Virginia Marine Resources Commission v. Sarah Harrison

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Kelsey
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
RONALD W. BOONE
v. Record No. 1315-07-1
SARAH HARRISON AND VIRGINIA
MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION OPINION BY
JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION MAY 20, 2008
v. Record No. 1316-07-1
SARAH HARRISON
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
Norman A. Thomas, Judge
Martin A. Thomas (Decker, Cardon, Thomas, Weintraub &
Neskis, P.C., on briefs), for Ronald W. Boone.
Carl Josephson, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on briefs), for Virginia Marine
Resources Commission.
Thomas S. Carnes for Sarah Harrison.
The Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) and Ronald W. Boone appeal a
circuit court order vacating a VMRC pier permit under the Virginia Administrative Process Act
(VAPA), Code § 2.2-4000 et seq. Agreeing with the VMRC and Boone that the court exceeded
its authority in doing so, we reverse.
I.
In 2003, Hurricane Isabel destroyed the Harrison Fishing Pier. Boone rebuilt the pier
pursuant to special permits authorized by executive order expediting the return of impacted areas
and structures to pre-Hurricane Isabel condition. About a third of the way down the 1,490-foot
pier, Boone added a restaurant, gameroom, bar, and an upper deck area on the roof of the
restaurant with a railing and gazebo. These structures were authorized by VMRC permits.
While building the approved structures, Boone also constructed an unapproved 10-by-27⅔ foot
structure on the upper deck to serve as an outdoor bar and catering station as well as a place
where he could do office work. Seven swivel chairs were installed in front of the bar counter. 1
When VMRC officers pointed out to Boone that his prior permits did not include this
particular upper deck bar structure, Boone filed a request for an after-the-fact permit with the
VMRC. At the VMRC hearing, Boone presented his plans for the pier and the upper deck, noted
his considerable ($2.5 million) investment in the rebuilding effort, and apologized for not
securing an amendment to his earlier permits prior to constructing the upper deck bar structure.
Boone also presented other witnesses vouching for the public benefits of the pier generally and
for Boone personally.
The Mayor of the City of Norfolk, Paul Fraim, appeared at the VMRC hearing but had to
leave prior to being able to speak. Boone’s counsel advised the VMRC that Mayor Fraim
authorized him to proffer the mayor’s testimony:
Mayor Fraim indicated that he wished to tell this commission that the
City Council held extensive public hearings before enacting the
ordinances that authorized the conditional use permits that would
allow them to have these facilities on the pier – the restaurant, etc.;
that they also consider this an important part of the revitalization of
the Willoughby section of Ocean View in the City of Norfolk; that at
no time during their consideration did they believe that this structure
that’s in question that’s on top was anything other than an
entertainment structure. That’s what they’ve always known it would
be and always believed it would be a catering and entertainment
facility. They, the City Council unanimously approved the project by
1
Boone also increased the size of another upper deck structure, a gazebo, previously
approved by the VMRC, and added two other structures, a temporary construction trestle and a
fish cleaning station, not previously approved by the VMRC. Harrison has abandoned any
contest over these structures.
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passing the ordinances allowing the conditional use permits and the
Mayor believes that this facility would greatly enhance the ability of
the citizens of Norfolk and the rest of the state to enjoy the
Chesapeake Bay by being able to have a place where they can sit on
this pier, where they can – it’s open to the public – anybody that
wants to come in – it’s a restaurant, it’s licensed by the ABC Board,
it’s also available for renting out for private functions to anybody that
wants to do that, for weddings, etc.
Two citizens appeared at the VMRC hearing objecting to Boone’s pier rebuilding effort.
Sarah Harrison, the appellee in these consolidated cases, said she lived about ten houses down
the shoreline west of the pier. Though difficult to follow, her presentation included complaints
about the decisions of the Norfolk Planning Commission, the Norfolk City Council, and the
Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board — all of which approved various permits requested
by Boone. Harrison also claimed the VMRC “may have been deceived” by Boone during the
permitting process as to his ultimate intentions for the rebuilt pier. She similarly questioned
Boone’s plans to develop other parcels along the Ocean View shoreline.
