Jerry Lee Gibbs v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Decker
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
JERRY LEE GIBBS
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1115-16-1 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
JUNE 6, 2017
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
Walter J. Ford, Judge Designate1
Anthony J. Balady, Jr., Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Jerry Lee Gibbs appeals his conviction for driving after being adjudicated a habitual
offender, in violation of Code § 46.2-357. He contends that the traffic stop that led to the
discovery of his offense was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of
the United States. He concludes that, consequently, the trial court should have granted his
motion to suppress evidence. We hold that the trial court did not err in denying the motion.
Accordingly, we affirm the conviction.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Judge Wilford Taylor, Jr., ruled on the motion to suppress.
I. BACKGROUND2
On February 4, 2015, Trooper Jason Vaughters of the Virginia Department of State
Police saw that a car driven by the appellant had an inspection sticker that was “excessively
taped” to the windshield with “heavy” clear tape on each corner. 3 He also noticed that the
sticker was dirty. Vaughters explained that he considered these observations significant because
inspection stickers are self-adhesive and usually clean, but if one is taken off of a windshield and
then used again, the adhesive “catches dirt.” He also testified that a new sticker “will stick to the
windshield until it’s taken off.” Vaughters suspected that someone had removed the sticker from
another vehicle and placed it on the car driven by the appellant.
Trooper Vaughters testified that he thought that the inspection sticker was suspicious
based on “several instances of that and dealing with counterfeit stickers” during his five years of
experience as a law enforcement officer. Specifically, Vaughters said that he had conducted
“thousands” of traffic stops and had encountered vehicle inspection stickers held on with tape
approximately fifty or sixty times. He explained that he worked in traffic enforcement and
looked at the inspection sticker of almost every vehicle that passed him on the roadway.
Vaughters also testified that he could not verify the legality of the inspection sticker on the car
driven by the appellant without making a traffic stop.
Based on his suspicion that the inspection sticker was unlawful, the trooper stopped the
car. He asked the appellant for his driver’s license. During the encounter, Vaughters learned
2
In ruling on the propriety of a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress, the
appellate court considers the evidence introduced at the suppression hearing and at trial. See,
e.g., Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 385 n.1, 728 S.E.2d 499, 501 n.1 (2012). The
Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the party who prevailed below, in this
case the Commonwealth. E.g., Raab v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 577, 579, 652 S.E.2d 144,
146 (2007) (en banc).
3
It was daylight and Vaughters was travelling in the opposite direction when he first saw
the vehicle.
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that the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles had listed the appellant as a felony habitual
offender.
Before the appellant’s trial for driving after being determined to be a habitual offender,
he made a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the traffic stop. He argued that the
stop was not supported by a reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity. The trial court denied the
motion. In doing so, the court found that an inspection sticker is not “normally” taped to a
windshield. The court concluded that the tape adhering the sticker to the windshield “justif[ied]
a reasonable suspicion to stop, to make sure it’s properly inspected.”
A jury found the appellant guilty of driving after being adjudicated a habitual offender.
He was sentenced to five years of imprisonment, with one year suspended.
II. ANALYSIS
The appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the
evidence because Trooper Vaughters did not have a reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in
criminal activity or had committed a traffic infraction at the time that he was stopped.
On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, the appellant has the burden to
show that the trial court’s ruling constituted reversible error. Mason v. Commonwealth, 291 Va.
362, 367, 786 S.E.2d 148, 151 (2016). The ultimate determinations of whether reasonable
suspicion exists and “whether a person has been seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment”
involve “questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal.” Reittinger v.
Commonwealth, 260 Va. 232, 236, 532 S.E.2d 25, 27 (2000). The appellate court must
“independently determine whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the
requirements of the Fourth Amendment.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659
S.E.2d 512, 515 (2008). In doing so, however, the Court is “bound by the trial court’s factual
findings unless those findings are plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.” Jones v.
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Commonwealth, 279 Va. 665, 670, 691 S.E.2d 801, 803 (2010) (quoting Whitehead v.
Commonwealth, 278 Va. 300, 306, 683 S.E.2d 299, 301 (2009)). In addition, we “give due
weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement
officers.” Reittinger, 260 Va. at 236, 532 S.E.2d at 27 (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517
U.S. 690, 699 (1996)).
The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures. E.g.,
Sidney v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 517, 522, 702 S.E.2d 124, 127 (2010). This “protection
extends to brief investigatory stops ‘that fall short of traditional arrest.’” Moore v.
Commonwealth, 276 Va. 747, 757, 668 S.E.2d 150, 155 (2008) (quoting United States v. Arvizu,
534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002)). The Fourth Amendment requirements are met, however, “if the
officer’s action in making an investigatory stop is supported by ‘reasonable suspicion to believe
that criminal activity “may be afoot.”’” Id. (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7
(1989)). “[I]f there are articulable facts supporting a reasonable suspicion that a person has
committed a criminal offense, that person may be stopped . . . briefly while attempting to obtain
additional information.” Sidney, 280 Va. at 524, 702 S.E.2d at 128-29 (quoting Hayes v.
Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816 (1985)). The purpose of an investigatory stop, including the stop of a
vehicle, is “to permit an officer with reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to quickly confirm
or dispel that suspicion.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 533, 539, 546 S.E.2d 252, 255
(2001).
“There are no bright line rules to follow when determining whether a reasonable and
articulable suspicion exists . . . .” Hoye v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 132, 134-35, 442 S.E.2d
404, 406 (1994). A “reasonable suspicion is more than an unparticularized suspicion or
‘hunch.’” Sidney, 280 Va. at 523, 702 S.E.2d at 128 (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119,
123-24 (2000)). However, “[t]he likelihood of criminality ‘need not rise to the level required for
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probable cause and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence
standard’ applicable in other contexts.” Raab v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 577, 581, 652
S.E.2d 144, 146 (2007) (en banc) (quoting Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274).
The law is well settled regarding the analysis. On appellate review, we must consider
“the ‘totality of the circumstances’ of each case to see whether the detaining officer has a
‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” Mason, 291 Va. at 368,
786 S.E.2d at 151 (quoting Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273). In conducting this analysis, we are mindful
that an officer is permitted to view the circumstances confronting him “in light of his training
and experience.” Jones, 279 Va. at 673, 691 S.E.2d at 805. “[A] trained law enforcement officer
may [be able to] identify criminal behavior which would appear innocent to an untrained
observer.” Lovelace v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 120, 124-25, 554 S.E.2d 688, 690 (2001)
(alterations in original) (quoting Freeman v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 658, 661, 460 S.E.2d
261, 262 (1995)). “The test is . . . whether the facts and circumstances apparent to [the officer] at
the time of the stop were such as to create in the mind of a reasonable officer in the same
position a suspicion that a violation of the law was occurring or was about to occur.” Mason,
291 Va. at 368, 786 S.E.2d at 151; see also Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 696. Further, “[t]he possibility
of an innocent explanation for the suspicious conduct does not necessarily forbid an officer from
making a brief, investigatory stop” to confirm or dispel his suspicion. Raab, 50 Va. App. at 581,
652 S.E.2d at 146.
The Commonwealth maintains that the trial court correctly found that Vaughters had
reasonable articulable suspicion to believe that the appellant was violating Code §§ 46.2-1172
and -1173. Code § 46.2-1172 proscribes using a vehicle safety inspection sticker “otherwise
than as authorized by the Superintendent” of State Police. Code § 46.2-1173 provides that “[n]o
person shall make, issue, or knowingly use any imitation or counterfeit of an official safety
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inspection sticker” and “[n]o person shall display or cause or permit to be displayed upon any
vehicle any safety inspection sticker knowing it to be fictitious or issued for another vehicle.”
In Mason, 291 Va. at 369, 786 S.E.2d at 152, the Supreme Court of Virginia considered
whether an officer lawfully stopped a vehicle based on an object dangling from the rearview
mirror. The Court held that the traffic stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment because “[a]
reasonable person could readily conclude” that the parking pass “might have violated the statute”
prohibiting objects hanging from the rearview mirror “‘in such a manner as to obstruct the
driver’s clear view of the highway through the windshield.’” Id. at 365, 371, 786 S.E.2d at 150,
153 (quoting Code § 46.2-1054).
Similarly, here, a reasonable person viewing the circumstances could conclude that the
inspection sticker may have been placed illegally on the car. See, e.g., Shifflett v.
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 732, 735, 716 S.E.2d 132, 134 (2011) (stating that an investigatory
stop requires a reasonable suspicion only that unlawful activity may be afoot). The facts in the
record are critical to this legal conclusion. See, e.g., Harmon v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App.
440, 445, 425 S.E.2d 77, 79 (1992).
Vaughters explained that the inspection sticker on the car driven by the appellant looked
like it had been transferred. It was “excessively” taped to the windshield with tape on each of its
four corners. He noted that the sticker looked “dirty” and specifically explained that the
adhesive side of the sticker gets dirty when it is removed from one windshield and placed on
another. Trooper Vaughters believed, based on his experience, that the inspection sticker had
been issued for a different vehicle and placed on the car driven by the appellant. Vaughters had
five years of experience, with a focus on traffic enforcement, and had made “thousands” of
traffic stops. See Moore, 276 Va. at 757, 668 S.E.2d at 156 (“[A]n officer’s specialized training
and personal experience, unavailable to a person untrained in law enforcement, are entitled to
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some weight.”). The trooper had experience specifically with counterfeit and transferred
inspection stickers, and he had executed “fifty or sixty” traffic stops based on suspicious
inspection stickers. Further, Vaughters testified that he could not verify the validity of the
inspection sticker without stopping the vehicle. Accordingly, Trooper Vaughters articulated
sufficient facts to support a particularized and reasonable suspicion justifying the traffic stop.
Consistent with the constitutional requirement, the stop allowed Vaughters to work to “quickly
confirm or dispel” his reasonable suspicion that the appellant had violated Code § 46.2-1172 or
§ 46.2-1173. See Davis, 35 Va. App. at 539, 546 S.E.2d at 255. This is the precise reason for an
investigatory stop. See id. Consequently, the trial court did not err in holding that the stop of the
car did not violate the appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights.
