In re Recall of Bolt

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IN CLERKS OFFICE
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Recall of )
) No. 88227-4
TERECIA F. BOLT, )
)
Mayor of the Town of Marcus. )
) EnBanc
)
)
In the Matter of the Recall of )
)
DENNIS L. JENSON, )
)
Councilman, Position 4, of the Town )
MAR 2 8 2013
of Marcus. ) Filed
)
OWENS, J. -- This case concerns a recall petition filed against Mayor Terecia
F. Bolt and Councilman Dennis L. Jenson of the town of Marcus. The petition
included 10 charges against Mayor Bolt and 6 charges against Councilman Jenson.
The superior court determined that only one charge against Mayor Bolt and
Councilman Jenson was factually and legally sufficient to support a recall election.
We find that none of the charges are factually and legally sufficient, and thus we
reverse the superior court's decision on the one remaining charge.
In Re Recall of Bolt
In re Recall ofJenson
No. 88227-4
FACTS
Marcus is a town of 183 people over 0.23 square miles near the Grand Coulee·
Dam. In November 2012, three other city council members (hereinafter, the recall
petitioners) filed 10 recall charges against Mayor Bolt and 6 charges against
Councilman Jenson and requested a recall election. Because of the number of
charges, the underlying facts are included in the analysis of each charge below.
At the superior court, none of the parties were represented by counsel. The
superior court found that the only factually and legally sufficient charge against
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson was related to equipment purchases made prior to
council authorization but ratified after the fact (hereinafter, the preauthorization
purchase charge).
The recall petitioners obtained counsel and appealed the superior court decision
to this court, assigning error to the trial court's decision on all of the charges other
than the preauthorization purchase charge. Unaware of the recall petitioners' appeal,
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson filed a motion to reconsider with the superior
court and attached additional materials. The superior court struck the motion to
reconsider and the attached materials because they were filed one day late. Mayor
Bolt and Councilman Jenson, representing themselves, appealed the superior court's
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
decision to strike the materials attached to the motion for reconsideration 1 but did not
ultimately file a proper cross appeal of the trial court's ruling on the preauthorization
purchase charge. They apparently believed that the recall petitioners' appeal meant
this court would automatically review all parts of the superior court's ruling, as their
response brief to this court assigned error to the superior court's ruling on the
preauthorization purchase charge. In the reply brief, the recall petitioners contend that
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson waived that issue on appeal by failing to properly
file a cross appeal.
ANALYSIS
I. The Trial Court Correctly Ruled That Most of the Recall Charges Are
Insufficient
A nonjudicial elected official can be recalled from office if a petition charges
that the official has committed misfeasance or malfeasance while in office or that the
official has violated the oath of office. CONST. art I, §§ 33-34. Misfeasance and
malfeasance mean "any wrongful conduct that affects, interrupts, or interferes with
the performance of official duty." RCW 29A.56.110(1). Misfeasance also means
"the performance of a duty in an improper manner," RCW 29A.56.110(l)(a), and
malfeasance also means "the commission of an unlawful act," RCW
1
Because the superior court did not err by striking the additional materials when the
motion for reconsideration was not timely filed, and because the additional materials are
not necessary to resolve this case, we deny the appeal of the superior court's decision to
strike the additional materials.
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
29A.56.110(1)(b ). A violation of the oath of office is "the neglect or knowing failure
by an elective public officer to perform faithfully a duty imposed by law." RCW
29A.56.110(2).
