Beauregard v. Wash. State Bar Ass'n

FILE THIS OPINION WAS FILED
FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
IN CLERK’S OFFICE FEBRUARY 11, 2021
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
FEBRUARY 11, 2021
SUSAN L. CARLSON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
LINCOLN C. BEAUREGARD, NO. 97249-4
Respondent,
v. EN BANC
WASHINGTON STATE BAR
ASSOCIATION, a statutorily created
entity, Filed:________________
February 11, 2021
Petitioner.
GORDON McCLOUD, J.—The Washington State Bar Association (WSBA)
Board of Governors (BOG) terminated the WSBA executive director during a
closed executive session. WSBA member Lincoln C. Beauregard sued the WSBA,
alleging that the vote to fire the executive director violated the Open Public
Meetings Act (OPMA), chapter 42.30 RCW. He demanded that the executive
director be reinstated. The trial court held that the OPMA applied to the WSBA
and granted Beauregard a preliminary injunction, but not for the requested relief of
Beauregard v. WSBA, No. 97249-4
reinstating the executive director. Instead, the injunction required the WSBA to
comply with the OPMA.
Because the OPMA does not apply to the WSBA and because the superior
court ordered relief that Beauregard never requested, we reverse the preliminary
injunction.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In January 2019, the WSBA terminated executive director Paula Littlewood.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 120. It took this action during an “executive session”
closed to the public, explaining only that the reason for the termination was to go
in a “new direction.” Id.
The BOG repeated its vote during a public meeting on March 7, 2019. Id. It
provided no further reasons for the termination. Id. Many WSBA members stated
their support for Littlewood and questioned the legitimacy of her termination. See
CP at 156-328 (messages of support for Littlewood); see also CP at 13-14 (letter
from three justices of this court urging the BOG “to rescind its unwise decision to
terminate Paula Littlewood”). Littlewood’s final day as executive director was set
as March 31, 2019. CP at 469.
Two days after the March 7 meeting, Beauregard sued the WSBA, alleging
that it had violated both the OPMA and the WSBA’s own bylaws. CP at 1-12. He
claimed that the BOG must “take all actions, including quorum deliberations and
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voting, in open and for full view of the public.” CP at 11. Beauregard moved the
court to order the BOG to reinstate Littlewood as executive director and implement
transparency training requirements for WSBA governors. Id.
Four days after filing, Beauregard moved for a preliminary injunction. CP at
15. He sought to enjoin the BOG from removing Littlewood as executive director
pending final resolution of the lawsuit. Id. At oral argument on the motion,
Beauregard reiterated this specific request for relief: “[W]e’re asking that the Court
reinstate Paula Littlewood. That’s the relief that’s available under either the
bylaws or the [OPMA], which we’ll litigate the merits of as we move forward.”
Hr’g at 5. Beauregard argued that if the court denied him this relief, “this lawsuit
is over because Paula Littlewood is going to get hired by somebody else . . . and
it’s going to become inconceivable for us to get relief, relief in the form of an
appropriate process wherein Ms. Littlewood might stay, might go.” Id. at 31.
Neither in his written motion nor at oral argument on his motion did Beauregard
request any relief other than a preliminary injunction barring the WSBA from
terminating Littlewood. CP at 15-25; Hr’g at 3-19, 30-31.
The trial court granted Beauregard a preliminary injunction, but not the one
he sought. It ruled that the OPMA applied to the WSBA. CP at 478. It continued
that Beauregard, as a Bar member, therefore had a clear equitable right to “know
the basis for a BOG decision that may affect him, including why an [executive
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director] may have been terminated.” CP at 480. The court concluded that the
substantial harm that could flow from invasion of that right was sufficient to
support issuance of a preliminary injunction. CP at 481.
But the court then took a turn. It held that it lacked “the equitable power” to
reinstate Littlewood as executive director. CP at 482. Instead, the court
“enjoin[ed] the [Board] to comply with the OPMA moving forward,” including
with regard to any efforts to hire a new executive director. Id. It also ordered the
Board to “comply with the OPMA as it relates to any correspondence among BOG
members about the firing of Ms. Littlewood.” Id. The trial court later clarified
that its order required
compliance with the OPMA as it related to any past correspondence.
The Court intended for Defendants to retroactively comply with the
OPMA in terms of any private meetings that, under the OPMA, should
have been open. If private correspondence exists which, under the
OPMA, should have been public (i.e., email votes, notes or minutes of
private meetings, video of private meetings, etc.) with regard to Ms.
Littlewood’s firing. It should be made public now.
CP at 465.
The WSBA moved for discretionary review in this court. Specifically, the
WSBA requested that we review “[w]hether the WSBA . . . is a ‘public agency’
subject to the OPMA, and, if so, whether the Respondent satisfied the three-prong
test for a preliminary injunction under CR 65, and whether potential disclosure of
confidential executive session correspondence is an appropriate remedy under the
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OPMA.” Mot. for Discr. Review at 4-5. Our commissioner granted review1 and
we now reverse.
ANALYSIS
This case is before us on interlocutory review of a preliminary injunction.
“A party seeking preliminary injunctive relief must establish (1) a clear legal or
equitable right, (2) a well-grounded fear of immediate invasion of that right, and
(3) that the acts complained of either have or will result in actual and substantial
injury.” San Juan County v. No New Gas Tax, 160 Wash. 2d 141, 153, 157 P.3d 831
(2007) (citing Wash. Fed’n of State Emps. v. State, 99 Wash. 2d 878, 888, 665 P.2d
1337 (1983)); see RCW 7.40.020. We review a trial court’s decision on a
preliminary injunction for an abuse of discretion. Huff v. Wyman, 184 Wash. 2d 643,
1
To be clear, this court did not grant review of the merits of misconduct
allegations against a former WSBA BOG member. Ruling Granting Direct Discr.
Review (Wash. Aug. 27, 2019). The dissent has not identified any connection between
those allegations and Littlewood’s firing, much less a connection between those
allegations and any issue actually before this court. There has not been full adversarial
development of the record on the allegations and nothing about the dissent’s argument on
this point informs our interpretation of the OPMA or the constitution. Because of that,
this court denied Beauregard’s request to expand the record in this court with additional
hearsay materials concerning that allegation. Order on Mot. to Suppl. Record (Wash.