The appellant correctly notes that there are possible innocent explanations for having an
inspection sticker taped to a car windshield. See, e.g., Code § 46.2-1163 (not specifying how a
vehicle inspection sticker must be “placed on the windshield”); Code § 46.2-1164 (allowing the
transfer of an inspection sticker from a broken windshield to a replacement one). However, the
fact that the inspection sticker could have been lawful does not compel a different outcome in
this case. See, e.g., Reel v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 262, 270, 522 S.E.2d 881, 885 (2000)
(“The fact that a vehicle displaying a rejection sticker may be operated legally . . . does not mean
a rejection sticker fails to provide reasonable suspicion that the driver is committing a traffic
infraction.”). The very reason for the stop was for Trooper Vaughters to quickly determine
whether the inspection sticker belonged on the car or was being used in violation of the law.
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The appellant’s reliance on this Court’s panel decision in Moore v. Commonwealth, 49
Va. App. 294, 640 S.E.2d 531 (2007), which was affirmed by the Supreme Court, is misplaced.4
In Moore v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 747, 668 S.E.2d 150 (2008), a police officer saw a peeling
inspection sticker on the windshield of a vehicle. Id. at 751, 668 S.E.2d at 152. The officer’s
experience with transferred inspection stickers caused him to suspect that the peeling sticker had
not been issued for that car. Id. The Supreme Court held that the officer’s suspicion of criminal
activity “was undermined by his knowledge, prior to making the stop, that [the defendant] was
driving a rental car.” Id. at 757, 668 S.E.2d at 156. The Court reasoned that “[g]uilty knowledge
. . . is an essential element of the offense of displaying a fictitious inspection sticker or one
issued for another vehicle” and that a rental car driver is unlikely to verify the inspection status
of the car that he or she rents. Id. at 757-58, 668 S.E.2d at 156. Here, unlike the officer in
Moore, who knew he was dealing with a rental car, Vaughters did not possess any knowledge at
the time of the stop that undermined his suspicion that the appellant had tampered with the
inspection sticker.5
The appellant has not met his burden of showing that the trial court committed reversible
error. On appeal, we are bound by the trial court’s factual determinations, we must give due
4
The panel decision was vacated when this Court granted en banc review of the case.
Moore v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 497, 642 S.E.2d 769 (2007) (en banc). Subsequently, the
Supreme Court held that the panel “reached the correct result.” 276 Va. at 757, 668 S.E.2d at
156 (emphasis added). The Court “reinstate[d] the majority panel decision” but did not adopt its
reasoning. Compare id. at 758, 668 S.E.2d at 156, with Wagoner v. Commonwealth, 289 Va.
476, 484, 770 S.E.2d 479, 484 (2015) (“adopt[ing]” this Court’s holding on a particular issue),
and Allied Fibers & Plastics v. Cibula, 245 Va. 337, 338, 428 S.E.2d 905, 906 (1993) (per
curiam) (explicitly “adopt[ing]” this Court’s opinion as its own). Consequently, the Moore panel
decision is not binding precedent, and the Supreme Court reasoning controls.
5
The appellant also relies on unpublished opinions as persuasive authority in support of
his argument. See, e.g., Coffman v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 163, 172 n.7, 795 S.E.2d 178,
182 n.7 (2017) (explaining that unpublished Court of Appeals opinions may be cited as
persuasive authority but are not binding precedent). We have reviewed these cases and, in light
of the published authority, are not persuaded by the appellant’s position.
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weight to Trooper Vaughters’ experience, and we are required to view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the Commonwealth. We conclude that “the facts and circumstances apparent”
to Vaughters, in light of his experience in traffic enforcement, “were such as to create in the
mind of a reasonable officer in the same position” a reasonable suspicion that the appellant was
displaying an inspection sticker issued for another vehicle. See Mason, 291 Va. at 368, 786
S.E.2d at 151.
Based on the record, the totality of the circumstances supports the trial court’s conclusion
that Vaughters had a reasonable suspicion that the inspection sticker had been illegally moved
from another vehicle to the one driven by the appellant. That suspicion permitted the officer to
stop the appellant in order to investigate the matter and quickly confirm or dispel his suspicion.
For these reasons, the traffic stop did not violate the appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights.
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the totality of the circumstances supports the conclusion that Trooper
Vaughters had a reasonable, articulable suspicion of illegal activity. Consequently, we hold that
the trial court correctly denied the appellant’s motion to suppress. For these reasons, we affirm
the conviction for driving after being determined a habitual offender. We remand the case solely
for correction of a clerical error in the June 8, 2016 sentencing order, which incorrectly states
that the appellant pled guilty, rather than that he was tried by a jury. Code § 8.01-428(B); see,
e.g., Howell v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 737, 739 n.*, 742, 652 S.E.2d 107, 108 n.*, 109 (2007).
Affirmed and remanded.
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