We have previously recognized that the legislature intended to limit the recall
process so that public officials are protected from petitions based on frivolous or
unsubstantiated charges. In re Recall ofKast, 144 Wash. 2d 807, 812-13,31 P.3d 677
(200 1). Thus, recall petitions must "state the act or acts complained of in concise
language" and "give a detailed description including the approximate date, location,
and nature of each act complained of' (sometimes referred to as the "specificity
requirement"). RCW 29A.56.110. After a recall petition is filed, a superior court
determines whether the acts stated in the charge satisfy the recall criteria-essentially
serving a gatekeeping function. See RCW 29A.56.140; Kast, 144 Wash. 2d at 813. The
courts do not evaluate the truthfulness of a petitioner's charges, instead considering
only whether the charges are both factually and legally sufficient. RCW 29A.56.140;
Kast, 144 Wash. 2d at 813 (citing In re Recall ofPearsall-Stipek, 141 Wn.2d 756,764,
10 P.3d 1034 (2000)). Therefore, courts must determine "whether, accepting the
allegations as true, the charges on their face support the conclusion that the officer
abused his or her position." In re Recall of Wasson, 149 Wash. 2d 787, 792, 72 P.3d 170
(2003).
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
Factual sufficiency means that the charges (1) satisfy the specificity
requirement described above and (2) enable the public and the challenged public
official to identify the "'acts or failure to act which without justification would
constitute a prima facie showing of misfeasance, malfeasance, or a violation of the
oath of office."' Kast, 144 Wash. 2d at 813 (quoting Chandler v. Otto, 103 Wash. 2d 268,
274, 693 P.2d 71 (1984)). If an official is charged with a violation of the law, "the
petitioners must at least have knowledge of facts which indicate an intent to commit
an unlawful act." In re Recall of Wade, 115 Wash. 2d 544, 549, 799 P.2d 1179 (1990).
Legal sufficiency requires that the petitioner "state with specificity substantial
conduct clearly amounting to misfeasance, malfeasance or violation of the oath of
office." Chandler, 103 Wash. 2d at 274 (emphasis added). Thus, conduct that is
insubstantial is legally insufficient. Kast, 144 Wash. 2d at 815. To establish legal
sufficiency, petitioners must identify the "standard, law, or rule that would make the
officer's conduct wrongful, improper, or unlawful." In re Recall ofAckerson, 143
Wash. 2d 366, 377, 20 P.3d 930 (2001) (holding that a recall petition charging a council
member with sleeping during a public meeting was legally insufficient because it
failed to identify the rule that made such conduct wrongful).
We have also outlined additional rules for legal sufficiency. First,
"discretionary acts of a public official are not a basis for recall insofar as those acts
are an appropriate exercise of discretion by the official in the performance of his or
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
her duties." Cole v. Webster, 103 Wash. 2d 280, 283, 692 P.2d 799 (1984). An official
may be recalled for execution of discretionary acts only if the "official exercised
discretion in a manifestly unreasonable manner." In re Recall of Shipman, 125 Wash. 2d
683, 685, 886 P.2d 1127 (1995). Second, an elected official may not be recalled if his
or her actions occurred in the course of justifiable conduct. Kast, 144 Wash. 2d at 815.
When reviewing a superior court's decision in a recall case, this court applies
the same reviewing criteria as the superior court. In re Recall ofPearsall-Stipek, 129
Wn.2d 399,403, 918 P.2d 493 (1996). Below is an analysis of each charge that the
superior court found insufficient. If a charge is clearly either factually or legally
insufficient, we do not need to analyze whether it might be sufficient in other aspects.
A. Charge 1 (Mayor Bolt): Failure To Follow Personnel Policy
In charge 1 against Mayor Bolt, the recall petitioners allege that Mayor Bolt
failed to follow the town's personnel policy when she discharged the town
maintenance employee, thereby placing the town at risk of an employment lawsuit.
The town personnel policy indicates that"[ d]isciplinary action may be applied to
correct behavior," and it lists a series of increasing disciplinary actions for different
offenses. Clerk's Papers In the Matter of the Recall ofTerecia F. Bolt (CP-Bolt) at
25. The record submitted with the petition indicates that the problems with the
maintenance employee were well documented for many months prior to his
termination. However, the termination letter sent to the employee-which identified
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
six reasons for his termination-does not mention any progressive discipline as
described in the personnel policy.