May 28, 2020). Nevertheless, the dissent spends a good deal of time arguing its position
on this matter. Dissent at 11-13. The dissent bases its position on secondhand sources:
mainly Beauregard’s own complaint and various letters and petitions from WSBA
members and employees. While this context (if fully and fairly developed) might
certainly inform a decision by this court on the policy matter on which the dissent
opines—of increasing WSBA transparency in the future through rulemaking or other
means—it is not relevant to the requirements for a preliminary injunction or the reach of
the OPMA. Yet those are the issues on which we granted review.
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648, 361 P.3d 727 (2015) (citing Wash. Fed’n of State Emps., 99 Wash. 2d at 887).
An abuse of discretion occurs if “the trial court’s decision is based on untenable
grounds, is manifestly unreasonable, or is arbitrary.” Fed. Way Family Physicians,
Inc. v. Tacoma Stands Up For Life, 106 Wash. 2d 261, 264, 721 P.2d 946 (1986)
(citing State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wash. 2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).
I. THE BAR ASSOCIATION IS NOT A “PUBLIC AGENCY” UNDER THE OPEN PUBLIC
MEETINGS ACT; BEAUREGARD THEREFORE FAILS TO ESTABLISH A CLEAR
LEGAL OR EQUITABLE RIGHT TO A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
As discussed immediately above, to obtain a preliminary injunction,
Beauregard had to show a “clear legal or equitable right.” Huff, 184 Wash. 2d at 652.
In deciding whether such a right exists, we “‘examine[] the likelihood that the
moving party will prevail on the merits.’” Id. (quoting Rabon v. City of Seattle,
135 Wash. 2d 278, 285, 957 P.2d 621 (1998)).
The alleged “clear equitable right” in this case is “WSBA member
Beauregard’s right to know the basis for a BOG decision that may affect him,
including why an [executive director] may have been terminated.” CP at 480. The
trial court identified the OPMA as the source of this right. Id. No other legal or
equitable bases for this right were identified, Accordingly, if the OPMA does not
apply to the WSBA at all, then Beauregard has no clear legal or equitable right to a
preliminary injunction under part one of the three-part preliminary injunction test.
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A. THE WSBA IS NOT A “PUBLIC AGENCY” UNDER THE OPMA BECAUSE IT
EXISTED AS A VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION BEFORE ADOPTION OF THE STATE BAR
ACT; 2 THUS, THE WSBA WAS NOT “CREATED BY OR PURSUANT TO STATUTE”
“The OPMA is Washington’s comprehensive transparency statute. Enacted
in 1971, the Act seeks ‘to ensure public bodies make decisions openly.’ ‘[T]he
purpose of the Act is to allow the public to view the decisionmaking process at all
stages.’” Columbia Riverkeeper v. Port of Vancouver USA, 188 Wash. 2d 421, 434,
395 P.3d 1031 (2017) (alteration in original) (footnotes and citation omitted)
(quoting Miller v. City of Tacoma, 138 Wash. 2d 318, 324, 979 P.2d 429 (1999);
Cathcart v. Andersen, 85 Wash. 2d 102, 107, 530 P.2d 313 (1975)).
To achieve this goal, the OPMA requires that “[a]ll meetings of the governing
body of a public agency shall be open and public and all persons shall be permitted
to attend any meeting of the governing body of a public agency, except as
otherwise provided in this chapter.” RCW 42.30.030. Thus, the OPMA applies to
each “governing body” of a “public agency.”
The OPMA defines “public agency” as “[a]ny state board, commission,
committee, department, educational institution, or other state agency which is
2
RCW 2.48.010.
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created by or pursuant to statute, other than courts and the legislature.” RCW
42.30.020(1)(a). 3
We have interpreted “pursuant to” in this context to mean “in conformity
with or in the course of carrying out, implying that what is done is in accordance
with an instruction or direction.” Cathcart, 85 Wash. 2d at 104 (citing Knowles v.
Holly, 82 Wash. 2d 694, 702, 513 P.2d 18 (1973)).
The state bar act of 1933 purported to “create[] as an agency of the state, for
the purpose and with the powers hereinafter set forth, an association to be known
as the [WSBA].” 4 RCW 2.48.010. That statute also provided for the election and
powers of the BOG. RCW 2.48.020-50.
But the WSBA existed long before that statute was passed. Graham v. State
Bar Ass’n, 86 Wash. 2d 624, 626-27, 548 P.2d 310 (1976) (“The [WSBA] existed as
a voluntary professional association between 1888 and 1933.”); CP at 467 (“‘The
[WSBA] was formed in January 1888, during the final year of the Washington
3
The OPMA’s definition of “agency” expressly excludes “courts.” Clearly, the
WSBA is not “a court.”
4
Though the statute refers to the WSBA as an “agency of the state,” we have held
that the WSBA is not an “agency” in other contexts. Graham v. State Bar Ass’n, 86
Wash. 2d 624, 626, 548 P.2d 310 (1976) (“[T]he reference to the bar association as ‘an
agency of the state’ in the State Bar Act of 1933 does not control the applicability of the
auditing statutes to that organization.”); Nast v. Michels, 107 Wash. 2d 300, 305, 730 P.2d
54 (1986) (King County Department of Judicial Administration not an “agency” under
the Public Records Act, even though “by its name” it fell “within the definition of
agency”). Thus, the “agency” language in the state bar act is not determinative of
whether the WSBA is an “agency” under the OPMA.
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Territory.’” (quoting https://www.wsba.org/about-wsba/who-we-are/history-of-the-
wsba); John N. Rupp, An Essay in History: 1933-1983 The First Fifty Years of the
Washington State Bar Association, 37 WASH. ST. B. NEWS, June 1983, at 29 (“The
origin of our Bar Association goes back to Territorial times when, on January 19,
1888, a year before Statehood, some 35 young lawyers got together in the Supreme
Court’s room in Olympia and formed a bar association.”); Bar Association Affairs,
11 Wash. L. REV. & ST. B.J. 238, 239 (1936) (“The [WSBA] has reached the
period in the forty-eight years of its existence when it may now be said to have
traditions.” (quoting 1936 annual address by WSBA President L.R. Hamblen));
Our State Bar Associations: The Washington State Bar Association, 48 AM. BAR
ASS’N 71, 71 (1962) (“A voluntary association up to 1933, [the WSBA] then
became integrated as a state agency by legislative enactment with compulsory dues
from all practicing members, then numbering about 2700. This was a great
advance from a small beginning in 1888, one year before statehood.”).
