State of Washington v. Karion H. Thomas

FILED
DECEMBER 5, 2017
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 34634-0-111
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
KARION H. THOMAS, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
FEARING, C.J. -The trial court convicted the minor, Karion Thomas, of second
degree assault. We affirm the conviction.
FACTS
On the evening of December 11, 2015, 16-year-old Karion Thomas visited the
home of his friend Ruben Lizarraga. Ruben's father, Joseph Lizarraga, and stepmother,
Erica Kauffman, left Ruben and Thomas home alone for several hours. When the couple
returned home around 10:30 p.m., they discovered juveniles partying and consuming
alcohol.
Joseph Lizarraga confronted his son Ruben, and the two engaged in a physical
fight inside the home. The fight continued into the backyard. After Ruben hit his father
several times, Joseph Lizarraga hit Ruben and knocked him to the ground.
No. 34634-0-111
State v. Thomas
As Ruben Lizarraga lay on the ground, Karion Thomas argued with Joseph
Lizarraga and sought to fight the father. Thomas wrapped an arm around Joseph's neck,
pressed against his throat, and constricted his breathing. Another juvenile, Christopher
Darion Simon pulled Thomas off Joseph Lizarraga.
Erica Kauffman called 911. All juveniles attending the party, including Ruben
Lizarraga and Karion Thomas, fled the scene before police arrived.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington, in juvenile court, charged Karion Thomas, under RCW
9A.36.02l(l)(g), with one count of second degree assault of Joseph Lizarraga by
strangulation or by suffocation. The case proceeded to a bench trial.
During trial, Joseph Lizarraga testified regarding the arm around his neck:
[The State:] And where was his arm pressed against?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] My throat. I didn't have enough time to put my
chin down ... he was squeezing and ... if there wasn't [sic] for Dari on to
grab ahold of [Mr. Thomas], I would have passed out. I literally would
have passed out.
[The State:] Were you able to breathe when [Mr. Thomas] had his
arm around your throat?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] Somewhat? I was losing ... I mean I was winded,
so. But when I was released, I was able to catch-I mean, I was able to
gasp for air. I mean it wasn't like, I mean, I was going to pass out ... but
he had a-he had a good choke hold. Let's just put it that way.
[The State:] If he'd have kept that choke hold on you-
[Mr. Lizarraga:] I would have definitely passed out. If there wasn't
[sic] for Darion [Simon] to grab [Mr. Thomas], I would have been done for.
[The State:] And about how long did you struggle to get [Mr.
Thomas] off of you? ... [T]he best you can estimate?
2
No. 34634-0-111
State v. Thomas
[Mr. Lizarraga:] Hmm, a couple seconds. I don't know. Maybe 10-
15 seconds? Maybe a little bit longer. I don't know. I couldn't tell you.
Everything happened so fast.
[The State:] And during that time were you unable to breath?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] I was struggling.
[The State:] Did you feel that your breathing was constricted?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] Oh yes. Like I said, I mean, ifthere wasn't for
Darion, I would have been-I would have wind up passing out.
[The State:] How did you feel after [Mr. Thomas] ... ?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] Weak.
[Mr. Lizarraga:]. ... My heart was pounding. Trying to gasp for
air. I was-I was winded.
[The State:] Did you feel dizzy at all?
[Mr. Lizarraga:] Not that I recall, no.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 26-30.
Joseph Lizarraga further testified at trial that he did not see the arm around his
neck, but that he knew the arm belonged to Karion Thomas. He testified that he spoke to
a police officer that night and, on the next day, he gave a written statement. On cross-
examination, defense counsel asked Lizarraga if he told the officer that night about
Karion choking him, and Lizarraga replied in the affirmative.
Ruben Lizarraga testified that after his father knocked him to the ground outside,
he did not see any activity. Ruben testified he did not see Kari on Thomas attack his
father.
Darion Simon testified during trial that Karion Thomas remained in the house
while Joseph and Ruben Lizarraga fought outside. Simon testified that Thomas exited
the home immediately on the ending of the father-son struggle. According to Simon, he
3
No. 34634-0-III
State v. Thomas
restrained Thomas because an angry Thomas wanted to fight Joseph Lizarraga after
Joseph hurt Ruben.