Nonetheless, the recall petitioners do not explain how this personnel decision
amounts to malfeasance, misfeasance, or a violation of the oath of office. Supervising
an employee inherently involves a substantial amount of discretion, and the personnel
policy states that "[t]he duties and performance of the Town Employees shall be the
responsibility of the Mayor." ld. at 23. The recall petitioners do not explain how
terminating this employee for numerous reasons after documenting a history of
performance problems was an abuse of the mayor's discretion. Furthermore, to the
extent that the recall petitioners allege that the mayor violated the law, they fail to
meet the requirement to identify facts that indicate an intent by Mayor Bolt to violate
the law. As a result, this charge is legally insufficient.
B. Charge 1 (Councilman Jenson) and Charge 2 (Mayor Bolt): Improper
Delegation of Supervisory Authority
In charge 1 against Councilman Jenson and charge 2 against Mayor Bolt, the
recall petitioners allege that Councilman Jenson supervised the town maintenance
employee and Mayor Bolt allowed him to do so.
The recall petitioners contend that it was Mayor Bolt's duty to supervise the
employee and that this duty could not be delegated. See 3 EUGENE McQUILLIN, THE
LAW OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS§ 12:67 (3d ed. 2012) (noting generally that
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
powers given to an officer cannot be delegated). However, the recall petitioners do
not explain how Mayor Bolt's and Councilman Jenson's behavior violated this
standard. These charges are factually insufficient because they fail to identify the
conduct or behavior that constituted Councilman Jenson's supervision of the
employee or Mayor Bolt's delegation of that supervision.
C. Charge 2 (Councilman Jenson) and Charge 3 (Mayor Bolt): Bullying
Employee and Conducting Personnel Discussion Outside of Executive
Session
In charge 2 against Councilman Jenson and charge 3 against Mayor Bolt, the
recall petitioners allege that Councilman Jenson bullied and harassed the town
employee and that Mayor Bolt allowed the behavior. The recall petitioners also allege
that the two violated the town employee's right to have his personnel matters
discussed in executive session, thereby exposing the town to the risk of a lawsuit.
First, the bullying allegation is factually insufficient because it does not identify
the conduct or behavior with any specificity. A recall charge must "give a detailed
description including the approximate date, location, and nature of each act
complained of," RCW 29A.56.11 0, and the recall petitioners simply make general
allegations of"bullying" and "harassment." Clerk's Papers In the Matter of the Recall
ofDennis L. Jenson (CP-Jenson) at 5; CP-Bolt at 5.
Second, the executive session charge is legally insufficient because the Open
Public Meetings Act of 1971 (Act), chapter 42.30 RCW, does not require executive
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
sessions for personnel discussion. The Act requires that meetings be open to the
public but "[n]othing contained in this chapter may be construed to prevent a
governing body from holding an executive session" for a number of purposes,
including "[t]o receive and evaluate complaints or charges brought against a public
officer or employee." RCW 42.30.110(1)(£). This language plainly allows but does
not require executive session for personnel discussions. The recall petitioners do not
point to any other standard or rule that requires executive sessions for personnel
decisions, and they also do not show any intent by either Mayor Bolt or Councilman
Jenson to violate such a rule.
D. Charge 4 (Councilman Jenson) and Charge 5 (Mayor Bolt): Allowing
Improper Personal Use of Town Resources
In charge 5 against Mayor Bolt and charge 4 against Councilman Jenson, the
recall petitioners allege that Councilman Jenson made improper personal use of town
equipment and Mayor Bolt allowed him to do so. These charges arise out of
Councilman Jenson's volunteer work around town, which included daily watering at
the town park and performing other maintenance duties such as picking up litter. To
carry out these volunteer tasks, he drove a town vehicle referred to as a "gator."2 CP-
Jenson at 34. At the heart of this charge is the fact that Councilman Jenson would
sometimes stop at a neighbor's house for coffee on the way to his volunteer duties at
2
A Gator™ is a small utility vehicle manufactured by John Deere.
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
the park. Councilman Jenson's decision to park the gator during his coffee with the
neighbors is the basis for the charge of improper use of town resources.