Indeed, the preexisting WSBA was a driving force behind the state bar act’s
passage. See Progress of Bar Integration Movement, 17 J. AM. JUD. SOC. 69, 70
(1933) (“The [WSBA], leader in the federation movement, had no difficulty in
securing enactment.”); Our State Bar Associations, supra, at 71 (“At the annual
meeting in August 1932, the Washington Bar endorsed an integrated bar act and
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instructed its committees to work for its passage in the state legislative sessions of
1933.”).
The state bar act made WSBA membership mandatory for the practice of
law. RCW 2.48.170; see also State ex rel. Foster v. Wash. State Bar Ass’n, 23
Wash. 2d 800, 805, 162 P.2d 261 (1945) (“The state bar act . . . provides that no
person may engage in the practice of law in this state unless and until he becomes a
member of the state bar association.”). It also listed additional powers and
responsibilities for the WSBA. See, e.g., RCW 2.48.050, .060, .130. But the state
bar act did not create the WSBA.
Because the WSBA existed as a voluntary association prior to the 1933
statute, it was not created “pursuant to statute.” 5 Thus, it is not a “public agency”
under the OPMA. 6
5
The dissent relies on Cathcart’s broad reading of pursuant to, which held that
“[i]t is not necessary that a statute expressly create a subagency so long as there is an
enabling provision which allows that subagency to come into existence, at some future
date, as the need may arise.” 85 Wash. 2d at 104-05. Unlike the University of Washington,
at issue in Cathcart, 85 Wash. 2d at 105, the WSBA is not a “subagency” created by or
pursuant to statute. The WSBA predated the state bar act by more than 40 years and
operates pursuant to this court’s authority to regulate the practice of law.
6
Because the WSBA was not created pursuant to statute, we need not decide
whether the legislature could subject it to the OPMA without encroaching on the
constitution’s separation of powers. See Wash. State Bar Ass’n v. State, 125 Wash. 2d 901,
906, 890 P.2d 1047 (1995) (“Legislation which directly and unavoidably conflicts with a
rule of court governing Bar Association powers and responsibilities is unconstitutional as
it violates the separation of powers doctrine.”); Graham, 86 Wash. 2d at 633 (subjecting the
WSBA to a state audit would be “an unwarranted and unconstitutional interference with
10
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The trial court reached the opposite conclusion. It relied in part on a 1971
attorney general letter opinion that concluded that the WSBA is a “public agency”
under the OPMA. CP at 476-77 (citing 1971 Letter Op. Att’y Gen. No. 103, at 2).
Beauregard continues to rely on this opinion on appeal. But that opinion offered
minimal analysis and does not even consider whether the WSBA was created
“pursuant to a statute.” 1971 Letter Op. Att’y Gen. No. 103. Instead, it relies
almost exclusively on a 1969 state auditor opinion and the state bar act’s usage of
the term “agency of the state.” Id. We rejected that very same state auditor
opinion in Graham. 86 Wash. 2d at 625. In that case, we held that the legislature had
not intended to subject the WSBA to the authority of the state auditor, despite the
label “agency of the state.” Id. at 633. The letter opinion’s reasoning is thus
largely obsolete and its conclusion is incorrect.7
the power of this separate branch of government to make necessary rules and regulations
governing the conduct of the bar”).
7
Individual legislators in 1971 also opined as to the OPMA’s applicability to the
WSBA. But different legislators took different positions. The sponsor of bill stated that
because the WSBA is not supported by public funds, “[i]t was my impression and my
feeling that they would not be covered and it was not the intention of the sponsors of the
bill that an agency of that kind be covered.” Senate Journal, 42d Leg., Reg. Sess., at 798
(Wash. 1971). Then, another senator asked a different senator, who was an attorney,
whether the OPMA would apply to the WSBA. Id. He responded, “Yes, that would be
my understanding of the law if this bill would be passed and that would be my intent
upon voting upon it.” Id. The legislative history is thus unhelpful in ascertaining the
legislature’s intent. See State ex rel. Citizens Against Tolls (CAT) v. Murphy, 151 Wash. 2d
226, 238, 88 P.3d 375 (2004) (“The interpretation of a statute by an individual legislator
does not show legislative intent.” (citing Scott v. Cascade Structures, 100 Wash. 2d 537,
544, 673 P.2d 179 (1983)).
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B. THE WSBA IS NOT A “PUBLIC AGENCY” UNDER THE OPMA BECAUSE IT
OPERATES PURSUANT TO THIS COURT’S AUTHORITY TO REGULATE THE
PRACTICE OF LAW IN WASHINGTON; ONCE AGAIN, THAT MEANS THE WSBA
WAS NOT “CREATED BY OR PURSUANT TO” STATUTE
This court has the power and the responsibility to regulate the practice of
law in Washington and to supervise the WSBA.8 GR 12 (“The Washington
Supreme Court has inherent and plenary authority to regulate the practice of law in
Washington.”); GR 12.2 (“In the exercise of its inherent and plenary authority to
regulate the practice of law in Washington, the Supreme Court authorizes and
supervises the [WSBA’s] activities.”). The state bar act itself “expressly
recognized the primacy of the court in the area of admissions and disbarment when
it made the board’s power subject to the approval of the Supreme Court under
RCW 2.48.060.” In re Application of Schatz, 80 Wash. 2d 604, 607, 497 P.2d 153
(1972). The statute “clearly lodges all ultimate authority in the Supreme Court.”
Id. Thus, “[t]he Board of Governors, acting in this area, is an arm of the court,
independent of legislative direction.” Id.
8
The dissent posits that our regulation of the practice of law is distinct from the
regulation of other professionals “[b]ecause of the legal profession’s close relationship to
the processes of government and law enforcement.” Dissent at 2-3 (citing Rules of
Professional Conduct pmbl. ¶ 10). But judicial authority over the practice of law is more
than good policy—it is a core constitutional characteristic of American and
Washingtonian government embodied in the separation of powers. See, e.g., THE
FEDERALIST NO. 78 (Alexander Hamilton) (“The complete independence of the courts of
justice is peculiarly essential in a limited Constitution.”); Hagan & Van Camp, PS v.
