In re Pers. Restraint of Canha

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SUSAN L.-CARLSON
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of No. 94175-1
STEVEN LOUIS CANHA, En Banc
Petitioner.
Piled SEP 2 8 211
WIGGINS, J.—\Ne must determine whether four criminal convictions from other
states are sufficiently comparable to Washington crimes that they should be included in
a defendant's criminal history for sentencing purposes. Steven Canha filed a timely
personal restraint petition in which he seeks to be resentenced. He claims that the trial
court incorrectly included four out-of-state convictions in his offender score—one from
California and three from Oregon. The trial court failed to perform a comparability
analysis of these out-of-state convictions to see if they were comparable to Washington
crimes as required by ROW 9.94A.525(3). We engage in a comparability analysis,
conclude that three of Canha's four foreign convictions are comparable to Washington
offenses, and remand the case to the superior court to resentence Canha accordingly.
FACTS
A jury found Canha guilty of two counts of assault in the second degree and two
counts of unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree. At the sentencing hearing, the
superior court calculated Canha's offender score by using four out-of-state criminal
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
convictions, one from California and three from Oregon. However, the court failed to perform
a comparability analysis of these out-of-state convictions to see whether they were
sufficiently comparable to any Washington offenses. The superior court sentenced Canha
to serve 154 months.
Canha appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals, which rejected Canha's
claims of failure to suppress evidence, ineffective assistance of counsel, double jeopardy
violation, and speedy trial violation. State v. Canha, noted at 159 Wn. App. 1044(2011); see
U.S. Const, amends. V, VI. This court denied review. State v. Canha, 171 Wash. 2d 1023, 257
P.3d 663 (2011). The United States Supreme Court also denied certiorari. Canha v.
Washington, 565 U.S. 1067, 132 S. Ct. 776, 181 L. Ed. 2d 498 (2011).
After his direct appeal, Canha filed a timely personal restraint petition, which the Court
of Appeals denied as frivolous. That same year, Canha filed a Superior Court Criminal Rule
(CrR) 7.8 motion to modify his judgment and sentence. Canha argued for the first time that
his offender score was miscalculated by counting the four out-of-state convictions. Benton
County Superior Court transferred his motion to the Court of Appeals to be considered as a
personal restraint petition. Judging the petition to be untimely, frivolous, and successive, the
Court of Appeals dismissed it.
Canha filed a motion with this court to modify the Court of Appeals ruling dismissing
his petition. Under RCW 10.73.090, a petitioner may file a collateral challenge within one
year after a judgment becomes final (except in circumstances not present here). Canha filed
his CrR 7.8 motion less than one year after the United States Supreme Court denied
certiorari for his direct appeal, which is when Canha's judgment became final. Thus, we
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
concluded that Canha's petition was timely.^ As a result, we granted Canha's motion to
modify and remanded the petition to the Court of Appeals "to review on the merits."
In yet another procedural barrier to consideration on the merits, Canha's petition was
successive, meaning that he had filed a prior unsuccessful personal restraint petition. RCW
10.73.140 prohibits the Court of Appeals from hearing successive petitions absent good
cause. In effect, we directed the Court of Appeals to review this case and consider the merits
despite the usual rule that the Court of Appeals cannot consider a successive petition. The
Court of Appeals wrote a recommended disposition and transferred the case back to this
court so that a final judgment could be issued. We accepted review of Canha's petition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To obtain relief, Canha "must show either that he... was actually and substantially
prejudiced by constitutional error or that his . . . trial suffered from a fundamental defect
of a nonconstitutional nature that inherently resulted in a complete miscarriage of
justice." In re Pars. Restraint of Finstad, 177 Wash. 2d 501, 506, 301 P.3d 450 (2013).
Canha does not argue constitutional error, but claims that his offender score was
"I At oral argument, the State argued that Canha's personal restraint petition was not timely. Wash.