Harrison also noted that Boone intended to use the pier for “dining, dancing, live bands
and an arcade.” The old pier, she said, housed only a bait and snack shop. Harrison also
objected to the noise that she anticipated from Boone’s intended uses for the upper deck. She
presented to the commission a “DVD of the sound testing” Boone performed prior to his son’s
wedding reception on the pier.
Early in her remarks, Harrison said she “would like to submit evidence for the record”
and then, throughout her testimony, referred to various documents. Among these were
photographs of the former Harrison Fishing Pier, materials copied from the VMRC file,
advertisements by the City of Norfolk, materials submitted to the Norfolk Planning Commission
and Norfolk City Council, transcript pages from the hearing before the ABC Board, and the like.
After she finished speaking, the VMRC chairman advised Harrison to provide these documents
to the VMRC staff.
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In reply to Harrison’s testimony, Boone explained the differences between the earlier
construction plans and the structures ultimately constructed on the pier. He acknowledged
having an ownership interest in nearby properties and insisted that he had “never given any kind
of false information” at any time during the permitting process for the rebuilt pier. As for the
sound recording, Boone said it merely recorded a “sound test” he performed with “larger
speakers” in order to “make sure that it was not loud out there.” In non-test conditions, Boone
suggested, he would be using smaller speakers. The VMRC chairman interrupted Boone at that
point stating, “We’re not interested in that.”
The other objector, Benny LeBon, added a complaint not mentioned by Harrison. Living
“just down the street from the pier,” LeBon said that when he gets up at the crack of dawn he
could not see the sunrise “until the sun gets over top of the building — it’s right directly in my
path when the sun comes up.” He thought other waterfront residents would have the same
problem. Like Harrison, LeBon objected to the “restaurant, dancing, dining, and so forth” on the
pier. “There’s got to be a place for people to go fish,” LeBon concluded, “I’m not sure fine
dining and dancing is what we’re thinking about for the Chesapeake Bay.”
The VMRC commissioners then proceeded to discuss the issue before it: whether to
grant the after-the-fact permit for, inter alia, the outdoor bar added by Boone to the already
approved upper deck. The commissioners talked about various aspects of the issue. Several
voiced concerns about the use of the upper deck structure as a bar instead of a catering operation.
Another stated he thought some of the citizen complaints, including concerns over “noise” and
“nature of the activities,” were beyond the VMRC’s jurisdiction but were at any rate addressed
by restrictive conditions adopted by the City of Norfolk in its special-use permit.
One commissioner noted that the upper deck bar would enhance Boone’s ability to
recoup the $2.5 million capital outlay for the pier rebuilding effort. Another commented on the
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“huge decrease in public access to the water” and the inability of pier owners to rebuild because
of the costs. Boone’s upgraded pier, this commissioner noted, was an “enormous project” that
gave the “public access to the water which is so sorely needed.” Another commissioner agreed:
“Access to the use of the water and enjoyment of the scenery of the water is overwhelming to me
in this case.”
The VMRC chairman put the matter to a vote. The commissioners unanimously voted to
issue the after-the-fact permit. They imposed on Boone, however, a $10,000 fine for not
obtaining the permit prior to constructing the upper deck bar. Dissatisfied with this decision,
Harrison filed a petition for appeal to the circuit court under VAPA. The circuit court vacated
the VMRC’s grant of Boone’s permit, ordered Boone to dismantle the upper deck bar, and
awarded Harrison $9,413 in attorney fees.