Kassler Escrow, Inc., 96 Wash. 2d 443, 445, 635 P.2d 730 (1981) (Under Washington
Constitution art. 4, § 1, “the Supreme Court is given the exclusive power to regulate the
practice of law.”).
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We have come to the same conclusion about other administrative areas of
bar activity. For example, in Washington State Bar Association v. State, 125
Wash. 2d 901, 907-08, 890 P.2d 1047 (1995) (WSBA), we considered the
constitutionality of a collective bargaining statute that directly and unavoidably
conflicted with a court rule governing Bar Association powers and responsibilities.
We held that our “control over Bar Association functions is not limited to
admissions and discipline of lawyers.” Id. at 907-08. Rather, that control “extends
to ancillary administrative functions as well.” Id. at 908.9
This court’s control over WSBA “ancillary administrative functions” and
supervision of WSBA activities thus also shows that the WSBA functions not
“pursuant to” statute but, instead, pursuant to this court’s authority to regulate the
practice of law.
9
To be sure, “it is sometimes possible to have an overlap of responsibility in
governing the administrative aspects of court-related functions.” WSBA, 125 Wash. 2d at
908). In Zylstra v. Piva, we held that juvenile court employees had a “dual status” for
collective bargaining purposes—their negotiations with the county regarding wages and
benefits were “appropriately controlled by the provisions of the bargaining act,” while
their “hiring, firing, working conditions, and other matters” remained within the control
of the juvenile court judges. 85 Wash. 2d 743, 748, 539 P.2d 823 (1975). “Nothing in [this]
approach diminishe[d] the final control of the judiciary over all necessary court
functions.” Id. Indeed, if “the county refused adequate salary funds, the court would be
both obliged and empowered to protect its proper functioning and see to the effective
administration of justice.” Id. at 748-49 (citing O’Coins, Inc. v. Treasurer, 362 Mass.
507, 287 N.E.2d 608, 612 (1972)).
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C. WSBA RULES WITH REQUIREMENTS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE OPMA ARE
IRRELEVANT TO THE ISSUE OF WHETHER THE WSBA IS A “PUBLIC AGENCY”
Beauregard contends that the BOG “has already incorporated essentially the
exact same transparency mandates [as under the OPMA] into the existing Bylaws.”
Resp’t Lincoln Beauregard’s Resp. to Opening Br. at 19. He argues that, because
the WSBA already must effectively comply with the OPMA pursuant to its own
bylaws, extending the OPMA to the WSBA would provide an enforcement
mechanism for members and the public. Id. at 22.
It is true that the WSBA bylaws provide that “[a]ll meetings of the BOG or
other Bar entity must be open and public and all persons will be permitted to attend
any meeting, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws or under court rules.”
CP at 96. Additionally, “[m]inutes of all meetings, except for executive sessions,
must be recorded and approved minutes will be open to public inspection upon
request” and most secret ballot voting is prohibited. Id.
But these transparency rules exist independently from the OPMA. They do
not incorporate the OPMA, either explicitly or implicitly. 10
10
The dissent argues that transparency is a positive value and that it would go far
toward maintaining the WSBA’s accountability. Dissent at 2-3, 12-14. That might well
be correct, as a policy matter. But the dissent proposes to achieve that policy goal in an
unprecedented manner. It asserts that we should use our constitutional authority to
regulate the practice of law to adopt the policy of WSBA transparency akin to what the
OPMA requires through this decision, even if statutory and constitutional interpretation
do not support it. Dissent at 11 (proposing to interpret the OPMA to apply to the WSBA
BOG regardless of usual statutory interpretation “as a matter of public policy”).
Alternatively, the dissent asserts that our separation of powers system has failed and
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Because the WSBA is not a “public agency” under the OPMA, Beauregard
fails the first part of the three-part test for using a preliminary injunction: he did
not establish a clear legal or equitable right to relief. The trial court therefore
abused its discretion by issuing a preliminary injunction.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ENJOINED CONDUCT THAT BEAUREGARD DID NOT SEEK
TO ENJOIN; IN THIS CASE, THAT WAS ALSO AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION
The trial court erred in granting this particular preliminary injunction for
another reason, also: the relief that the trial court ordered was not the relief that
Beauregard requested.
Beauregard acknowledges that the trial court enjoined conduct that he did
not seek to enjoin. Resp’t Lincoln Beauregard’s Resp. to Opening Br. at 1; Wash.
Supreme Court oral argument, Beauregard v. Wash. State Bar Ass’n, No. 97249-4
(June 23, 2020), at 20 min., 22 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State’s
Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org (“As the litigant, it’s not my primary
role; it wasn’t my primary goal to obtain that particular relief.”).
Trial courts must certainly pay careful attention to the relief that the movant
requests. That helps give meaning to the rule requiring that motions “state with
entreats the legislature to take over our constitutional duties. Dissent at 14. We share the
dissent’s concern for transparency in the WSBA BOG. And if public policy requires
additional transparency, both this court and the BOG can pursue it through other means.
But those regulatory and rule-making means are not tools of statutory interpretation to
decide a pending case.
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particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought.”
CR 7(b)(1) (emphasis added). “The purpose of a motion under the civil rules is to
give the other party notice of the relief sought.” Pamelin Indus., Inc. v. Sheen-
U.S.A., Inc., 95 Wash. 2d 398, 402, 622 P.2d 1270 (1981) (trial court could provide
relief on a discovery motion in part because that plaintiffs’ motion “state[d] the
relief sought and the grounds justifying relief” and “the relief granted by the court
did not exceed the scope of the motion.” (citing CR 7(b)(1))).
In this case, the trial court did not grant the relief that Beauregard “sought.”
Instead, it ordered relief that no party argued or proved was necessary to avoid
“immediate invasion of . . . [the identified] right” or “actual and substantial injury,”
the other two prerequisites to preliminary injunctive relief. San Juan County, 160
Wash. 2d at 153 (citing Wash. Fed’n of State Emps., 99 Wash. 2d at 888).11 The trial
court’s decision to enter this particular injunction thus constituted an abuse of
discretion for this reason also.
11
Beauregard further contends that the WSBA “is actively defying the trial court’s
order” and has “never produced any of the information as ordered by the trial court.”