Supreme Court oral argument, in re Pars. Restraint of Canha, No. 94175-1 (May 25, 2017), at 23
min., 16 sec. to 23 min., 32 sec., audio recording by T\AN, Washington State's Public Affairs Network,
http://www.tvw.org. However, we previously and clearly concluded that It was timely. Under our law
of the case doctrine, "once there is an appellate court ruling, its holding must be followed In all of the
subsequent stages of the same litigation." State v. Schwab, 163 Wash. 2d 664, 672, 185 P.3d 1151
(2008); see also Humphrey Indus., Ltd. v. day Street Assocs., 176 Wash. 2d 662, 669-70, 295 P.3d
231 (2013)(concluding that '"the parties, the trial court, and this court are bound by the holdings of
[this] court on a prior appeal'" (alteration in original)(quoting Greene v. Rothschild, 68 Wash. 2d 1, 10,
414 P.2d 1013 (1966))). Thus, the fact that Canha's petition was timely became the law of the case,
unless the State proved that "justice would best be served" by reconsideration of the issue. RAP
2.5(c)(2). Here, justice would not best be served by allowing Canha's sentence, based on an
incorrect offender score, to stand. Thus, we decline to reconsider our previous holding that Canha's
petition was timely.
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
miscalculated. "[A] sentence that is based upon an incorrect offender score is a
fundamental defect that inherently results in a miscarriage of justice." in re Pars.
Restraint of Goodwin, 146 Wash. 2d 861, 868, 50 P.3d 618 (2002). And when a trial court
has entered an erroneous sentence, "the defendant is entitled to be resentenced." Id. at
869.
ANALYSIS
The superior court failed to conduct a comparability analysis of Canha's four out-
of-state convictions before including them in his offender score. However, the parties
make two important concessions in this regard. First, Canha concedes that his Oregon
conviction for criminal mischief is comparable to Washington's malicious mischief in the
second degree. Wash. Supreme Court oral argument. No. 94175-1 (May 25, 2017), at 1
min., 36 sec. to 1 min., 48 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State's Public
Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org. Therefore, it was properly included in his offender
score. Second, the State concedes that Canha's Oregon conviction for hindering
prosecution is not comparable to a Washington offense, id. at 19 min., 45 sec. to 20
min., 2 sec. As a result, Canha's Oregon conviction for hindering prosecution should not
have been included in his offender score.
Thus, we perform a comparability analysis only for Canha's remaining out-of-state
convictions—voluntary manslaughter under California law and felon in possession of a
firearm under Oregon law. We conclude that these convictions are factually comparable
to Washington offenses and were properly included in Canha's offender score.
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
However, since Canha's Oregon conviction for hindering prosecution is not
comparable to a Washington offense and should not have been included in Canha's
offender score, we remand to the superior court to resentence Canha accordingly. We
need not reach Canha's ineffective assistance of counsel claim for the hindering
prosecution conviction, and, since Canha fails to show prejudice, we conclude that his
remaining ineffective assistance of counsel claims lack merit.
1. Calculating Offender Scores Using Out-of-State Convictions
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA)"created a grid of sentencing ranges
which vary by the defendant's offender score and the seriousness level of the crime."
State V. Wiley, 124 Wash. 2d 679, 682, 880 P.2d 983(1994); RCW 9.94A.510. The statute
calculates a defendant's offender score based on criminal history. Wiley, 124 Wash. 2d at
683; see also RCW 9.94A.525. If a defendant has out-of-state convictions, the SRA
directs that those offenses be classified by determining comparable Washington
offenses. Wiley, 124 Wash. 2d at 683; see also RCW 9.94A.525(3).
To compare offenses, we use a two-part test, in re Pers. Restraint ofiavery, 154
Wash. 2d 249, 255, 111 P.3d 837 (2005). First, the court analyzes legal comparability by
comparing the elements of the out-of-state offense to the most comparable Washington
offense. State v. Moriey, 134 Wn.2d 588,605-06, 952 P.2d 167(1998). When the crimes'
elements are not the same, the offenses are not legally comparable, id. at 606. If the
crimes are legally comparable, our analysis ends here and the crime is included in the
offender score.