The circuit court rested its ruling on three alternative grounds. It first held that the
VMRC violated Harrison’s due process rights by failing to consider her written exhibits. The
court next ruled the VMRC failed to consider the statutory factors outlined in Code
§ 28.2-1205(A). Finally, the court conducted its own review of the “public trust doctrine” and
concluded the evidence before the VMRC did not support its decision to authorize Boone’s
upper deck, outdoor bar. Boone and the VMRC filed unsuccessful motions to reconsider. The
circuit court entered a final order declaring the permit “null and void” and ordering the removal
of the upper deck bar structure within 90 days. Boone and the VMRC obtained a stay of the
judgment and appealed to us contending the circuit court erred as a matter of law.
II.
A. VAPA & THE LIMITED NATURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
Under VAPA, the circuit court reviews the agency’s action in a manner “equivalent to an
appellate court’s role in an appeal from a trial court.” Mattaponi Indian Tribe v. Dep’t of Envtl.
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Quality ex rel. State Water Control Bd., 43 Va. App. 690, 707, 601 S.E.2d 667, 676 (2004)
(citations omitted), aff’d sub nom., Alliance to Save the Mattaponi v. Commonwealth Dep’t of
Envtl. Quality ex rel. State Water Control Bd., 270 Va. 423, 621 S.E.2d 78 (2005). The circuit
court has no authority under VAPA to reweigh the facts in the agency’s evidentiary record.
VAPA authorizes the court to “reject the agency’s findings of fact ‘only if, considering the
record as a whole, a reasonable mind would necessarily come to a different conclusion.’” Id.
(citation omitted and emphasis in original).
Nor can the court substitute its own judgment for the agency’s on matters committed by
statute to the agency’s discretion. Instead, “when the appellant challenges a judgment call on a
topic on which ‘the agency has been entrusted with wide discretion by the General Assembly,’
we will overturn the decision only if it can be fairly characterized as ‘arbitrary or capricious’ and
thus a ‘clear abuse of delegated discretion.’” Citland, Ltd. v. Commonwealth ex rel. Kilgore, 45
Va. App. 268, 275, 610 S.E.2d 321, 324 (2005) (citation omitted). This standard recognizes the
larger premise that, before any legal question can be answered, an a priori question must first be
asked — who has the authority to decide. It is the one question that precedes all others.
In Virginia, the legislature has invested the VMRC with wide discretion in determining
whether to issue permits for projects over state-owned subaqueous lands. Relying on the
“specialized competency of the VMRC” on such matters, Palmer v. Commonwealth Marine Res.
Comm’n, 48 Va. App. 78, 86, 628 S.E.2d 84, 88 (2006), the legislature did not restrict the
VMRC’s judgment to any decisionmaking formula intended to dictate the outcome of each
permitting decision. Instead, Code § 28.2-1204 instructs the VMRC to permit “reasonable uses”
of state-owned bottomland. The VMRC “shall be guided in its deliberations,” Code
§ 28.2-1205(A), by the Virginia Constitution’s emphasis on the preservation of the environment,
the public’s access to public lands for recreation, and maintenance of all public resources “for the
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benefit, enjoyment, and general welfare of the people of the Commonwealth,” Va. Const. Art.
IX, § 1.
Code § 28.2-1205(A) also directs the VMRC to exercise its authority consistent with the
“public trust doctrine as defined by the common law of the Commonwealth” and to consider an
additional list of specific factors, including the effect of the project on “[a]djacent or nearby
properties.” See Palmer, 48 Va. App. at 87-88, 628 S.E.2d at 89. “The presence or absence of
any given factor is not dispositive of whether a permit should be granted; further, not every
factor is applicable in every case.” Id. at 90, 628 S.E.2d at 90.
B. THE CIRCUIT COURT’S THREE ALTERNATIVE HOLDINGS
The circuit court rested its ruling on three alternative grounds. On appeal, the VMRC
and Boone argue the circuit court erred on each one. We agree.
(i) Due Process Claim Regarding Harrison’s Exhibits
The circuit court held the VMRC violated Harrison’s due process rights by allegedly
refusing to consider her written exhibits. As Boone points out, however, Harrison’s VAPA
petition for appeal in the circuit court raised no due process claim and mentioned nothing about
the VMRC disregarding her exhibits. None of her briefs in the circuit court argued that the
VMRC violated her due process rights by failing to consider her exhibits. Nor did Harrison’s
counsel ever assert this claim at any hearing in the circuit court. The litigants learned of this
issue for the first time while reading the circuit court’s letter opinion.