Resp’t Lincoln Beauregard’s Resp. to Opening Br. at 15 & n.38, 27 (citing ch. 7.21
RCW). The WSBA vehemently disagrees. Whether the WSBA is or was in contempt of
the preliminary injunction is not an issue before this court, and we do not address it.
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CONCLUSION
The OPMA does not apply to the WSBA. The trial court abused its
discretion by granting the preliminary injunction. We vacate that injunction and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
WE CONCUR:
Bjorgen, J.P.T.
Korsmo, J.P.T.
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No. 97249-4
MADSEN, J. (dissenting)—The practice of law is largely self governing. E.g.,
Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) pmbl. ¶ 10. Though subject to modest constraints, 1
the legal profession keeps its own house—lawyers regulate lawyers. Id. ¶¶ 10, 6 (“A
lawyer . . . should help the bar regulate itself in the public interest.”); In re Disciplinary
Proceeding Against Scannell, 169 Wash. 2d 723, 748, 239 P.3d 332 (2010) (recognizing the
“self-governing nature of the practice of law”). The autonomy of the legal profession
carries with it “special responsibilities of self-government.” RPC pmbl. ¶ 12. Among the
most important of these responsibilities is service to the public. See id. ¶¶ 12, 13; In re
Disciplinary Proceeding Against Huddleston, 137 Wash. 2d 560, 573, 974 P.2d 325 (1999)
(“[L]awyers owe an ethical duty [to their clients,] to the legal system, to the legal
profession, and to the general public.” (emphasis added)).
It is the mission of the Washington State Bar Association (WSBA) to protect and
serve the public by regulating legal practitioners in the state. Who We Are, WASH. ST. B.
1
Such constraints are professional and ethical rules, state licensure requirements, and
disciplinary action by the courts.
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
ASS’N, https://www.wsba.org/about-wsba/who-we-are [https://perma.cc/D5T4-78F8];
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 53 (WSBA Bylaws (I)(A)) (stating that WSBA carries out its
mission by, among other things, fostering goodwill between the legal profession and the
public and by administering admissions, regulation, and discipline of legal professions so
to protect the public).
To carry out this mission, WSBA, just as any other governing institution, must be
transparent. See RPC pmbl. ¶ 6 (“legal institutions in a constitutional democracy depend
on popular participation and support to maintain their authority”). Public access to
information about the conduct of government is a “precondition” of democracy and
essential to the legitimacy of government itself. Eugene Cerruti, “Dancing in the
Courthouse”: The First Amendment Right of Access Opens a New Round, 29 U. RICH. L.
REV. 237, 304 (1995); see also WASH. CONST. art. I, § 1 (“All political power is inherent
in the people, and governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
governed.”); Progressive Animal Welfare Soc’y v. Univ. of Wash., 125 Wash. 2d 243, 251,
884 P.2d 592 (1994) (plurality opinion) (quoting Letter to W.T. Barry (Aug. 4, 1822), in
THE WRITINGS OF JAMES MADISON: 1819-1836, at 103 (Gaillard Hunt ed., 1910) (“‘A
popular Government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a
Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy; or, perhaps both.’”)).
Self-governance is unique to the practice of law. Other professions, from
accountants to nurses, are regulated and licensed by the State. E.g., List of Licenses,
WASH. ST. DEP’T OF LICENSING, https://www.dol.wa.gov/listoflicenses.html
2
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
[https://perma.cc/M69H-UJTU]. Because of the legal profession’s close relationship to
the processes of government and law enforcement, we have been trusted to govern
ourselves—making transparency all the more important. See RPC pmbl. ¶ 10. The
judicial branch of government (as well as those who practice within it) must therefore
regulate itself “in the public interest,” not merely to further the self-interested concerns of
the bar. Id. ¶ 12.
These are the “special responsibilities of self-government.” See id. They are not
aspirational. Id. ¶ 11. They are not empty words spoken to ward off threats of external
control. See id. Rather, they are a bellwether for the legal profession—an institution
invested with substantial public trust. Id. It is our responsibility and our privilege as
lawyers to protect that trust. Id. ¶¶ 11-13. In short, we have promised those we serve to
govern ourselves. To do so, then, with the public interest in mind, transparency is
required. As the present case demonstrates, WSBA and its Board of Governors (BOG)
have not fulfilled this ethical duty.
The majority holds that WSBA is not a public agency for the purposes of our
state’s open meetings act. Majority at 10. I disagree. In my view, the plain language of
the Open Public Meetings Act of 1971 (OPMA), ch. 42.30 RCW, applies to WSBA and
BOG. RCW 42.30.020(1). Even if it did not, this court should exercise its authority as
leaders of the judicial branch to hold WSBA subject to the same transparency
requirements as other governing entities. GR 12.2. Finally, absent existing binding
legislation or the exercise of our plenary authority, we should call on the legislature to do
3
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
that which we are unable—amend the OPMA to include WSBA and BOG. Accordingly,
I respectfully dissent.
I. The OPMA applies to WSBA
The OPMA defines a public agency as “[a]ny state board, commission, committee,
department, educational institution, or other state agency which is created by or pursuant
to statute, other than courts and the legislature.” RCW 42.30.020(1)(a) (emphasis
added). We have interpreted the phrase “pursuant to” as meaning “in conformity with or
in the course of carrying out, implying that what is done is in accordance with an
instruction or direction.” Cathcart v. Andersen, 85 Wash. 2d 102, 104, 530 P.2d 313
(1975). The state bar act “created [WSBA] as an agency of the state, for the purpose and
with the powers hereinafter set forth.” RCW 2.48.010.
By its plain language, the OPMA applies to WSBA and, thus, to BOG. RCW
42.30.020(1)(a)’s “public agency” includes WSBA because it was created pursuant to the
state bar act, ch. 2.48 RCW. Public agencies subject to the OPMA include not just those
organizations created through direct legislation but also those created in the course of
carrying out legislation. See Cathcart, 85 Wash. 2d at 104. The state bar act of 1933 did
not produce WSBA from whole cloth—on this point, the majority is correct. See
majority at 10. But the OPMA does not require this.
The state bar act changed and formalized the earlier, voluntary bar association.