Erica Kauffman testified at trial that she did not see Joseph and Ruben Lazarraga
leave the house or fight outdoors. The trial court, through Erica Kauffman's testimony
and despite Karion Thomas' hearsay and confrontation clause objection, admitted as an
exhibit Kauffman's 911 call. Kauffman testified she was upset, frantic, and frightened
when calling. During the call, Kauffman exclaimed: "My son's friends are trying to beat
my husband up." She yelled to the teenagers: "Get away from my husband now."
Kauffman asked the dispatcher to "please hurry." Ex. 3. Erica Kauffman testified that
she saw Karion Thomas, but did not observe him touch her husband.
In Karion Thomas' case-in-chief, defense counsel called the police officer who
responded to the scene on the night in question. The officer testified that he spoke with
Joseph Lizarraga and Erica Kauffman, and, to his recollection, neither mentioned Thomas
fighting or choking anyone.
The State called Joseph Lizarraga as a rebuttal witness. Over defense objections
of hearsay and improper rebuttal, the trial court allowed Lizarraga to testify regarding the
written statement he proffered to law enforcement the day after the incident. Lizarraga
testified he wrote: "[Mr.] Thomas grabbed me and choked me, hold me [sic] and started
choking me and another boy, [Mr. Simon] had grabbed [Mr. Thomas] to get him off of
me." RP at 69.
4
No. 34634-0-111
State v. Thomas
The trial court found Karion Thomas guilty of second degree assault. At
sentencing, the State moved to admit the predisposition report, and defense counsel did
not object. The trial court sentenced Thomas to 52-65 weeks in the Juvenile
Rehabilitation Administration based on an offender score of 2.5.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
In this appeal, Karion Thomas' counsel filed an Anders brief. Counsel suggested
several possible trial court errors and requested that this court review the entire record to
determine if any errors occurred. Thomas' counsel also filed a motion to withdraw. We
have independently reviewed the record and considered appellant's counsel's
identifications of possible error. We find no error. We nonetheless analyze the potential
errors identified by counsel.
In Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493
(1967), the nation's high Court established a "prophylactic framework" for appellate
counsel to follow when she concludes that an appeal is frivolous:
[I]f counsel finds [her] case to be wholly frivolous, after a
conscientious examination of it, [s]he should so advise the court and
request permission to withdraw. That request must, however, be
accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might
arguably support the appeal. A copy of counsel's brief should be furnished
[to] the indigent and time allowed him to raise any points that he chooses;
the court-not counsel-then proceeds, after a full examination of all the
proceedings, to decide whether the case is wholly frivolous. If it so finds it
may grant counsel's request to withdraw and dismiss the appeal ....
State v. Wade, 133 Wash. App. 855, 864, 138 P.3d 168, 177 (2006).
Because of the preventative nature of the Anders procedure, states may craft
5
No. 34634-0-III
State v. Thomas
different procedures that sufficiently protect the defendant's right to appellate counsel.
Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 276, 120 S. Ct. 746, 145 L. Ed. 2d 756 (2000).
Washington follows the Anders procedure. State v. Jackson, 87 Wash. 2d 562, 566, 554
P.2d 1347 (1976); RAP 18.3(a).
Appellate defense counsel identified four potential issues for this appeal. Karion
Thomas might contend that the State lacked sufficient evidence for the trial court to find
him guilty of second degree assault, when Joseph Lizarraga never testified to a complete
obstruction of his ability to breathe. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence, this court asks whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Salinas, 119 Wash. 2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). We find sufficient evidence
to convict because the crime does not demand complete obstruction.
The controlling statute, RCW 9A.36.021 declares:
( 1) A person is guilty of assault in the second degree if he or she,
under circumstances not amounting to assault in the first degree.
(g) Assaults another by strangulation or suffocation.
(Emphasis added.) In tum, RCW 9A.04.110(26) defines "strangulation" as:
"Strangulation" means to compress a person's neck, thereby
obstructing the person's blood flow or ability to breathe, or doing so with
the intent to obstruct the person's blood flow or ability to breathe.
6
No. 34634-0-111
State v. Thomas
The latter statute reads that the State need not prove the accused obstructed the victim's
blood flow or ability to breathe as long as the accused compressed the victim's neck with
an intent to obstruct either the blood flow or ability to breathe.