Second, if the offenses are not legally comparable, the court analyzes factual
comparability. Lavery, 154 Wash. 2d at 255-57. Offenses are factually comparable when
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
the defendant's conduct would have violated a Washington statute. Morley, 134 Wash. 2d
at 606 ("The key inquiry is under what Washington statute could the defendant have
been convicted if he or she had committed the same acts in Washington.'"(quoting State
V. McCorkie, 88 Wash. App. 485, 495, 945 P.2d 736 (1997), aff'd, 137 Wash. 2d 490, 973
P.2d 461 (1991))). To comply with Apprendi,^ the court may rely only on facts that were
admitted, stipulated, or proved to the fact finder beyond a reasonable doubt. Lavery, 154
Wash. 2d at 255; see also State v. Olsen, 180 Wash. 2d 468, 473-74, 325 P.3d 187 (2014).
Any other "[f]acts or allegations contained in the record, if not directly related to the
elements of the charged crime, may not have been sufficiently proven in the trial."
Morley, 134 Wash. 2d at 606.
Here, the trial court calculated Canha's offender score using four out-of-state
convictions but it failed to perform a comparability analysis.^ This court could either
remand to the superior court for a comparability analysis, see State v. Thiefault, 160
Wn.2d 409,420, 158 P.3d 580(2007), or perform the comparability analysis and remand
to the superior court for resentencing if necessary. See Lavery, 154 Wash. 2d at 255-58.
Here, we choose to perform the comparability analysis and remand for resentencing.
2 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 8. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).
® Canha did not affirmatively acknowledge at sentencing that his foreign convictions were properly
included in his offender score. He merely failed to object to their inclusion. Therefore, he did not
waive his right to challenge whether his offender score was miscalculated. See State v. Ross, 152
Wash. 2d 220, 231-33, 95 P.3d 1225 (2004).
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
II. California Voluntary Manslaughter
Canha's conviction for voluntary manslaughter in California is not legally
comparable to Washington's second degree murder statute, but it is factually
comparable. Consequently, it was appropriately included in Canha's offender score.
A. Legal Comparability
In 1991, Canha pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in California. The
California manslaughter statute provides that a person is guilty of manslaughter in three
instances:
Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice.
It is of three kinds:
(a) Voluntary—upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion.
(b) Involuntary—in the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting
to a felony; or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death,
in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection. This
subdivision shall not apply to acts committed in the driving of a vehicle.
(c) Vehicular. . . .
Cal. Penal Code § 192(a)-(c)(West 1988). The killing must be without malice, which is
defined by statute:
(4) The words "malice" and "maliciously" import a wish to vex, annoy,
or injure another person, or an intent to do a wrongful act, established either
by proof or presumption of law.
Cal. Penal Code § 7(4)(West 1988).
In 1991, there were three possible comparable offenses in Washington:
manslaughter in the first degree, manslaughter in the second degree, and murder in the
second degree. However, none of these offenses is legally comparable to California's
manslaughter statute because none has the same alternative means as manslaughter.
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
1. Washington Manslaughter in the First Degree
The first possible comparable offense in Washington is first degree manslaughter.
Washington manslaughter in the first degree requires a reckless killing or the unlawful
killing of an unborn child:
(1) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when:
(a) He recklessly causes the death of another person; or
(b) He intentionally and unlawfully kills an unborn quick child by
inflicting any injury upon the mother of such child.
Former RCW 9A.32.060(1975). Washington defined "reckless" as a conscious disregard
of substantial risk:
RECKLESSNESS. A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he knows
of and disregards a substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his
disregard of such substantial risk is a gross deviation from conduct that a
reasonable man would exercise in the same situation.
Former RCW 9A.08.010(1)(c)(1975).
Washington's first degree manslaughter is not legally comparable to California's
manslaughter statute. The California statute does not require a reckless killing, nor does
it criminalize the intentional killing of an unborn child. See Cal. Penal Code § 192(West
1988). We must look elsewhere for a legally comparable Washington offense.
