Calvin Earnest Myers v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Petty
Argued at Salem, Virginia
CALVIN EARNEST MYERS
MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY
v. Record No. 0986-07-3 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
AUGUST 12, 2008
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF TAZEWELL COUNTY
Henry A. Vanover, Judge
Richard C. Patterson (Gillespie, Hart, Altizer & Whitesell, P.C., on
brief), for appellant.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
I. INTRODUCTION
Calvin Earnest Myers maintains the trial court erred during his sentencing proceeding by
admitting evidence from his ex-girlfriend, P.B., contained in a victim impact statement, and
evidence in a pre-sentence report dealing with the history of his relationship with P.B. He argues
that P.B. is not a “victim” for purposes of the impact statement and that the pre-sentence report
improperly contains references to unadjudicated criminal conduct involving P.B. In addition to
the latter’s inadmissibility, he continues, such references permitted the trial court to sentence in
violation of the rule of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and its progeny. We
affirm.
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Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
II. FACTS
In the early morning of January 14, 2006, Myers broke into the home of Shannon
Dwayne Minton and Jessica Minton, his wife, and their three-year-old and two-month-old
children. Jessica Minton is the sister of P.B. Myers and P.B. have a fourteen-month-old
daughter. Myers, who was armed with a shotgun, demanded Jessica attempt to have P.B. bring
his daughter to him. Jessica called her mother and older sister, Trish, leaving messages that
Myers had kicked in the door and had a gun.
P.B. was contacted in Ohio and advised of the situation. After holding the Mintons at
gunpoint for nine hours, Myers eventually surrendered without incident to a Tazewell County
Sheriff’s Office S.W.A.T. team. Prior to January 14, 2006, P.B. had obtained a protective order
against Myers. The order remained effective at the time of the incident.
Myers entered into a plea agreement with the Commonwealth, whereby he agreed to
plead no contest to six charges, including burglary while armed with a deadly weapon in
violation of Code § 18.2-89, two counts of abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-47, two counts
of using a firearm while committing a felony in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1, and possession of
a firearm while subject to a protective order in violation of Code § 18.2-308.1:4. The
Commonwealth dropped other pending charges and agreed not to charge Myers with any
previous crimes related to his relationship with P.B. The circuit court accepted the plea
agreement in a hearing held on January 26, 2007.
At the sentencing hearing on March 27, 2007, the trial court admitted P.B.’s victim
impact statement over objection. She wrote that her relationship with Myers had been “very
abusive” and that Myers had “choked [her] numerous times.” This latter statement was the only
reference to specific unadjudicated criminal acts. Her statement continued: “We kept getting
phone calls, the police advised us to stay in Ohio. I was scared to death. . . . I knew what
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[Myers] was capable of . . . . I was waiting in horror to hear what happened and we finally got
the call that my family was ok.”
No objection was made as to the Mintons’ impact statements. As related by Jessica
Minton in part: “He told us that when [P.B and a police officer] came he was going to shoot
their heads off . . . . I had seen him a couple of times when he got violent towards [P.B.].”
Shannon Minton’s victim impact statement contained the following: “I have heard stories of
[Myers’] violent past and know of his and [P.B.’s] abusive relationship, so I knew the threats of
‘bloodshed,’ and ‘you will see someone die’ . . . were to be taken seriously . . . . [Myers]
threatened to kill . . . [P.B.].”
With respect to the pre-sentence report, Myers likewise objected only to that portion of
the pre-sentence report dealing with P.B.’s statements to Detective Anne Hickman of the
Tazewell County Sheriff’s Office concerning unadjudicated criminal acts. Those acts included
repeated assaults, forcible anal, oral, and vaginal sex, and other sexual matters for which detail is
not here necessary.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court sentenced Myers to forty years imprisonment
on the burglary charge, ten years on each of the abduction charges, three years and five years on
the use of firearm charges, and twelve months on the possession of a firearm charge. The court
suspended the burglary sentence.
III. ANALYSIS
Standard of Review
A circuit court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence during
sentencing proceedings. Runyon v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 573, 576, 513 S.E.2d 872, 874
(1999). We review its decisions only for abuse of discretion. Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 25
Va. App. 81, 84, 486 S.E.2d 551, 552 (1997).
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The Impact Statement
Code § 19.2-299.1 provides that a pre-sentence report “shall, with the consent of the
victim, as defined in § 19.2-11.01, in all cases involving offenses other than capital murder,
include a Victim Impact Statement.” Code § 19.2-11.01(B) defines a victim in relevant part as
“a person who has suffered physical, psychological or economic harm as a direct result of the
commission of a felony.”
In Rock v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 254, 257, 610 S.E.2d 314, 315 (2005), the
defendant had been convicted of conspiracy to commit a robbery but acquitted of a murder
committed by others during the robbery when he was not present. At Rock’s sentencing, the trial
court permitted testimony from the murder victim’s brother and the mother of the murder
victim’s children. Id. Relying on Code § 19.2-11.01(B), quoted above, Rock objected, arguing
that these individuals were not victims, in that any impact they suffered was not the “direct
result” from his participation in the robbery conspiracy. Id. at 257-58, 610 S.E.2d at 315. In
affirming, we noted that the determination by the trial court that the brother and mother suffered
as a direct result of the conspiracy and were, accordingly, victims, was a factual one subject to
appellate deference. Id. at 260, 610 S.E.2d at 317.
