Hallin v. Trent

Hicks, J.

These consolidated cases arise from the enactment of Laws of 1979, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 202, providing for new judicial positions in the Superior Courts for Cowlitz, Kitsap and Pierce Counties. New judicial positions in the superior courts of other counties were also provided in chapter 202, but they are not at issue here.

All of the judicial positions established by chapter 202 in the three counties above named were to be effective January 1, 1981. Chapter 202, as it was sent to the Governor, consisted of six numbered sections, the last section of which the Governor vetoed. The vetoed section purported to require that the judicial positions authorized be filled by election in the 1980 general election.

The defendants herein are the Auditors of Cowlitz and Pierce Counties. Each refused to accept filings for a judicial position not yet in existence.

Plaintiff David Hallin brought an action in the Superior Court for Cowlitz County for a writ of mandate directing Jack Trent, Auditor of Cowlitz County, to accept his declaration of candidacy and filing fee for Cowlitz County Superior Court position No. 3. The matter was heard and the writ was denied by the Honorable Alan Hallowell, one of the judges of the Cowlitz County Superior Court. Hallin sought direct and expedited review in this court, which was granted.

Richard Greco, Auditor of Pierce County, likewise proclaimed that he would refuse to accept filings for the Pierce County judicial positions that would come into existence January 1, 1981. Chester F. Straw, a qualified voter of Pierce County, on behalf of himself and all similarly situated voters of Pierce County, sought relief similar to that requested in Cowlitz County. Additionally, out of county or retired judges were requested to hear the matter. The Honorable Horace G. Geer, former Pierce County Superior Court Judge, was agreed upon as judge pro tempore to hear the matter. After the hearing in Pierce County, Judge Geer denied the writ. Direct and expedited review was accepted in this court. The case was consolidated with that of Cow-litz County.

This court convened en banc Thursday, August 7, 1980. King County and the Secretary of State appeared as amici curiae. Extended time was granted for argument before the court and both amici were heard in addition to the parties. Because of the urgency of the matter, the court entered an order the same day affirming the trial court in each instance. This opinion sets forth the court's reasons for its order.

RCW 2.08.061, as amended by the Laws of 1979, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 202, § 1, p. 1784, provides in part:

There shall be in the county of . . . Pierce thirteen judges of the superior court: Provided, That the additional offices herein created for the county of Pierce shall be effective January 1, 1981 . . .

Chapter 202, section 3, amending RCW 2.08.064, contains the same provision for Cowlitz County, but only one new judicial position is involved. Thus, the legislature provided additional judicial positions for the Superior Courts of Pierce and Cowlitz Counties "effective January 1,1981."

The sole issue with which we are presented in these actions is whether the positions are to be filled through the elective process in 1980, thus requiring the auditors of the respective counties to accept filing fees and declarations of candidacy for them.

Const, art. 4, § 5 provides for the procedure by which superior court positions are filled.

There shall be in each of the organized counties of this state a superior court for which at least one judge shall be elected by the qualified electors of the county at the general state election: ... If a vacancy occurs in the office of judge of the superior court, the governor shall appoint a person to hold the office until the election and qualification of a judge to fill the vacancy, which election shall be at the next succeeding general election, and the judge so elected shall hold office for the remainder of the unexpired term.

The legislature adopted this same procedure for those instances where vacancies occurred because of establishment of new positions. RCW 2.08.069 states as follows:

Unless otherwise provided, upon the taking effect of any act providing for additional judges of the superior court and thereby creating a vacancy, the governor shall appoint a person to hold the office until the election and qualification of a judge to fill the vacancy, which election shall be at the next succeeding general election, and the judge so elected shall hold office for the remainder of the unexpired term.

In this instance it is necessary to determine when the vacancies occur. The above quoted statute provides that a vacancy will occur "upon the taking effect of any act providing for additional judges of the superior court and thereby creating a vacancy, ..." The legislative act providing additional judicial positions for Pierce and Cowlitz Counties will not take effect until January 1, 1981.

Unless otherwise specifically indicated in the legislation, measures signed by the Governor become effective at the time designated in the constitution, which is 90 days after the adjournment of the legislature. In this case, however, there was a clear indication otherwise. In laws of 1979, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 202, the legislature specified varying effective dates for judicial positions in different counties, though Cowlitz, Kitsap and Pierce Counties all have the same effective date, January 1, 1981. Since statutes may only speak from their effective date (see Skidmore v. Clausen, 116 Wash. 403, 199 P. 727 (1921); State ex rel. French v. Seattle, 187 Wash. 58, 59 P.2d 914 (1936); State ex rel. Thorp v. Devin, 26 Wn.2d 333,173 P.2d 994 (1946)), the positions here concerned come into being only on that date (January 1, 1981), and not before. Thus, vacancies for the positions do not occur before that date.