2. Washington Manslaughter in the Second Degree
Another possible comparable Washington offense is second degree
manslaughter. Washington manslaughter in the second degree requires a killing as a
result of criminal negligence:
(1) A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when, with
criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person.
(2) Manslaughter in the second degree is a Class C felony.
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
Former RCW 9A.32.070 (1975). A person is criminally negligent when he or she fails to
be aware of a substantial risk and to exercise the requisite care of a reasonable person:
A person is criminally negligent or acts with criminal negligence when he
fails to be aware of a substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his
failure to be aware of such substantial risk constitutes a gross deviation from
the standard of care that a reasonable man would exercise in the same
situation.
Former RCW 9A.08.010(1)(d)(1975).
Washington second degree manslaughter is not comparable to California
voluntary manslaughter. California voluntary manslaughter is broader, criminalizing
behavior like vehicular manslaughter, not only killings resulting from criminal negligence.
See Cal. Penal Code § 192 (West 1988). Consequently, we must examine another
statute to find legal comparability.
3. Washington Murder in the Second Degree
The final potentially comparable Washington offense is second degree murder.
The Washington crime requires killing someone without premeditation or during the
course of a felony:
(1) A person is guilty of murder in the second degree when:
(a) With intent to cause the death of another person but without
premeditation, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; or
(b) He commit or attempts to commit any felony.. . and, in the course
of and in furtherance of such crime or in immediate flight therefrom, he, or
another participant, causes the death of a person other than one of the
participants . . . .
Former RCW 9A.32.050 (1975).
Washington second degree murder is not legally comparable to California
voluntary manslaughter. California does not criminalize felony murder in its
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
manslaughter statute. See Cal. Penal Code § 192 (West 1988)(criminalizing killings
committed during unlawful activity not amounting to a felony). Nor does the Washington
statute encompass involuntary manslaughter since Washington's statute requires an
intent to kill. See former ROW 9A.32.050(1)(a). Since none of these Washington statutes
has the same alternative means as the California manslaughter statute—voluntary,
involuntary, and vehicular—they are not legally comparable. Thus, we move to the
factual comparability analysis.
B. Factual Comparability
California initially charged Canha with murder. Instead of proceeding to trial on
the murder charge, Canha pleaded guilty to the lesser included offense of voluntary
manslaughter. See People v. Barton, 12 Cal. 4th 186, 199, 906 P.2d 531, 47 Cal. Rptr.
2d 569(1995)(holding that manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder).'* Canha
admitted that he committed voluntary manslaughter. Therefore, we must discern what
the elements of California voluntary manslaughter are and whether Canha's conduct of
committing voluntary manslaughter would have violated a Washington statute.
When we compare statutes, we apply the law existing at the time of the conviction.
See Lavery, 154 Wash. 2d at 255 (stating that "the elements of the out of state crime must
be compared to the elements of a Washington criminal statute in effect when the foreign
crime was committed'(emphasis added)); see also Moriey, 134 Wash. 2d at 606 (same).
Voluntary manslaughter required a killing to be done "without malice . . . upon a sudden
'' This court may look to and rely on other state case law interpreting foreign statutes. See, e.g.,
Oisen, 180 Wash. 2d at 478-79 (examining and quoting California case law to aid in interpreting
California law).
10
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
quarrel or heat of passion." Cal. Penal Code § 192(a)(West 1988). At the time of
Canha's conviction in 1991 and until 2000, California required a specific intent to kill for
a voluntary manslaughter conviction. See, e.g., People v. Lee, 20 Cal. 4th 47, 59, 971
P.2d 1001,82 Cal. Rptr. 2d 625(1999)(discussing when "an intentional killing is reduced
to voluntary manslaughter"); People v. Hawkins, 10 Cal. 4th 920, 958, 897 P.2d 574, 42
Cal. Rptr. 2d 636(1995)(stating that "voluntary manslaughter presupposes an intent to
kill"), abrogated by People v. Lasko, 23 Cal. 4th 101, 999 P.2d 666 (2000); People v.