Wash. State Bar Ass’n v. State, 125 Wash. 2d 901, 907, 890 P.2d 1047 (1995). Originally,
the bar consisted of 35 lawyers and did not include all attorneys admitted to practice in
4
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
the state. History of the Bar, WASH. ST. B. ASS’N, https://www.wsba.org/about-
wsba/who-we-are/history-of-the-
wsba#:~:text=Alfred%20J.&text=In%20this%20setting%2C%20a%20group,membership
%20cost%20%245%20per%20year [https://perma.cc/UC5S-GF9Y]. The bar association
itself worked to pass the state bar act. Washington State Bar News—The Washington
State Bar Association, 23 WASH. ST. B. NEWS, Feb. 1969, at 9 (“At the annual meeting in
August, 1932, the Washington Bar endorsed an integrated bar act and instructed its
committees to work for its passage in the state legislative sessions of 1933.”). The act
made membership a prerequisite to practice law in Washington and created WSBA “as an
agency of the state.” RCW 2.48.010, .170. Today’s WSBA did not exist prior to passage
of the state bar act.
The majority’s conclusion that the state bar act did not “create” WSBA is an
unnecessarily narrow reading of RCW 42.30.020(1)(a). If RCW 42.30.020(1)(a)
contained only the words “created by . . . [a] statute,” then the state bar act would not
qualify. But RCW 42.30.020(1)(a) also encompasses organizations created pursuant to a
statute. Just as we cannot read words into a statute, so can we not read words out of a
statute. Progressive Animal Welfare Soc’y v. Univ. of Wash., 114 Wash. 2d 677, 688, 790
P.2d 604 (1990) (courts may not read into a statute matters that are not in it); State v.
Reis, 183 Wash. 2d 197, 217, 351 P.3d 127 (2015) (“This court does not have the authority
to read language out of a statute.”). Statutes must be interpreted so that all the language
5
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
used is given effect. G-P Gypsum Corp. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 169 Wash. 2d 304, 309, 237
P.3d 256 (2010).
Nothing in the OPMA indicates, as the majority’s reasoning implies, that
legislation must produce a completely new agency in order to be subject to the law’s
transparency requirements. Such a requirement would conflict with the expansive
meaning of the phrase “pursuant to.” See Cathcart, 85 Wash. 2d at 104.
Moreover, WSBA is not a court. See majority at 11-13. It was not created under
the auspices of this court, rather it is a sui generis 2 organization whose functions relate to
and aid the judicial branch. History of the Bar, supra; Graham v. State Bar Ass’n, 86
Wash. 2d 624, 632, 548 P.2d 310 (1976); WSBA BYLAWS 1, 19 (Oct. 7, 2020),
https://www.wsba.org/docs/default-source/about-wsba/governance/proposed-bylaw-
amendments/current-wsba-bylaws.pdf?sfvrsn=26cc0bf1_15 [https://perma.cc/DCJ4-
KUEF]. This court works closely with WSBA to discipline lawyers, but ultimate
authority resides with us. WASH. CONST. art. IV, § 1; GR 12.2 (the Supreme Court
possesses the “inherent and plenary authority to regulate the practice of law in
Washington”).
Though we advise and are advised by WSBA, we do not select the individuals
governing the bar. BOG consists of a president, governors from each congressional
district, and three governors elected at large by the lawyers of Washington State. WSBA
2
“Sui generis” is a Latin term meaning “[o]f its own kind or class; unique or peculiar.” BLACK’S
LAW DICTIONARY 1734 (11th ed. 2019).
6
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
BYLAWS at 19. BOG elects the president of the bar and selects the executive director. Id.
WSBA operates as an arm of the court to carry out only those duties “expressly
delegated” to it. GR 12.2. The privilege of disciplining lawyers has never been and
should not be afforded to WSBA. Indeed, the court could administer discipline directly
pursuant its own authority. GR 12. At the same time, we have no authority over the
nonlicensing, nondisciplinary matters of WSBA. See Wash. State Bar Ass’n, 125 Wash. 2d
at 909 (“The ultimate power to regulate court-related functions, including the
administration of the Bar Association, belongs exclusively to this court.” (emphasis
added)); GR 12.2 (this court authorizes and supervises WSBA carrying out its
administrative responsibilities). 3
Nor is this court completely immune from public scrutiny. When operating in our
administrative role to promulgate rules, we are governed by GR 9 and 31. Courts must
also facilitate access to court records, and when making administrative rules, due notice
must be provided to all interested persons, as well as the opportunity to express views on
proposed rules through publication for comment. GR 31; GR 9(a)(2)-(3), (g).
In Graham, we rejected the notion that WSBA is an agency for the purposes of
auditing statutes. 86 Wash. 2d at 633. This recognition does not, however, control our
holding today. See majority at 10. According to the majority, under Graham “the
3
In 2019, lawmakers considered ESHB 1788, which would repeal relevant sections of the state
bar act and transfer to this court all regulatory, licensing, and disciplinary functions concerning
the practice of law and administration of justice currently administered by WSBA. S.B. REP. ON
ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE H.B. 1788, 66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019).
7
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
‘agency’ language in the state bar act is not determinative of whether the WSBA is an
‘agency’ under the OPMA.” Id. at 8 n.4. But, Graham’s applicability is limited; its
holding is specific to auditing statutes that allowed the executive branch to investigate the
judicial branch. 86 Wash. 2d at 625.
Graham reviewed the challenged auditing statutes, noting that they empowered
legislative budget committees to audit other agencies while no legislative standards
existed to bind BOG’s discretionary actions such as the expenditure of funds. Id. at 627-
28. If BOG mismanaged the bar’s programs, then it was WSBA members, not the
legislature, who would select new board members. Id. at 628. And, unlike other
legislative committees, the legislature did not provide WSBA’s operational funds. Id. at
629-30. Graham reasoned that “[p]ostaudits are performed to detect ‘malfeasance,
misfeasance, or nonfeasance in office’” and because of BOG’s complete discretion in its
duties (aside from bar admissions and discipline), an auditor had “no standards to
determine whether malfeasance, misfeasance or nonfeasance” occurred. Id. at 630. The
inability to fulfill the purposes of the auditing statutes demonstrated legislative intent not
to include WSBA within their ambit. Id. Unlike Graham, the legislative intent of the
OPMA is easily satisfied and the statutory language plainly applies to WSBA.
