Jennifer J. Zacapu, V Andres Zacapu-Oliver

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
February 17, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In the Matter of the Marriage of No. 47181-7-II
JENNIFER J. ZACAPU,
Appellant,
and
ANDRES ZACAPU-OLIVER, PUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent.
WORSWICK, J. — Jennifer Zacapu appeals from an order revising Andres Zacapu-
Oliver’s child support obligation and from the final child support order. Jennifer1 contends that
the trial court erred by deviating from the standard calculation of Andres’s child support
obligation based on his duty to support six stepchildren residing in his home. We affirm.
FACTS
Jennifer and Andres dissolved their marriage in 2012. At the time of their marriage
dissolution, Jennifer and Andres had two minor children in common: a daughter who resided
with Andres and a son who resided with Jennifer. Andres’s child support obligation to his son
was calculated at $127.41 per month.
1
Because the parties share a last name, this opinion refers to the parties by their first names for
clarity, intending no disrespect.
No. 47181-7-II
In August 2014, Jennifer requested a review of the 2012 child support order based on her
and Andres’s daughter turning 18 and graduating from high school. In September, the State
moved for an order modifying the parties’ child support obligations under RCW 26.09.170(9)
and RCW 26.09.175(3).2 The State calculated Andres’s monthly net income at $3,745 and
Jennifer’s monthly net income at $2,047. The State also calculated Andres’s standard child
support obligation at $524 per month. Neither party disputed these calculations, but Andres
requested a downward deviation based on his duty to care for six stepchildren residing in his
home.
A superior court commissioner heard the State’s motion on December 1 and, on that
same date, entered a final order of child support. The December 1 order adopted the State’s
calculations and directed Andres to pay his full standard calculation of $524 per month in child
support.3 In ordering Andres to pay $524 per month in child support, the commissioner found
that “no good reason exist[ed] to justify deviation” from the standard child support calculation.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 134.
Andres moved to revise the December 1 child support order, asserting that the
commissioner’s refusal to order a downward deviation resulted in insufficient income to support
his eight person household. The trial court heard arguments from counsel on January 9, 2015.
2
RCW 26.09.170(9)(b) and RCW 26.09.175(3)(b) provide in relevant part that the State
“department of social and health services may file an action to modify or adjust an order of child
support . . . if . . . [a] party to the order in a nonassistance case has requested a review.”
3
The December 1 order imposed an incremental increase in Andres’s child support obligation,
ordering him to pay $325.50 per month starting November 1, 2014 and increasing the obligation
to $524.00 per month on May 1, 2015.
2
No. 47181-7-II
On that same date, the trial court entered an order granting Andres’s revision motion. The order
granting a revision imposed on Andres a $324 per month child support obligation effective
November 1, 2014, and increased the obligation to $350 effective February 1, 2015.
The trial court entered its final child support order on March 20, 2015, which final order
comported with its earlier revision order. This final order provided:
The Respondent is the step-parent of the six (6) children of his wife, Maria Zacapu.
These children reside with Respondent and his Wife. Pursuant to RCW
26.19.075(e), the Court may deviate from the standard calculation when a parent
has children from other relationships to whom the parent owes a duty of support.
The Court FINDS a deviation is appropriate in this case because Respondent has a
duty of support to his step-children pursuant to RCW 26.16.205. The Court
considered the parties[’] financial declarations and further FINDS that if a deviation
is not granted there will be insufficient income in Respondent’s household for his
family of eight. If Respondent’s marital situation changes, this deviation may be
reviewed.
CP at 167. Jennifer appeals from the January 9 revision order and from the March 20 final child
support order.
ANALYSIS
Jennifer asserts that the trial court erred by granting a deviation from Andres’s standard
child support calculation because it lacked discretion to order a deviation based on a parent’s
duty to support stepchildren. Jennifer also asserts in the alternative that, even if the trial court
had discretion to order a deviation based on a parent’s duty to support stepchildren, it abused its
discretion here. On both points, we disagree.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Trial courts are afforded considerable discretion in setting and modifying child support
orders, which orders we seldom disturb on appeal. In re Marriage of Griffin, 114 Wn.2d 772,
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No. 47181-7-II
776, 791 P.2d 519 (1990); In re Marriage of Schumacher, 100 Wn. App. 208, 211, 997 P.2d 399(2000). To prevail, Jennifer bears the heavy burden of showing that the trial court’s decision to
deviate from the standard calculation of Andres’s child support obligation was a manifest abuse
of discretion. Griffin, 114 Wn.2d at 776. A manifest abuse of discretion exists if a trial court
exercises its discretion on untenable grounds. In re Marriage of Harrington, 85 Wn. App. 613,
624, 935 P.2d 1357 (1997). A trial court also abuses its discretion by misinterpreting a statute.