On February 1, 20 11, the town unanimously adopted guidelines for the use of
town resources. The guidelines permitted de minimis personal use when it met certain
standards, including not interfering with the performance of official duties and being
brief in duration and frequency. The guidelines prohibited "[a]ny use for personal
benefit or gain." CP-Bolt at 71. Mayor Bolt contacted the state auditor's office for
additional guidance as to whether Councilman Jenson's actions fell within the
guidelines. It appears that the council eventually censured Councilman Jenson for his
use ofthe gator.
The superior court found that the allegations were insufficient because the
alleged "use" was de minimis, permissible personal use and not prohibited by the
town's guidelines. We affirm the superior court. Councilman Jenson's "use"
involved parking the vehicle on the way to or in between his volunteer tasks. Even
taking the allegations as true, the recall petitioners have not met the requirement to
allege "substantial conduct clearly amounting to misfeasance, malfeasance or
violation of the oath of office." Chandler, 103 Wash. 2d at 274.
E. Charge 6 (Mayor Bolt): Failure To Assert Administrative Authority
In charge 6 against Mayor Bolt, the recall petitioners allege that Mayor Bolt
allowed Councilman Jenson to continue to use the gator as described above because
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In re Recall ofJenson
No. 88227-4
Mayor Bolt was in a relationship with Councilman Jenson. In light of the analysis
above, this charge is legally insufficient because it fails to identify the standard, rule,
or law violated by Mayor Bolt.
F. Charge 5 (Councilman Jenson): Unilateral Decision Regarding Gym Roof
In charge 5 against Councilman Jenson, the recall petitioners allege that
Councilman Jenson "[w]hile acting under the pretense of Parks Chairman" authorized
a provision of a bid for construction of a roof for the town gym without further
council action. CP-Jenson at 6. The recall petitioners acknowledge that Councilman
Jenson was not a council member at that time.
This charge is legally insufficient because Councilman Jenson was not in office
at the time. Elected officials can be recalled for acts committed during a prior term of
office. Janovich v. Herron, 91 Wn.2d 767,776, 592 P.2d 1096 (1979). However,
recall petitions are limited to actions taken while in office. See CONST. art. I, § 33
(allowing recall petitions based on charges "that such officer has committed some act
or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated his oath of
office" (emphasis added)). There is no authority for allowing the recall of an elected
official based on acts committed prior to being elected to office.
G. Charge 7 (Mayor Bolt): Commingling Clerical and Mayoral Duties
In charge 7 against Mayor Bolt, the recall petitioners allege that the mayor
commingled clerk "wages and/or positions" while also receiving compensation as
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
mayor. CP-Bolt at 7. The recall petitioners also allege that the mayor had other town
employees fill out her time sheets and had the clerk-treasurer sign off on the mayor's
time sheets.
The recall petitioners provide no basis for the allegation that the mayor had
other town employees fill out or sign off on her time sheets, nor do they provide any
specificity of the charges, such as identifying the town employees asked to fill out or
sign off on the time sheets or any instances of such conduct. Thus, this portion of the
charge is factually insufficient.
The "commingling" charge is legally insufficient because it fails to identify
how Mayor Bolt's behavior was wrongful. The recall petitioners fail to identify a
standard, law, or rule against the mayor acting as a backup employee when certain
town employees are out on leave and receiving compensation for it. Indeed, the town
personnel policy specifically provides for elected town officials performing hourly
employee duties when there is a short-term need for help. The recall petitioners
similarly fail to identify how these activities interfered with Mayor Bolt's
performance of her mayoral duties. In a similar case, a public official sought
retirement credit for administrative work and this court held that "nothing suggests
that seeking compensation for time worked constituted a substantial act that affected,
interrupted, or interfered with the performance of Ward's official duties, or that
rendered his performance of a duty in an improper manner." In re Recall of Ward,
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
175 Wash. 2d 429, 437-38, 282 PJd 1093 (2012). The recall petitioners fail to identify
any wrongful behavior in this charge and thus it is legally insufficient.