“When the VAPA authorizes judicial review, it must be conducted ‘in the manner
provided by the rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia.’” Christian v. Va. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,
45 Va. App. 310, 314, 610 S.E.2d 870, 872 (2005) (quoting Code § 2.2-4206). Rule 2A:4(b)
requires all VAPA petitions for appeal filed in the circuit court to “specify the errors assigned” as
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well as the “specific” relief requested. Harrison’s petition for appeal in the circuit court never
alleged any due process claim. Nor did she later seek to amend her petition to include such a
claim. Instead, the circuit court raised the due process claim sua sponte as a basis for reversing
the VMRC decision. The court erred by doing so. See generally Clifford v. Commonwealth,
274 Va. 23, 25, 645 S.E.2d 295, 297 (2007) (holding “an appellate court may not ‘recast’ an
argument” into “a different argument upon which to base its decision”).
(ii) The VMRC’s Consideration of Code § 28.2-1205(A) Factors
The circuit court also held that the VMRC failed to consider the impact of the upper deck
bar on “[a]djacent and nearby properties” as required by Code § 28.2-1205(A)(4). The court’s
opinion identified only two possible impacts on nearby properties: noise and sunrise views. We
find no merit in either assertion.
With respect to the noise complaint, the circuit court held the VMRC “delegated” its
decisionmaking responsibility to the Norfolk City Council by relying on the noise restrictions
imposed on Boone’s special use zoning permit. This constituted an unlawful “abdication” of the
VMRC’s statutory duties, the court concluded.
The litigants debate on appeal whether noise constitutes a sufficient impact on “[a]djacent
or nearby properties,” Code § 28.2-1205(A)(4), to be a required statutory consideration in every
case. The Attorney General opines that the VMRC should consider only direct “physical”
impacts. See 1972-73 Op. Att’y Gen. 188, 1973 Va. AG LEXIS 108 (1973). Harrison contends
that excessive noise should always be considered if it affects nearby properties and complains
that the VMRC’s position differs from its actions in other cases in which non-physical impacts
were considered.
We find this debate largely academic because the administrative record demonstrates, as
Boone argues on appeal, that the VMRC did consider Harrison’s noise complaint. At the VMRC
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hearing, Harrison and LeBon testified on this subject. Afterwards, the commission invited
Boone to offer a response. He explained that the sound recording offered by Harrison merely
recorded his use of “large speakers” to perform a “sound test.” Apparently based upon this
explanation, the commissioners chose not to listen to the recording.
During deliberations, the VMRC chairman noted that the proffer of the mayor’s
statement established that the City of Norfolk “approved everything” and did not “have a
problem with it so I don’t see why we should.” While questioning whether “noise” and the
“nature of the activities” were within the VMRC’s jurisdiction, an associate commissioner
pointed out that, in any event, the City of Norfolk resolved these concerns with “some restrictive
conditions on the use of the property, hours of operation, etc.” These conditions prohibited
“entertainment for the outdoor portion of the restaurant” after 10:00 p.m and subjected all
activities on the pier to the noise regulations found in Norfolk City Code §§ 26-1 to 26-13. “So I
think that’s already been addressed by the City,” the associate commissioner reasoned.
Under Code § 28.2-1205(B), the VMRC “shall consult with other state agencies . . .
whenever the Commission’s decision on a permit application relates to or affects the particular
concerns or activities of those agencies.” (Emphasis added.) It follows that the VMRC may
consult with municipal authorities and consider their actions to the extent relevant to the permit
application. While an administrative agency cannot “shirk its own statutory mandate” to take
into account all relevant considerations, neither must it “pretend that it is the only agency
addressing the issue when it is not; that would only lead it to conduct a wasteful, duplicative
proceeding.” Holyoke Gas & Electric Dep’t v. SEC, 972 F.2d 358, 363 (D.C. Cir. 1992).