Brubaker, 53 Cal. 2d 37, 44, 346 P.2d 8(1959)("Voluntary manslaughter is a willful act,
characterized by the presence of an intent to kill, engendered by sufficient provocation
and by the absence of premeditation, deliberation and (by presumption of law) malice
aforethought." (emphasis omitted)), abrogated by Lasko, 23 Cal. 4th 101.® Thus, when
Canha pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in 1991, he pleaded guilty to an
intentional killing done in the heat of passion.® See Olsen, 180 Wash. 2d at 478-79
® See also People v. Breverman, 19 Cal. 4th 142, 153, 960 P.2d 1094, 77 Cal. Rptr. 2d 870(1998)
(describing that '"[a] defendant who commits an intentional and unlawful killing but who lacks malice
is guilty of.. . voluntary manslaughter'" (alteration in original) (citations omitted)(quoting Barton, 12
Cal. 4th at 199)); Barton, 12 Cal. 4th at 199 (specifying that "an intentional and unlawful killing"
without malice is voluntary manslaughter); People v. Ray, 14 Cal. 3d 20, 28, 533 P.2d 1017, 120
Cal. Rptr. 377(1975)("If because of diminished capacity the perpetrator is unable to entertain malice
but nevertheless is found to be able to form the intent to kill the crime is voluntary manslaughter."),
abrogated by Lasko, 23 Cal. 4th 101; People v. Graham, 71 Cal. 2d 303, 315, 455 P.2d 153, 78 Cal.
Rptr. 217 (1969) (stating that voluntary manslaughter "is a homicide which may be intentional,
voluntary, deliberate, premeditated, and unprovoked"); People v. Valentine, 28 Cal. 2d 121, 130-31,
169 P.2d 1 (1946)(acknowledging that the existence of a specific intent to kill exists in voluntary
manslaughter).
® In 2000, the California Supreme Court overruled its case law holding that voluntary manslaughter
required an intent to kill. Lasko, 23 Cal. 4th 101. Now, a defendant may be convicted of voluntary
manslaughter when he or she has either an '"intent to kill or a conscious disregard for life.'" People
V. Bryant, 56 Cal. 4th 959, 968, 301 P.3d 1136, 157 Cal. Rptr. 3d 522(2013). However, as discussed
supra, we apply the law existing at the time of Canha's conviction. And when Canha pleaded guilty
to voluntary manslaughter in 1991, an intent to kill was a necessary element of the offense under
California law. See Hawkins, 10 Cal. 4th at 958-59 (stating that "voluntary manslaughter
11
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
("Moreover, '[a] guilty plea "admits every element of the crime charged.'" (alteration in
original)(quoting People v. Wallace, 33 Cal. 4th 738, 749, 93 P.3d 1037, 16 Cal. Rptr.
3d 96 (2004))(quoting People v. Thomas, 41 Cal. 3d 837, 844 n.6, 718 P.2d 94, 226
Cal. Rptr. 107 (1986))).
An intentional killing in California, when done in the heat of passion, may be
reduced from murder to manslaughter. Lee, 20 Cal. 4th at 59 (concluding that "an
intentional killing is reduced to voluntary manslaughter... when the defendant acts upon
a sudden quarrel or heat of passion on sufficient provocation"). Similarly, in Washington,
heat of passion negates premeditation, justifying a charge of second degree murder.
State V. Frederick, 20 Wash. App. 175, 182, 579 P.2d 390 (1978). Thus, of the possible
comparable Washington statutes discussed above, murder in the second degree is
closest to California voluntary manslaughter. Washington second degree murder
requires an "intent to cause the death of another person but without premeditation."
Former RCW 9A.32.050(1)(a).