Diaz v. State, 175 Wn.2d 457, 462, 285 P.3d 873 (2012) (citing In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133
Wn.2d 39, 47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997)). Interpretation of a statute is a question of law that we
review de novo. In re Marriage of Caven, 136 Wn.2d 800, 806, 966 P.2d 1247 (1998).
II. DISCRETION TO ORDER CHILD SUPPORT DEVIATION BASED ON DUTY TO SUPPORT
STEPCHILDREN
Jennifer first asserts that the trial court erred by concluding that the child support
deviation statute, RCW 26.19.075, permitted it to order a deviation based on Andres’s duty to
support his six stepchildren. We disagree.
When construing a statute, our fundamental purpose is to ascertain and carry out the
legislature’s intent. In re Marriage of Schneider, 173 Wn.2d 353, 363, 268 P.3d 215 (2011). We
determine the legislature’s intent primarily from the language of the statute. Schneider, 173
Wn.2d at 363. And where a statute’s language is plain and unambiguous, “we will give effect to
the plain meaning of the statutory language.” Schneider, 173 Wn.2d at 363.
RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) provides:
Children from other relationships. The court may deviate from the standard
calculation when either or both of the parents before the court have children from
other relationships to whom the parent owes a duty of support.
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No. 47181-7-II
Jennifer argues that, under RCW 26.19.075(1)(e), “children from other relationships” includes
only biological children because the statute does not explicitly reference stepchildren. This
argument overlooks that the statute also does not explicitly reference biological children. And
we lack authority to import language into a statute that our legislature chose not to include. See
Dot Foods, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 166 Wn.2d 912, 920, 215 P.3d 185 (2009). In the absence
of language limiting the class of “children” to which RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) applies, the statute’s
use of the term “children” plainly includes all children “to whom the parent owes a duty of
support,” regardless of whether the children are biologically related to the parent. Accordingly,
when determining whether RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) applies to its deviation decision, a trial court
need only determine whether the parent requesting a deviation under this subsection owes a duty
of support to children from another relationship, without regard to the biological relationship of
the requesting parent and the claimed children from another relationship.
RCW 26.18.020(3) defines “[d]uty of support” as
the duty to provide for the needs of a dependent child, which may include necessary
food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care. The duty includes any obligation
to make monetary payments, to pay expenses, including maintenance in cases in
which there is a dependent child, or to reimburse another person or an agency for
the cost of necessary support furnished a dependent child. The duty may be
imposed by court order, by operation of law, or otherwise.
This definition applies to the deviation statute. In re Parentage of O.A.J., ___ Wn. App. ___,
363 P.3d 1, 4 (2015). Division Three of this Court recently held that, under this definition, a
parent seeking a deviation under RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) need only “establish the existence of a
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No. 47181-7-II
judicially enforceable support obligation concerning [children from other relationships].” O.A.J.,
363Wn. App. at 5. We agree and adopt Division Three’s reasoning in O.A.J.
Here, the trial court concluded that Andres had a judicially enforceable obligation to
support his six stepchildren under RCW 26.16.205. RCW 26.16.205 provides:
Liability for family support—Support obligation of stepparent. The expenses
of the family and the education of the children, including stepchildren, are
chargeable upon the property of both spouses or both domestic partners, or either
of them, and they may be sued jointly or separately. When a petition for dissolution
of marriage or state registered domestic partnership or a petition for legal separation
is filed, the court may, upon motion of the stepparent, terminate the obligation to
support the stepchildren. The obligation to support stepchildren shall cease upon
the entry of a decree of dissolution, decree of legal separation, or death.