State v. Rodriquez, 187 Wash. App. 922, 930-36, 352 P.3d 200 (2015), review
denied, 184 Wash. 2d 1011, 360 P.3d 817 (2015), confirms our reading ofRCW
9A.04.110(26). In Rodriquez, this court upheld a conviction for second degree assault by
strangulation against a sufficiency of the evidence challenge. This court concluded that
the meaning of "obstruct" in the strangulation statute does not require a complete
obstruction, but rather the statute applies equally to complete and partial obstructions of
either a victim's ability to breathe or to experience blood flow. The evidence against
Karion Thomas showed a compression of the neck and partial obstruction.
Appellate counsel next identifies the possible argument that the trial court erred
when admitting the 911 call of Erica Kauffman over hearsay and confrontation clause
objections by defense counsel. We find no error in the admission of the call.
We first review state evidence rules. Under ER 80l(c):
"Hearsay" is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted.
Numerous exceptions qualify the hearsay rule. Under ER 803(a):
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the
declarant is available as a witness:
(2) Excited Utterance. A statement relating to a startling event or
condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement
caused by the event or condition.
7
No. 34634-0-III
State v. Thomas
Erica Kauffman testified she was frantic when she called emergency dispatch.
Her report to the 911 dispatch confirmed her fright. Therefore, the call qualified as an
excited utterance.
The excited utterance of Erica Kauffman did not violate the confrontation clause.
In State v. Reed, 168 Wash. App. 553, 562-71, 278 P.3d 203 (2012), this court upheld the
admission of two 911 calls over confrontation clause challenges. This court noted that
the confrontation clause bars the admission of "testimonial" hearsay unless the declarant
is unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.
Statements are nontestimonial when made under circumstances objectively indicating
that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an
ongoing emergency.
Erica Kauffman placed the 911 call in order to meet an ongoing emergency. The
trial afforded an opportunity for Karion Thomas to cross-examine Kauffman.
Appellate counsel identifies a third possible trial court error as the court's
overruling Karion Thomas' hearsay and improper rebuttal objections to Joseph Lizarraga
reading his prior statement to law enforcement. ER 801 (d) and another Thomas case
controls this possible assignment of error. The rule reads:
(d) Statements Which Are Not Hearsay. A statement is not
hearsay if-
(1) Prior Statement by Witness. The declarant testifies at the trial
or hearing and is subject to cross examination concerning the statement,
and the statement is (i) inconsistent with the declarant's testimony, and was
given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other
8
No. 34634-0-111
State v. Thomas
proceeding, or in a deposition, or (ii) consistent with the declarant's
testimony and is offered to rebut an express or implied charge against the
declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive, or (iii) one
of identification of a person made after perceiving the person ....
At trial, Karion Thomas challenged the credibility of Joseph Lizarraga by
suggesting that Lizarraga never reported being choked. This challenge freed Lizarraga to
testify to his prior statement.
In State v. Thomas, 150 Wash. 2d 821, 865, 83 P.3d 970 (2004), this court held that,
if cross-examination raises an inference that the witness changed her story in response to
an external pressure, then whether that witness gave the same account of the story prior to
the onset of the external pressure becomes highly probative of the veracity of the witness'
story given while testifying. The proponent of the testimony may then show that the
witness' prior consistent statement was made before the witness' motive to fabricate
arose in order to show the testimony's veracity.
Finally, appellate counsel identifies as possible error the use of the predisposition
report to show proof ofKarion Thomas' criminal history at sentencing. RCW 13.40.150
controls this question and sanctions the use of the report. RCW 13.40.150(1) reads:
In disposition hearings all relevant and material evidence, including
oral and written reports, may be received by the court and may be relied
upon to the extent of its probative value, even though such evidence may
not be admissible in a hearing on the information.
RCW 13.40.150(3) declares:
Before entering a dispositional order as to a respondent found to
have committed an offense, the court shall hold a disposition hearing, at
which the court shall:
9
No. 34634-0-III
State v. Thomas
(c) Consider any predisposition reports.
In State v. JA.B., 98 Wash. App. 662, 991 P.2d 98 (2000), this court rejected a juvenile
offender's argument that basing his standard range on the criminal history in the
disposition report violated his right to due process.
CONCLUSION
We deny Karion Thomas any relief on appeal. We grant Karion Thomas'
appellate counsel's motion to withdraw.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
--~ ~.
Fea~'
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J.
10