Given the VMRC’s willingness to take evidence on the noise issue, both from Harrison
and Boone, and to consider the City of Norfolk’s role in restricting the special use permit, we
reject the circuit court’s conclusion that the VMRC abdicated any statutory duty to consider the
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noise issue as a relevant impact on “[a]djacent or nearby properties.” Code § 28.2-1205(A)(4).
While it appears the subject was not given dispositive weight, nothing in the statute requires that
any specific factor be given any measurable weight, only that it be considered by the VMRC
during the decisionmaking process. The weight that should be properly given to any specific
factor — including any claimed impact on “[a]djacent or nearby properties,” Code
§ 28.2-1205(A)(4) — is a decision for the VMRC not the courts.
We acknowledge, but find unpersuasive, the circuit court’s emphasis on the “we’re not
interested in that” remark by the VMRC chairman during Boone’s rebuttal testimony. Under
VAPA, “we cannot seize upon questions, comments or incidences of an orderly administrative
process to discredit agency action that is supported by the record, viewed in context and as a
whole.” The Mattaponi Indian Tribe, 43 Va. App. at 706, 601 S.E.2d at 675 (citation omitted).
“We focus instead on the decision itself and the entire factual record considered by the agency.”
Id. (citation omitted). “By design, this standard gives ‘great stability and finality to the fact-
findings of an administrative agency,’” id. (citation omitted), and “also ensures that we remain
faithful to our statutory duty to “take due account of the presumption of official regularity” as
well as the agency’s “experience and specialized competence,” id. (quoting Code § 2.2-4027).
With respect to the sunrise view issue, we find even less merit in this assertion. Harrison
never testified before the VMRC that the upper deck bar interfered with her view of the sunrise.
Perhaps that could be inferred from LeBon’s testimony. But, if so, the inference is far too
slender to support the weight of Harrison’s argument. LeBon’s next-door neighbor, Harrison
said she lived about ten houses down the shoreline west of the pier. Harrison did not present any
evidence on how often the sun and the upper deck bar share the same azimuth from the vantage
point of her home. Nor did she account for the effect of solar declination tracking the change of
seasons.
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The specific obstruction in question, after all, is not the 1,490-foot pier with shelters and
fish cleaning station, or its 116-by-42 foot building housing a restaurant, bait shop, rest rooms,
snack bar, and recreational gameroom. Nor is it the uncontested structures on the roof of the
building: the upper deck with its railing and 16½-by-11 foot gazebo. The obstruction at issue
here is the 10-by-27⅔ foot upper deck bar — which, at best, would have a purely incremental
and momentary impact on Harrison’s sunrise views. We hold the VMRC did not fail to give
sufficient consideration to this particular issue.
(iii) The VMRC’s Violation of the Public Trust Doctrine
Code § 28.2-1205(A) directs the VMRC to exercise its authority consistent with the
public trust doctrine adopted by the common law and the provisions of Article XI, Section 1 of
the Virginia Constitution. As we recognized in Palmer, the public trust doctrine provides:
The state holds the land lying beneath public waters as trustee for
the benefit of all citizens. As trustee, the state is responsible for
proper management of the resource to ensure the preservation and
protection of all appropriate current and potential future uses,
including potentially conflicting uses, by the public.
48 Va. App. at 88, 628 S.E.2d at 89 (quoting VMRC, Subaqueous Guidelines § I(B)); see Sharon
M. Kelly, The Public Trust and the Constitution: Routes to Judicial Overview of Resource
Management Decisions in Virginia, 75 Va. L. Rev. 895, 896 (1989); see also Ill. Cent. R.R. v.
Illinois, 146 U.S. 387, 436 (1892) (described by Commonwealth v. Newport News, 158 Va. 521,
536, 164 S.E. 689, 693 (1932), as “[p]robably the clearest enunciation of this trust doctrine”).
