citations omitted). The issue
whether a contract is ambiguous presents a question of law. Utsch v. Utsch, 266 Va. 124, 129, 581
S.E.2d 507, 509 (2003). “On appellate review, we are not bound by the trial court’s conclusions
regarding an instrument’s ambiguity because we are provided with the same opportunity as the trial
court to consider the written provisions of the [writing] in question.” Pyramid Development, L.L.C.
v. D&J Associates, 262 Va. 750, 754, 553 S.E.2d 725, 727 (1999).
In light of the following analysis of the contested paragraph, we conclude that that
paragraph is not ambiguous and that, accordingly, the trial court erred in considering extrinsic parol
1
The parol evidence rule operates to exclude both written, as here, and oral evidence.
Sale v. Figg, 164 Va. 402, 180 S.E. 173 (1935); Charles E. Friend, The Law of Evidence in
Virginia § 20-1, at 829 (5th ed. 1999).
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(written) evidence. See Anden Group v. Leesburg Joint Venture, 237 Va. 453, 458, 377 S.E.2d 452,
455 (1989).
With that conclusion, we examine the terms of section G(1)(b) alone.
VI.
“‘The guiding light . . . is the intention of the parties as expressed by them in the words they
have used, and courts are bound to say that the parties intended what the written instrument plainly
declares.’” Golding v. Floyd, 261 Va. 190, 192, 539 S.E.2d 735, 737 (2001) (quoting Magann
Corp. v. Electrical Works, 203 Va. 259, 264, 123 S.E.2d 377, 381 (1962)). Additionally, in First
Nat. Bank v. Roanoke Oil Co., 169 Va. 99, 115, 192 S.E. 764, 771 (1937), the Virginia Supreme
Court of Appeals held that:
The practical construction put by the parties upon the terms of
their own contract is not only to be regarded, but, where there is
any doubt, must prevail over the literal meaning of the contract.
Knopf v. R., F. & P.R. Co., 85 Va. 769, 8 S.E. 787 [(1889)].
“No rule for the construction of written instruments is better
settled than that which attaches great weight to the construction of
the instrument by the parties themselves.” Holland v. Vaughan,
120 Va. 324, 91 S.E. 122, 124 [(1917)]; Chick v. MacBain, 157
Va. 60, 160 S.E. 214 [(1931)]; 6 R.C.L. 853.
See also Galloway Corp. v. S.B. Ballard Constr. Co., 250 Va. 493, 503, 464 S.E.2d 349, 355
(1995); American Realty Trust v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 222 Va. 392, 403, 281 S.E.2d 825,
831 (1981); Smith v. Smith, 3 Va. App. 510, 514, 351 S.E.2d 593, 596-97 (1986).
As quoted above, section G(1)(a) of the PSA dealt with the Thrift Savings Plan. The
language of the PSA dealing with the FERS plan parallels that dealing with the Thrift plan. As
noted above, on January 10, 2005 the parties endorsed an agreed order dividing the “value” of
the Thrift Savings Plan on the date of separation. The construction of language of the PSA by
the parties dealing with the Thrift Plan is thus of evidentiary import with respect to an
interpretation of the parties’ intention as to the FERS plan. That construction, along with all
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other portions of the PSA dealing with the division of the marital property, contemplated, and
effectuated, an immediate, definite, and final disbursement of marital assets. For that reason, it is
unnecessary to look beyond the written property settlement agreement to determine the parties’
intent.
Another principle of contract construction is here relevant. In Winn v. Aleda Const. Co.,
227 Va. 304, 307, 315 S.E.2d 193, 195 (1984), the Supreme Court of Virginia noted that in
interpreting a contract, “No word or clause will be treated as meaningless if a reasonable
meaning can be given to it, and there is a presumption that the parties have not used words
aimlessly.” (Citation omitted). See also Ross v. Craw, 231 Va. 206, 214, 343 S.E.2d 312, 317
(1986). “Parties are not presumed to have included a provision of no effect.” Hughes & Co. v.
Robinson Corp., 211 Va. 4, 7, 175 S.E.2d 413, 415 (1970).
In Torian v. Torian, 38 Va. App. 167, 176, 562 S.E.2d 355, 360 (2002) (citation omitted)
(emphasis added), this Court recognized two methods for valuing and dividing a defined benefit
plan.
An award may be a percentage of the marital share of the pension,
in which case payment is to be made only as retirement benefits
are paid . . . [or] . . . the court may also make a monetary award,
and in so doing, the court shall consider . . . the value of the marital
share of a party’s retirement or pension plan. The [latter] method
of making an award of the value of a pension is the immediate
offset approach. . . . In order to distribute benefits under the
immediate offset approach, the trial court must determine the
present value of the marital share of those benefits.