Graham also implicated an encroachment from one governmental branch into
another that gave rise to separation of powers concerns. Id. at 631-33. The present case,
however, concerns legislation mandating transparency from within (WSBA) rather than
without (executive or legislative oversight).
8
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
In any event, even modest governmental encroachment does not necessitate the
majority’s holding here. Majority at 10. The separation of powers doctrine is integral to
our conception of democratic government, but it is still a doctrine. The power of each
branch to interfere with the exercise of another branch’s power is limited and does not
“‘depend on the branches of government being hermetically sealed off from one
another.’” Hale v. Wellpinit Sch. Dist. No. 49, 165 Wash. 2d 494, 504, 198 P.3d 1021
(2009) (quoting Carrick v. Locke, 125 Wash. 2d 129, 135, 882 P.2d 173 (1994)). Branches
remain “partially intertwined” to facilitate and execute effective government. Id. The
question is whether the activity of one branch threatens the independence or integrity or
invades the prerogatives of another branch. Zylstra v. Piva, 85 Wash. 2d 743, 750, 539 P.2d
823 (1975).
The legislative and the judicial branches often intertwine. Lawmakers routinely
consider and enact statutes related to courts. E.g., RCW 2.30.010 (recognizing the
judiciary’s inherent authority and encouraging the creating of therapeutic courts);
ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE H.B. 1788, 66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019). Legislators sit
on the advisory committee of the Office of Public Defense (OPD), which was established
in 1996 to implement the constitutional and statutory guaranties to counsel. WASH. ST.
OFF. OF PUB. DEF., https://www.opd.wa.gov/ [https://perma.cc/2J3T-HQ3K]; OPD
Advisory Committee, WASH. ST. OFF. OF PUB. DEF., https://www.opd.wa.gov/about-
opd/14-admin/23-advisory-committee (last visited Feb. 5, 2021). Despite existing as an
independent agency of the judicial branch, the OPD operates in conjunction with both the
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No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
lawmaking and law-interpreting branches of government. As does the Office of Civil
Legal Aid (OCLA)—an independent judicial agency responsible for administering state
funds to provide civil legal aid services to low income individuals. About OCLA, OFF. OF
CIV. LEGAL AID, https://ocla.wa.gov/about-us/ [https://perma.cc/J4W5-FN9Q]. Like the
OPD, the Oversight Committee for OCLA consists of 11 members appointed by the
courts, the legislature, the governor, and the bar association. Oversight Committee, OFF.
OF CIV. LEGAL AID, https://ocla.wa.gov/oversight-committee/ (last visited Feb. 5, 2021).
The Administrative Office of the Courts provides critical services to the judicial
branch (budgeting, compiling court statistics, and maintaining the judicial information
system and statewide electronic court record database) and operates under the direction of
the chief justice. Administrative Office of the Courts, WASH. CTS.,
https://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/aocwho/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2021).
This office is a frequent subject of legislation, such as changing the duties of the chief
administrative officer, see LAWS OF 2005, ch. 282, §§ 5, 7, and requiring standardized
court forms related to the uniform parentage act for access to court records, see LAWS OF
2019, ch. 46, § 1003. Separation of powers is not a concern in these instances and should
not be so now.
Ultimately, WSBA is not a part of the judiciary such that it is sequestered from
legislatively imposed transparency requirements. Only the courts, acting as courts, are
truly separated from the powers and potential encroachment from the executive or the
legislature. Though we must be circumspect, interpreting the OPMA to apply to WSBA
10
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
is not such an encroachment. I do not share the majority’s concern and disagree with its
reliance on the separation of powers to hold the OPMA inapplicable.
Requiring compliance with the OPMA facilitates the public purpose of the
judiciary and WSBA. It does not invade the prerogative or independence of this court to
direct the regulatory and licensing aspects of the bar. I would hold, therefore, that WSBA
constitutes a public agency created pursuant to—that is, in the course of carrying out—
RCW 42.30.020(1)(a) and is subject to the OPMA.
II. The OPMA applies as a matter of public policy
Even if the court rejects the application of the OPMA, we should hold that the
statute applies as a matter of public policy. WSBA and BOG have, unfortunately,
demonstrated time and again the lack of transparency within the organization. The most
recent example is the termination of Executive Director Paula Littlewood. At the
March 7, 2019 meeting, BOG cast a public vote to formalize what had already occurred
in private: terminating Littlewood as executive director. Board members Athan Papailiou
and Alec Stephens noted that “[a]ll governors were prohibited from reporting the action,
which had apparently been planned and orchestrated for some time.” CP at 120. At least
one board member publicly expressed frustration at BOG’s actions, proclaiming he did
not understand how the decision-making process unfolded. CP at 382. Even then-
Executive Director Littlewood was unaware of the reasons for her termination. See CP at
395.
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No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
WSBA members were similarly nonplussed. One individual was “absolutely
floored” after watching BOG’s March 7 meeting, noting the “appalling” manner in which
the termination occurred. CP at 274. Numerous WSBA members petitioned for
Littlewood’s reinstatement, echoing the consistent refrains that the termination occurred
in the dark, “[w]ithout input from WSBA staff, WSBA members, or the Washington
State Supreme Court.” CP at 27; see also CP at 44 (resignation letter from Ken Masters
(noting his resignation was “in protest of the secretive, unprincipled, and frankly inhuman
manner in which the board summarily terminated the finest Executive Director of any
organization whom I have ever known, Paula Littlewood”)).
In 2016, a WSBA staff member accused Governor Dan’L Bridges of sexual
harassment. CP at 4-5. An investigation found the allegations credible but instead of
addressing the issue, BOG promoted Bridges to treasurer. Id. 4 BOG members reported
they were told to stay silent about this decision. CP at 5. Once again, BOG elected
secrecy and obfuscation over its duty not only to the public but to its own staff. 5
In an open letter to BOG, over 20 WSBA employees expressed concern about
Bridges’ promotion. CP at 39. The employees noted that the promotion lacked oversight
4
The staff member sued the WSBA for $150,000, and Bridges negotiated an out-of-court
settlement. CP at 144-46.