Here, the evidence even more strongly supports the trial court’s decision to admit P.B.’s
victim impact statement. Initially, we note that the goal of Myers’ intrusion into the Mintons’
home was to force P.B. to come to that home and bring their child. If she had done so, according
to Myers, he was going to “blow her head off” with the shotgun he possessed. The Mintons were
the means Myers employed to achieve those potential ends. That being said, P.B. clearly
suffered “psychological” harm as the direct result of Myers’ actions. She “was scared to death”
and “was waiting in horror to hear what happened” to her sister, Jessica, and Jessica’s family.
Indeed, the felonies Myers committed were all directed towards forcing P.B. to bring the child to
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the Mintons where he could kill P.B. Thus, her psychological harm was the “direct result” of
those felonies. 1
The Pre-Sentence Report
A pre-sentence report is to include “the history of the accused . . . and all other relevant
facts, to fully advise the court so the court may determine the appropriate sentence to be
imposed.” Code § 19.2-299(A). That report may include “evidence of unadjudicated criminal
behavior.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 656, 659, 446 S.E.2d 469, 471 (1994) (en
banc). Thus, in another case, we affirmed the trial court’s decision to admit “evidence that [the
defendant] made a threatening phone call to his former girlfriend.” Wolfe v. Commonwealth, 37
Va. App. 136, 143, 554 S.E.2d 695, 698 (2001).
All the felonies for which Myers was to be sentenced were necessarily and inexorably
intertwined with the history of his relationship to P.B., and the facts, including unadjudicated
criminal acts committed against P.B., contained in that history were relevant for the trial court to
consider in fashioning an appropriate sentence. Thus, the trial court did not err in considering
them.
Apprendi
Myers further asserts on brief that references in the victim impact statement and the
pre-sentence report relating to his conduct towards P.B. permitted the trial court to enhance
1
For this reason, we need not address whether the evidence would have been admissible
even if P.B. fell outside the statutory definition of a victim. See Rock, 45 Va. App. at 261, 610
S.E.2d at 317 (“Furthermore, we hold that the admissibility of the victim impact testimony was
relevant and within the sound discretion of the trial court even if persons who are not deemed
‘victims’ under the statute offered the testimony.”); see also Washington v. Commonwealth, 48
Va. App. 486, 492, 632 S.E.2d 625, 628 (2006) (holding that “the reference to Code
§ 19.2-295.1, as set forth in § 19.2-295.3, is not intended to limit victim impact testimony but
merely identifies the sentencing phase of the trial as the appropriate forum for victim impact
testimony”).
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punishment in violation of Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 466, and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296(2004).
As we noted in Washington v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 276, 291-92, 616 S.E.2d
774, 782 (2005) (en banc):
The United States Supreme Court has recently
re-affirmed the fundamental constitutional principle that: “Any
fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a
sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts
established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted
by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 756, 160 L.
Ed. 2d 621 (2005); see also Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296,
124 S. Ct. 2531, 2536, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004); Ring v. Arizona,
536 U.S. 584, 589. 122 S. Ct. 2428, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002);
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 491, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147
L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000); Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 243,
119 S. Ct. 1215, 143 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1999).
Succinctly stated, these cases invalidate statutorily authorized enhanced punishment premised
upon factual findings made by a court independent of, and in addition to, those established by a
jury verdict or plea of guilty.
In Alston v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 759, 768, 652 S.E.2d 456, 461 (2007), the Virginia
Supreme Court discussed the Apprendi line of cases, including the more recent Cunningham v.
California, 127 S. Ct. 856 (2007):
As in Booker, the Court clarified that if the sentence . . . is
within the permitted statutory limit based solely upon the finding
of a jury or the defendant’s admissions, without any fact-finding
by the trial court, then a sentence within that range raised no Sixth
Amendment claim. “Other States have chosen to permit judges
genuinely ‘to exercise broad discretion within a statutory range,’
which, ‘everyone agrees,’ encounters no Sixth Amendment shoal.”
Cunningham, 127 S. Ct. at 871 (quoting Booker, 543 U.S. at 233).
The fallacy in Myers’ argument is clear. Myers entered into the plea agreement noted
above in which he pleaded “no contest.” A plea of “no contest” is the equivalent of a plea of
guilty. Clauson v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 282, 291, 511 S.E.2d 449, 453 (1999). Such a
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plea ‘“implies a confession . . . of the truth of the charge . . . [and] agrees that the court may
consider him guilty’ for the purpose of imposing judgment and sentence.” Commonwealth v.
Jackson, 255 Va. 552, 555, 499 S.E.2d 276, 278 (1998) (alteration in original) (quoting Honaker
v. Howe, 60 Va. (19 Gratt.) 50, 53 (1869)). Though the trial court here departed from the
guidelines, those guidelines are discretionary and advisory. See Code § 19.2-298.01; Jett v.
Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 252, 256, 540 S.E.2d 511, 512-13 (2001). The sentences imposed
by the trial court were within the range of punishment authorized for violation of each crime to
which Myers pleaded “no contest.” Accordingly, Apprendi and its progeny have no application
to those sentences, and the trial court thus did not abuse its discretion.
Affirmed.
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