In this case, the circuit court held the upper deck bar violated the public trust doctrine as a
matter of law and, thus, that the VMRC acted arbitrarily and capriciously in granting the permit.
The court explained its reasoning this way:
With respect to non-water dependent structures, the public trust
doctrine must mean something. Yet, VMRC renders it meaningless
by granting Boone’s permit for the second-story bar structure when its
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functions merely duplicate already-permitted uses on the Ocean View
Fishing Pier. At a minimum, proper application of the public trust
doctrine requires avoidance of redundant non-water dependent uses at
close proximity on the same pier. The Court rules that, under the
circumstances of this case, VMRC misapplied the public trust
doctrine. It thereby breached its duties to the public by permitting the
second-story bar structure, when its intended non-water dependent use
serves only to duplicate facilities available within or from the pier’s
main building. The record establishes that the structure is not
reasonable or even valuable to the greater public interest as a non-
water dependent use, and, clearly, alternatives exist “for reducing any
anticipated adverse impacts.”
The circuit court framed its reasoning to track the Subaqueous Guidelines adopted by the
VMRC. See generally Palmer, 48 Va. App. at 88-89, 628 S.E.2d at 89-90. Under those
guidelines, the VMRC considers whether the anticipated use would be water dependent — like
boating, fishing, marine commerce, and the like. Code § 28.2-1205, however, contains no
mandatory water-dependency criterion. The VMRC guidelines also make clear that water
dependency is not a mandatory factor: “Use of the definition of water dependency does not
necessarily preclude issuance of a permit for non-water dependent structures over State-owned
submerged lands. At public hearing, the Commission may determine that, while a structure is
not water dependent, it is a reasonable use of State-owned submerged lands.” VMRC
Subaqueous Guidelines § I(C)(2).
The circuit court held the VMRC’s decision to grant a permit for the upper deck bar
violated the public trust doctrine as a matter of law because the outdoor bar on the upper deck
was not water-dependent under the VMRC guidelines and “merely duplicate[d]” the indoor bar
on the lower deck. We need not stake out definitive boundaries for the public trust doctrine in
order to conclude the court erred. Code § 28.2-1205 contains no water-dependency criterion,
and the VMRC’s guidelines include water dependency only as a factor for consideration. See
Palmer, 48 Va. App. at 90, 628 S.E.2d at 90 (recognizing that, as related to private piers, “the
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VMRC may properly consider the cumulative effect of issuing multiple permits for structures
over the water of the Commonwealth”).
Code § 28.2-1205(A) directs the VMRC — not the courts — to decide whether, in its
expert discretion, granting the permit would be consistent with the public trust doctrine. Under
VAPA, the courts have no authority to make a de novo judgment on the subject. Absent a
statutory or constitutional violation, a VMRC decision to grant a permit can be judicially
upended under VAPA only if the decision can be fairly condemned as arbitrary and capricious,
wholly lacking in reasoned judgment or supporting facts. No such conclusion can be reached
under the facts of this case. 2
III.
The circuit court erred in vacating the VMRC’s grant of an after-the-fact permit for the
upper deck bar built on the roof of Boone’s pier restaurant. It necessarily follows that the court
had no authority to order the dismantling of the bar structure or to award Harrison attorney fees
as the prevailing party.
Reversed.
2
Given our ruling, we need not address the appellants’ additional arguments that (i)
VMRC decisions “consistent with the public trust doctrine . . . shall not be deemed to have been
made pursuant to the police power” per Code § 28.2-1205(F); (ii) the circuit court’s ruling, in
effect, judicially reviewed earlier, unappealed permit decisions over which it had no jurisdiction;
(iii) none of Harrison’s complaints involve claims of direct, physical impacts on her property;
(iv) Harrison was not an aggrieved party for purposes of a VAPA appeal; and (v) the circuit
court’s remedial order violated Code § 2.2-4029
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