5
The majority criticizes the use of an “undeveloped” factual record based on Beauregard’s
allegations, asserting that I have not “identified any connection” between the allegations against
BOG’s former treasurer and the firing of Paula Littlewood. See majority at 5 n.1. The
allegations against former Governor Bridges, the termination of Executive Director Littlewood,
and the manner in which BOG handled them are relevant to this case because they are further
evidence of BOG’s lack of transparency—which should be considered as a matter of public
policy.
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No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
and constituted an inappropriate response to the alleged sexual misconduct. The staff
also stated that BOG had not held itself accountable, ignored conflicts of interest, and
failed to exhibit courageous leadership, which resulted in low staff morale and concerns
for staff safety. Id. Past WSBA presidents echoed these concerns and disapproved of
BOG’s response to the sexual harassment claim in an open letter to this court. CP at 42-
43. When BOG was asked to remove Bridges as treasurer, Governor Paul Swegle
defended Bridges by stating the credible sexual harassment allegation was a one-time,
“unfortunate incident.” CP at 428. Bridges refused to resign, and BOG took no action. 6
CP at 39.
BOG’s lack of transparency has not gone unnoticed. Members of this court
commented on Littlewood’s termination, noting the decision was inconsistent with past
actions in which task forces and workgroups were formed. CP at 29. We urged BOG to
make future decisions with “an open, transparent process that includes members of the
profession, [and] members of the public.” Id. at 30. Former WSBA President Bill
Pickett identified this very concern in 2018, stating that meetings between select board
members had long concerned him, CP at 33, as did the public perception that BOG votes
were counted or traded in advance of public meetings. Id. 7
6
WSBA BOG Member and Public Comments (Jan. 2019) at 67 min., 25 sec., video recording by
WSBA, available at
https://link.videoplatform.limelight.com/media/?channelId=6413e629d22746ebb9829900af84d1
08&width=700&height=260&playerForm=48a6dcaeae1146748668b1840566a9d4&embedMode
=html&htmlPlayerFilename=limelightjs-player.js&autoplay=false&autoplayNextClip=true.
7
Dan’L Bridges defended the practice of meeting and counting votes prior to the public board
meetings, insisting that the OPMA does not apply to WSBA. CP at 34-36.
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No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
The legal profession’s unique autonomy has allowed BOG’s disinterest in open
and transparent governance. See RPC pmbl. ¶ 10. In no other professional area would
BOG continue to operate in such a manner without swift intervention. This court’s
inability or unwillingness to take action, coupled with BOG’s flimsy internal
transparency requirements have created a perfect storm. BOG’s actions behind closed
doors have cost the lawyers of this state great amounts of money and, what is worse,
shaken the public’s trust in our profession. The majority’s view has long been the view
of this court. It did not prevent BOG’s misconduct in the past and sadly will do nothing
to prevent future missteps. To this, I cannot agree.
WSBA’s purpose is a public one. The citizens of Washington have trusted us to
govern ourselves, and to respect that investment we must do so transparently. As a
matter of public policy, therefore, this court should conclude that the OPMA applies to
the bar association and its governing body, BOG.
III. Legislative action
If this court is unwilling to mandate transparency in the bar association, it is left to
our state legislature to do so. As previously discussed, our duty as legal practitioners is to
the public. Our significant authority and discretion as arbiters of the law function in the
public interest only if exercised in public rather than in the backroom activities that have
marked the WSBA’s conduct in these past four years. 8
8
Controversy is not unique to our bar association. In California, the state bar had been so poorly
managed and embroiled in scandal that state lawmakers took the drastic measure of separating
the bar into discrete entities: a voluntary association engaging in advocacy and a mandatory body
14
No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
Washington citizens memorialized their expectation that all levels of government
operate transparently. See ch. 42.56 RCW (Public Records Act); ch. 42.30 RCW
(OPMA). Because the legal profession in this state has failed to govern with this goal in
mind, our lawmakers should extend the OPMA specifically to WSBA and BOG. It is the
legal profession’s obligation to regulate itself, but in its absence, the legislature must do it
for us. 9
CONCLUSION
WSBA has struggled and, at times, failed to fulfill its duty to serve the public.
The bar has shrouded its decisions from public view. Past and current BOG members,
WSBA presidents, WSBA staff, and members of this court have sounded the alarm. The
majority’s unwillingness to require transparency in processes of legal self-governance
does not protect the public, and will serve only to further erode confidence in our
democratic institutions. At a time when trust in government is at historic lows, 10 the legal
focused on licensure and discipline. Lyle Moran, California Split: 1 Year After Nation’s Largest
Bar Became 2 Entities, Observers See Positive Change, ABA J. (Feb. 4, 2019),
https://www.abajournal.com/web/article/california-split-1-year-after-californias-state-bar-
became-2-entities-observers-see-positive-
changes#:~:text=In%20California%2C%20then%2DGov.,become%20an%20independent%20no
nprofit%20entity [https://perma.cc/FLP6-7WEX].
9
The California legislature required its own bar association to abide by the state’s open meetings
law in 2015. Gov. Brown Signs Senate Bill 387: CPIL Succeeds in Imposing Transparency
Requirements on State Bar of California, CTR. FOR PUB. INT. – UNIV. OF SAN DIEGO (Oct. 9,
2015), https://www.sandiego.edu/cpil/detail.php?_focus=52887 [https://perma.cc/T7QF-RK2A].
10
Public trust in the federal government has fallen to just 20 percent. Americans’ View of
Government: Low Trust, but Some Positive Performance Ratings, PEW RES. CTR. (Sept. 14,
2020), https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/09/14/americans-views-of-government-low-
trust-but-some-positive-performance-ratings/ [https://perma.cc/EJ6X-6T6K]. Trust in state and
local government, by contrast, ranks at over 60 percent. Justin McCarthy, Americans Still More
Trusting of Local than State Government, GALLUP (Oct. 8, 2018),
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No. 97249-4
Madsen, J., dissenting
profession should seek not to close the door to public scrutiny but, instead, to open it
further. Because the majority’s view has and will continue to allow WSBA to ignore its
ethical duty to operate openly and transparently, I respectfully dissent.
______________________________________
https://news.gallup.com/poll/243563/americans-trusting-local-state-government.aspx
[https://perma.cc/4FUS-VPAW] (stating 72 percent of United States adults have a “great deal” or
“fair amount” of trust in local government and 63 percent who say the same about state
government).
16