H. Charge 8 (Mayor Bolt): Failure To Hold Safety Meetings
In charge 8 against Mayor Bolt, the recall petitioners allege that Mayor Bolt
failed to hold monthly safety meetings after being advised by the Washington
Department of Labor and Industries (L&I) that such meetings are required by law.
This charge is both factually and legally insufficient.
The recall petitioners claim that since the L&I notification on April 24, 20 12,
"there have been no reports to Council or any known records of such safety meetings
taking place." CP-Bolt at 7. However, being unaware of such meetings does not
constitute knowledge that such meetings have not taken place. Indeed, in her
response, Mayor Bolt submitted documentation from safety meetings each month
since the L&I notification. Thus, this charge is factually insufficient.
In addition, for a charge based on a violation of the law, "the petitioners must at
least have knowledge of facts which indicate an intent to commit an unlawful act."
Wade, 115 Wash. 2d at 549. The recall petitioners make no showing that there was any
intention to violate the requirement to hold safety meetings. Thus, this charge is also
legally insufficient.
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
I. Charge 9 (Mayor Bolt) and Charge 6 (Councilman Jenson): Improper
Personal Relationship
In charge 9 against Mayor Bolt and charge 6 against Councilman Jenson, the
recall petitioners allege that the two have a long-term personal relationship that
creates a public perception of a conflict of interest and the appearance of unfairness.
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson acknowledge that they have "a close personal
relationship." CP-Jenson at 70; CP-Bolt at 121. However, the recall petitioners fail to
explain how this relationship constituted misfeasance, malfeasance, or a violation of
the oath of office. The recall petitioners must identify the "standard, law, or rule that
would make the officer's conduct wrongful, improper, or unlawful." Ackerson, 143
Wash. 2d at 377. Here, the recall petitioners fail to identify a standard, law, or rule
against a close personal relationship between a mayor and council member. As a
result, this charge is legally insufficient.
J. Charge 10 (Mayor Bolt): Authorizing Payment for Hours Not Yet Worked
In charge 10 against Mayor Bolt, the recall petitioners allege that, on payday,
the mayor issues paychecks prior to the end of the workday, that the paychecks
include pay for hours not yet worked on that specific day, and that such a practice is
against the personnel pay policy.
This charge is not legally sufficient. First, the personnel pay policy contains no
language regarding the timing of paychecks. Thus, the mayor's actions did not violate
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
the personnel policy as alleged in the recall petition. In their briefs to this court, the
recall petitioners alleged that early distribution violates state laws against gifts of
public funds. Even if that were true, recall petitions are legally sufficient only if they
allege "substantial conduct clearly amounting to misfeasance, malfeasance or
violation of the oath of office." Chandler, 103 Wash. 2d at 274. Distributing paychecks
before the end of the day certainly does not amount to "substantial conduct." As a
result, this charge is not legally sufficient.
II. The Preauthorization Purchase Charge Was Also Insufficient
As described above, Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson, acting pro se, failed
to properly file a cross appeal on the preauthorization purchase charge, the only
charge found by the superior court to be factually and legally sufficient. While the
recall petitioners are correct that Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson technically
waived the issue of the preauthorization purchase charge on appeal by failing to file a
proper cross appeal, we nevertheless choose to review the issue. Under RAP 1.2(a),
the rules of appellate procedure should be "liberally interpreted to promote justice and
facilitate the decision of cases on the merits."
In this case, the parties represented by counsel were able to file a proper appeal,
while the parties not represented by counsel attempted to file a motion for
reconsideration with the trial court and then appealed a portion of the trial court's
denial of that motion, but failed to understand the need to file a cross appeal in this
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In re Recall o.f.Jenson
No. 88227-4
court of the underlying decision on the preauthorization purchase charge. See Letter
from Terecia F. Bolt to Supreme Court Clerk, Dec. 19, 2012 (explaining that "[i]t
appeared to us that a motion for reconsideration was the next logical step in terms of
our process before pursuing an appeal to the State Supreme Court"). They appeared
to believe that the preauthorization purchase charge would be reviewed by this court
as part of the recall petitioners' appeal because their response brief to this court
assigned error to the superior court's ruling on that issue. An appellate court "'will
disregard defects in the form of a notice of appeal ... if the notice clearly reflects an
intent by a party to seek review."' S&K Motors, Inc. v. Harco Nat'! Ins. Co., 151 Wn.