The Court continued: “If a trial court orders deferred distribution of the marital share of the
pension, it need not determine the pension’s present value. Under the deferred distribution
approach, ‘the present value of the pension is irrelevant.’” Id. at 177, 562 S.E.2d at 360 (quoting
Gamble v. Gamble, 14 Va. App. 558, 585, 421 S.E.2d 635, 651 (1992)) (additional citation
omitted). See also Gamer v. Gamer, 16 Va. App. 335, 343, 429 S.E.2d 618, 624 (1993).
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In Fahey, 24 Va. App. at 256, 481 S.E.2d at 497, a QDRO entered pursuant to a final
divorce decree adopting a PSA provided that wife was to receive “one-half of the accrued value”
of a Keogh account as of the parties’ date of separation. The trial court entered an amended
QDRO authorizing the distribution of the plan’s assets in kind, though they had increased one-
third in value. In reversing, we held that the later QDRO erroneously modified the final decree,
in violation of Code § 20-107.3(K)(4), which only provided for the wife to receive one-half the
“value” of the account upon the date of separation. Thus, the term “value” was determined to
mean a sum certain on a specified date, not a sum (or distribution in kind) augmented by future
increase in value. See also Ragsdale v. Ragsdale, 30 Va. App. 283, 289-90, 516 S.E.2d 698, 701
(1999).
In Hastie, 29 Va. App. 776, 514 S.E.2d 800, the final decree granted wife “40% of the
marital portion of the [husband’s] retired pay” and specified a fixed sum, which the trial court
determined as the agreed percentage of the present value of the marital portion, payable in
monthly installments from husband’s retirement payments. Because of cost of living increases in
those payments, husband subsequently asked the court to determine that sums in excess of the
monthly installments specified in the decree constituted overpayments to be credited against the
fixed sum, that is, 40% of the prior determined present value of the marital portion of his
retirement benefits.
In a letter opinion, the trial court in Hastie granted 40% of the pension payments for as
long as the husband received the same. That court stated: “Any reference to present value is
mere surplusage and without effect.” This Court reversed and noted: “the clear language and
intent of the original divorce decree was to allot wife 40% of the present value of husband’s
pension.” Id. at 781, 514 S.E.2d at 803 (emphasis in original).
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In the instant case, the PSA reserved the division of “the FERS retirement value on the
date of separation pending receipt of verification of the amount.” As noted in Torian, if a
pension is to be divided by deferred distribution, as the court here did, there is no need to
determine the pension’s “value.” Such a determination is “irrelevant.” In ordering deferred
distribution, the trial court in the instant case gave no consideration to the use of the words
“value” or “amount” as used in the PSA. It treated those words as “meaningless,” thus not
following the rule of construction enunciated in Winn.
Finally, the PSA recited that the wife “knows her . . . legal rights” (Article XIV) and that
the “provisions . . . [of the PSA] . . . have been fully explained to her” (Article XV). Had the
wife, or the parties, intended that the pension was to be divided by deferred distribution, rather
than immediate offset, they could have simply agreed to reserve a determination of an equitable
percentage of the same, thus eliminating the need to determine the “value” or “amount” of the
pension on the date of separation.
VII.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold the trial court erred as a matter of law in its
interpretation of the provisions of section G(1)(b) of PSA, and by so doing, entered a QDRO
inconsistent with the substantive provisions of the final decree of divorce incorporating the PSA.
Code § 20-107.3(K)(4); Baker v. Baker, 38 Va. App. 384, 387, 564 S.E.2d 164, 166 (2002);
Hastie, 29 Va. App. at 781, 514 S.E.2d at 803. Accordingly, the matter is remanded for the court
to equitably distribute the FERS retirement value on the date of separation.2
2
We note that with respect to pension retirement plans, the concept of “value” is not
necessarily limited to the employee’s contributions. It may also include the inchoate, but
unrealized, contractual value of the employer’s obligations. Thus, a valuation method can rely
on annuity formulations, see Holmes v. Holmes, 7 Va. App. 472, 479, 375 S.E.2d 387, 391-92
(1988), and be supplemented with other valuation considerations, like “the most appropriate
present value discount rate, whether the monthly benefit was subject to adjustment or forfeiture,
or whether unusual health problems would affect the calculation factors.” Torian, 38 Va. App. at
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VIII.
Each party requests an award of attorney’s fees. With respect to this request, we have
held:
The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to
determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts
expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the
opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine
whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for
requiring additional payment.
O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Accordingly, we find
no such circumstances exist and hold that neither party is entitled to costs or attorney’s fees in this
matter.
Reversed and remanded.
180, 562 S.E.2d at 362 (citing Brett R. Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property § 6.12, at
371-73 (2d ed. 1994)).
Though the FERS provision is unambiguous as to the method of distribution (immediate
offset, rather than deferred disposition), it is not so clear as to how the “value” of the plan should
be determined.
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