Canha claims that his voluntary manslaughter offense cannot be comparable to
second degree murder because voluntary manslaughter does not require the specific
intent to kill someone, while second degree murder does. But, as discussed above, at
the time of Canha's conviction, voluntary manslaughter in California did require an intent
to kill and Canha necessarily pleaded guilty to such an intent. See Hawkins, 10 Cal. 4th
presupposes an intent to kill" and that '"[vjoiuntary manslaughter Is a willful act, characterized by the
presence of an Intent to kill'" (quoting Brubaker, 53 Cal. 2d at 44)), abrogated by Lasko, 23 Cal. 4th
101. Thus, the fact that California no longer requires an Intent to kill for a conviction of voluntary
manslaughter Is of no consequence to Canha, who necessarily pleaded guilty to an Intentional killing
In 1991. See Olsen, 180 Wash. 2d at 478-79.
12
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
at 958 ("Defendant's argument is based on the premise that malice aforethought and
intent to kill describe identical mental states.. . . But that premise is fallacious. It has
been long held that voluntary manslaughter presupposes an intent to kill, but that, in
spite of that intent, certain statutorily defined mitigating circumstances negate the
element of malice aforethought."). Therefore, both the California statute and the
Washington statute required a specific intent to kill and also required that the killing be
done in the heat of passion or without premeditation. As a result, Canha pleaded guilty
to an intentional killing done in the heat of passion or without premeditation. See Oisen,
180 Wash. 2d at 478 (relying on California law to conclude that'"[a] guilty plea admits every
element of the crime charged'" (internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting Wallace, 33
Cal. 4th at 749)). Therefore, his voluntary manslaughter conviction is factually
comparable to second degree murder; Canha's conduct of committing voluntary
manslaughter would have violated Washington's second degree murder statute. Thus,
the voluntary manslaughter conviction was properly included in Canha's offender score.
III. Oregon Felon in Possession of a Firearm
Canha's conviction for felon in possession of a firearm in Oregon is factually
comparable to Washington's first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Therefore, it
was appropriately included in Canha's offender score.
A. Legal Comparability
Oregon convicted Canha as a felon in possession of a firearm. A person could be
convicted under the Oregon statute if he or she had possession of a firearm after
previously being convicted of a felony:
13
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
Any person who has been convicted of a felony under the law of this state
or any other state, or who has been convicted of a felony under the laws of
the Government of the United States, who owns or has in the person's
possession or under the person's custody or control any firearm, commits
the crime of felon in possession of a firearm.
Former Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.270(1)(2001)(emphasis added).
The comparable Washington statute at the time was first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm. In contrast to the Oregon statute, an individual could be
convicted in Washington only if he or she had been previously convicted of a serious
offense:
A person, whether an adult or juvenile, is guilty of the crime of unlawful
possession of a firearm in the first degree, if the person owns, has in his or
her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm after having
previously been convicted in this state or elsewhere of any serious offense
as defined in this chapter.
Former RCW 9.41.040(1)(a)(1997)(emphasis added). A serious offense in Washington
was defined by statute:
"Serious offense" means any of the following felonies or a felony attempt to
commit any of the following felonies, as now existing or hereafter amended:
(a)Any crime of violence; [or]
(o) Any felony offense in effect at any time prior to June 6, 1996, that is
comparable to a serious offense, or any federal or out-of-state conviction for
an offense that under the laws of this state would be a felony classified as a
serious offense.
Former RCW 9.41.010(12)(1997).
Oregon's statute is broader than Washington's statute. Oregon requires that a
person be convicted of a felony, while Washington requires that a person be convicted
of a serious offense. Compare former Or. Rev. Stat.§ 166.270(1999), w/f/? former RCW
9.41.040(1 )(a). The definition of a "serious offense" does not encompass all felonies;
14
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
therefore, it is possible for a person to have been convicted of a felony without committing
a serious offense in Washington. Since the Oregon statute is broader, it is not legally
comparable to the Washington statute. See Morley, 134 Wash. 2d at 606. Because the
Oregon statute is not legally comparable, we must determine whether Canha's
conviction was factually comparable to the Washington statute.