App. 633, 638-39, 213 P.3d 630 (2009) (alteration in original) (quoting RAP 5.3(f)).
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson expressed their desire to challenge the trial
court's ruling on this issue in both their motion for reconsideration and in their
response brief to this court. The recall petitioners had the opportunity to respond to
these arguments in their reply brief and thus were not disadvantaged by the failure to
properly file a cross appeal. Furthermore, refusing to review this issue on appeal
would prioritize form over substance and disadvantage these pro se parties who are
small-town civil servants who receive only a nominal stipend for their service 3 and are
not in court on their own accord.
3
The mayor receives a stipend of $94.35 per month.
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
Because the appeal filed by Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson was sufficient
under RAP 5.3(±), we turn to the merits and determine that the trial court's decision on
the preauthorization purchase was incorrect. The trial court ruled that the charge that
Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson made three purchases of used equipment for the
town without advance authorization of the town council was legally sufficient for
recall. First, we note that (1) the need to purchase the equipment was discussed at
town council meetings prior to purchase; (2) the purchases were unique opportunities
to buy used equipment at significantly reduced prices and would not have been
available if Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson had waited for the next council
meeting for approval; and (3) the purchases were ratified by the town council after the
fact, including by some of the recall petitioners themselves who are members of the
town council. Even setting aside these facts, however, this charge fails because the
recall petitioners never identified the standard, rule, or law violated by Mayor Bolt
and Councilman Jenson. They do not point to any purchasing policy or town
ordinance that requires authorization by the council prior to purchase. Cf In re Recall
ofHeiberg, 171 Wash. 2d 771, 774, 257 P.3d 565 (2011) (reviewing a recall charge
based on a mayor's equipment purchase prior to council authorization when such
authorization was required by town ordinance).
Even if the recall petitioners did identify a law or rule against purchasing
equipment prior to approval by the town council, there is no indication that Mayor
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In re Recall of Jenson
No. 88227-4
Bolt and Councilman Jenson had an intent to violate such a law. In Heiberg, this
court reviewed a recall charge against a mayor who purchased a truck for the town
without obtaining approval from the town council or requesting bids, as required by
state law4 and town ordinance. !d. Upon finding out that he needed authorization, the
mayor attempted to obtain ratification from the council and, failing that, he fully
reimbursed the town for the purchase. !d. at 779. This court found that there was no
factual basis for an inference that the mayor intended to violate the law when he
purchased the truck, and found that the recall charge was factually insufficient. !d.
Similarly, Mayor Bolt and Councilman Jenson promptly requested approval after the
purchases, and the minutes do not reflect any discussion that such purchases prior to
authorization were in violation of any law. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court and
find that the preauthorization charge is not legally or factually sufficient.
CONCLUSION
Although courts do not review the truthfulness of recall charges against
publicly elected officials, we are responsible for ensuring that such charges are
factually and legally sufficient. Here, we affirm the trial court's ruling that 9 of the 10
charges against Mayor Bolt and 5 of the 6 charges against Councilman Jenson were
either factually or legally insufficient. In the interests of justice and to ensure that this
4
The Heiberg reference to state law may refer to statutes requiring a competitive bidding
process for purchases over a certain amount, which would apply to the $12,000 truck
purchase in Heiberg but do not apply to the purchase amounts in this case.
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In re Recall ofJenson
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case is decided on its merits, we are compelled to review the trial court's ruling on the
remaining recall charge. Because the recall petitioners did not identify a rule,
standard, or law violated by Mayor Bolt or Councilman Jenson, we hold that that
recall charge is also legally insufficient.
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In re Recall of Jenson
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WE CONCUR:
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