(Emphasis added.) Under this statute, a stepparent is liable for the family and education
expenses of his or her stepchildren.4 RCW 26.16.205 thus imposes on Andres a judicially
enforceable obligation to support the dependent minor stepchildren living in his home. See
Harmon v. Dep’t of Soc. and Health Servs., 134 Wn.2d 523, 542, 951 P.2d 770 (1998) (stating
conditions upon which a stepparent’s duty to support stepchildren under RCW 26.16.205
terminates). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err by concluding that it had
4
Under RCW 26.16.205, a stepparent’s obligation to provide for the family and education
expenses of stepchildren continues until the entry of a dissolution decree or legal separation
decree. The obligation may also be terminated by court order upon the filing of a dissolution
petition or legal separation petition. Additionally, pursuant to Harmon v. Dep’t of Soc. and
Health Servs., 134 Wn.2d 523, 542, 951 P.2d 770 (1998), a stepparent’s obligation to his or her
stepchildren may also terminate “when the child reaches the age of majority, is married,
emancipated or otherwise no longer dependent.” In apparent recognition of the terminable
nature of this obligation, the trial court stated in its final child support order, “If Respondent’s
marital situation changes, this deviation may be reviewed.” CP at 167.
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No. 47181-7-II
discretion to order a deviation under RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) based on Andres’s duty to support
dependent minor stepchildren under RCW 26.16.205.5
Jennifer contends that Harmon supports her argument that RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) does not
apply to stepchildren from other relationships. She is incorrect. In Harmon, our Supreme Court
addressed (1) whether RCW 26.16.205 “imposes a child support obligation on a stepparent that
is equal to that of the child’s parents” and (2) whether RCW 26.16.205 provides the exclusive
means of terminating a stepparent’s child support obligation. 134 Wn.2d at 541. Regarding the
first issue, the court held that the statute did not impose an equal child support obligation upon
parents and stepparents but that “the Legislature intended only to distinguish between parents
and stepparents to the extent that the obligation, once assumed, would not continue for
stepparents beyond the termination of marriage.” Harmon, 134 Wn.2d at 542 (emphasis added).
The Harmon court noted that, unlike a stepparent, “[t]he parent’s obligation for the support of a
child continues and is not dependent on the continuation of the marital relationship.” 134 Wn.2d
at 542.
Regarding the second issue, the Harmon court held that, “[n]otwithstanding the statute’s
specific and limiting language, any support obligation for a child may terminate when the child
reaches the age of majority, is married, emancipated or otherwise no longer dependent.” 134
Wn.2d 542. Our Supreme Court’s analysis of when a stepparent’s obligation to support his or
5
Because we hold that the trial court properly found that Andres’s had a statutory duty to
support his stepchildren under RCW 26.16.205, we do not consider his alternative argument that
he also had a duty to provide for his stepchildren as a stepparent standing in loco parentis to the
children.
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No. 47181-7-II
her stepchildren under RCW 26.16.205 may terminate has no bearing on whether a trial court
may consider the statutory obligation when ordering a deviation under RCW 26.19.075(1)(e).
Accordingly, Jennifer’s reliance on Harmon is misplaced.
We hold that the trial court had discretion to order the child support deviation based on
Andres’s duty to support his stepchildren.
III. NO ABUSE OF DISCRETION
Next, Jennifer argues that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering a deviation
from Andres’s standard calculation of $524 in monthly child support payments to $350 in
monthly child support payments. Again, we disagree.
Here, the trial court stated in its final child support order that it considered the parties’
financial declarations, which neither party challenged at trial, to calculate its deviation from
Andres’s standard child support obligation. The trial court noted at the revision hearing that,
although Andres had a greater income than Jennifer, he was in a “disparate financial situation”
given the number of people in his household who depended on his support. Report of
Proceedings (RP) at 34. The trial court further noted that Jennifer did not present any evidence
that her expenses had increased and that, even with a downward deviation, she would be
receiving an increase in child support payments from Andres. In setting Andres’s monthly child
support obligation at $350, the trial court rejected his request to set his obligation at $185 per
month, stating that a $350 monthly child support obligation “adequately provides and takes into
consideration the incomes of both households or resources available in both households as well
as the number of people in both households that those resources have to support.” RP at 34
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No. 47181-7-II
On this record, we cannot say that the trial court’s decision to order a downward
deviation of Andres’s monthly child support obligation to $350 per month was “outside the range
of acceptable choices, given the facts and the applicable legal standard.” Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d
at 47. Accordingly, Jennifer fails to demonstrate that the trial court manifestly abused its
discretion. We therefore affirm the trial court’s deviation order and final child support order.
Worswick, J.
We concur:
Johanson, C.J.
Lee, J.
9