A legislature has authority to pass a law creating multiple effective dates. In so doing, the effective date is the date on which a particular section becomes operative and not the time of its passage. See Yelle v. Kramer, 83 Wn.2d 464, 478, 520 P.2d 927 (1974):

The legislature, in the absence of constitutional restraint, may fix any time in the future as the time when a statute shall become effective. State ex rel. Blakeslee v. Clausen, 85 Wash. 260, 148 P. 28 (1915). It is a cardinal rule that a statute passed to take effect at a later date speaks from the time it becomes operative and not from the time of its passage.

In Walker v. Lanning, 74 Wash. 253, 256, 133 P. 462 (1913), the court quoted with approval as follows: .

"Until the time arrives when it is to take effect and be in force, a statute which has been passed by both houses of the legislature and approved by the executive has no force whatever for any purpose, and all acts purporting to have been done under it prior to that time are void." 36 Cyc. 1192-(Italics ours.)

Fain v. Chapman, 89 Wn.2d 48, 569 P.2d 1135 (1977), controls in this action. There, an identical question was presented that is here being considered. At page 51, we stated:

The first issue is at what point a "vacancy", as that term is utilized in the constitution, will occur in each of these newly created positions. Petitioner contends no "vacancy" will exist in the positions here at issue until the act creating them becomes effective. We agree. A statute speaks from its effective date and no action may be undertaken pursuant to it prior to that time. Yelle v. Kramer, 83 Wn.2d 464, 520 P.2d 927 (1974); Walker v. Lanning, 74 Wash. 253, 133 P. 462 (1913). In State ex rel. New Washington Oyster Co. v. Meakim, 34 Wn.2d 131, 140, 208 P.2d 628 (1949), a case concerning the powers of a retired superior court judge, this court quoted with approval the following language:

"The word 'vacancy,' as applied to an office, has no technical meaning. An existing office without an incumbent is vacant. There is no basis for the distinction that it applies only to an office . . .

(Italics ours.) These decisions indicate there can be no "vacancy" in these soon-to-be-created positions until such time as the statute which gives them life becomes effective.

We hold that unless so provided by law, there can be no filling by election of a prospective position not in existence at the time of the election. The Auditors of Pierce and Cowlitz Counties were correct in refusing to accept filings for judicial positions not yet in existence.

The contention has been made that the legislature did indicate an intent that the judicial positions established for Cowlitz, Kitsap and Pierce Counties be filled by the electoral process in the 1980 general election. Section 6 of Laws of 1979, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 202, when submitted to the Governor, certainly did so provide. The Governor vetoed that section.

In approving or disapproving legislation, the Governor acts in a legislative capacity and as part of the legislative branch of government. In Shelton Hotel Co. v. Bates, 4 Wn.2d 498, 506, 104 P.2d 478 (1940), we stated:

When referring to what the legislature intended, we must not forget that the governor, when acting upon bills passed by both houses of the legislature, is a part of the legislature, and acting in a legislative capacity, and we cannot therefore consider the intent of the house and the senate apart from the intent of the governor.

The Governor's veto of a portion of a measure, if the veto is not overridden, removes the vetoed material from the legislation as effectively as though it had never been considered by the legislature. In State ex rel. Stiner v. Yelle, 174 Wash. 402, 408, 25 P.2d 91 (1933), we said:

In the first place, and to clear away immaterial matters, it should be said that the governor's veto of parts of the measure now means nothing whatsoever. In exercising the veto power, the governor acts as a part of the legislative bodies, and the act is to be considered now just as it would have been if the vetoed provisions had never been written into the bill at any stage of the proceedings.

The rule is that a veto may be used only in a destructive manner, not affirmatively to create basically different legislation. Washington Ass'n of Apartment Ass'ns, Inc. v. Evans, 88 Wn.2d 563, 564 P.2d 788 (1977). Here, the veto was used destructively without affecting the basic legislation. As originally passed by the legislature, the principal objective of the legislation was the providing of new judicial positions for various counties. Section 6 of the bill, as submitted to the Governor, provided that the new positions should be filled by the electoral process. The Governor, acting in a legislative capacity and as part of the legislative process, excised section 6 of the measure and approved the rest. That, however, is not the end of the legislative process. The measure is returned to the originating house where the veto may be overridden with the requisite number of votes. If both bodies, House and Senate, override the veto, the bill becomes law in the form it was originally submitted to the Governor. The legislature may even, within 45 days after adjournment, reconvene in an extraordinary session to reconsider any veto by the Governor. Const, art. 3, § 12. In this case, however, the legislature did not choose to do so. If the veto is not overridden, the measure becomes law and the excised material is regarded as though it had never been written by the legislature.

The basic thrust of the legislation, the providing of new judicial positions to the counties, was not disturbed by the veto. As section 6 was excised from the act, the general law provided the manner in which the new judicial positions would be filled. Since the legislature did not override the Governor's veto in this case, the legislature must have understood the general law would apply. Fain v. Chapman, supra, so held.

The judgments of the Superior Courts for both Pierce and Cowlitz Counties are affirmed.

Rosellini, Brachtenbach, Horowitz, and Williams, JJ., and Ryan, J. Pro Tern., concur.