B. Factual Comparability
To be convicted under the Washington statute for first degree unlawful possession
of a firearm, Canha must have(1) had a firearm in his possession or control and (2) been
previously convicted of a serious offense. Former ROW 9.41.040(1 )(a) (2000). Since
Canha's conviction meets both these requirements, we conclude that the offense is
factually comparable.
Oregon charged and convicted Canha of "unlawfully and knowingly hav[ing] in
[his] possession a firearm." This satisfies the Washington statute's first requirement that
Canha have a firearm in his possession or control.
Canha pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in California in 1991. Killing
someone satisfies the definition of a "serious offense" since it is a '"[cjrime of violence.'"^
^ At trial in 2008, Canha stipulated that he had "previously been convicted of a serious offense." Now,
Canha argues that he was not previously convicted of a serious offense. Under the doctrine of judicial
estoppel, we generally "'precluded a party from asserting one position in a court proceeding and later
seeking an advantage by taking a clearly inconsistent position.'" Miller v. Campbell, 164 Wash. 2d 529,
539, 192 P.3d 352 (2008)(quoting Arkison v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 160 Wash. 2d 535, 538, 160 P.3d 13
(2007)). We need not reach this issue, however, because we resolve the issue under the factual
comparability analysis.
Canha also asserts that his trial counsel "was defective for not ascertaining if the voluntary
manslaughter conviction was comparable to a serious offense in Washington." Since the voluntary
manslaughter conviction was comparable to a serious offense in Washington, this failure by trial
counsel did not prejudice Canha.
15
In re Pars. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
Former RCW 9.41.010(12). Consequently, the Washington statute's second requirement
that Canha was previously convicted of a serious offense is met.
Because Canha had possession of a firearm and had previously been convicted
of a serious offense, his conviction in Oregon for felon in possession of a firearm is
factually comparable to a Washington felony offense. Thus, it was properly included in
his offender score.
IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Canha claims that his trial counsel and appellate counsel on direct appeal were
ineffective for failing to raise these comparability issues. Because the State concedes
that Canha's hindering prosecution conviction is not comparable to a Washington
offense, we need not reach Canha's ineffective assistance of counsel claim for that
conviction. We conclude that the remaining claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
lack merit.
To prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, Canha must show (1)
that counsel performed deficiently and (2) that counsels' deficient performance was
prejudicial. State v. Grier, 171 Wash. 2d 17, 32-33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). To show
prejudice, a defendant must show that '"there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been
different.'" Id. at 34 (quoting State v. Kyllo, 166 Wash. 2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009)).
Here, the State concedes that the inclusion of the Oregon hindering prosecution
conviction in Canha's offender score was erroneous. Consequently, we remand for
resentencing to correct Canha's offender score on this point. Thus, we need not reach
the question of whether counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the comparability
16
In re Pers. Restraint ofCanha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
analysis issue for this conviction because the result would be the same. Because
Canha's three other foreign convictions were properly included in his offender score,
Canha cannot show that counsels' failures to raise the comparability analysis issues for
these convictions prejudiced him. Since Canha cannot show prejudice, his remaining
claims for ineffective assistance of counsel lack merit.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, three of Canha's four out-of-state convictions were properly
included in Canha's offender score. Canha's conviction for California voluntary
manslaughter is factually comparable to Washington's second degree murder. Canha's
Oregon conviction for felon in possession of a firearm is factually comparable to
Washington's first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Canha concedes that his
Oregon conviction for first degree criminal mischief is comparable to Washington's
second degree malicious mischief. But, the State concedes that Canha's Oregon
conviction for hindering prosecution is not comparable to a Washington offense. As a
result, it was erroneously included in Canha's offender score. Therefore, Canha is
entitled to be resentenced. We remand to the trial court to resentence Canha accordingly
and for other proceedings consistent with this opinion, if any.
17
In re Pars. Restraint of Canha (Steven Louis), No. 94175-1
WE CONCUR.
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18